局部情感態(tài)度題
在我國(guó)的考研英語閱讀理解試卷中局部情感態(tài)度題極為罕見。在2003年和2004年連續(xù)兩年各考了2題，但是此前并沒有這樣的題型，而且在2005的試卷中也沒有考到。這個(gè)不能說明這樣的題型不重要，相反只能說明局部情感態(tài)度題是非常重要的，而且根據(jù)往年的得分統(tǒng)計(jì)來看，該題型得分非常低。究其原因是什么？我們先來研究這個(gè)四個(gè)題目，后再回答這個(gè)問題。
一、 局部情感態(tài)度題與全文情感態(tài)度題的區(qū)別
兩者其實(shí)雖然都是情感態(tài)度題，但是在本質(zhì)上他們沒有什么共同之處，在全文情感態(tài)度題里所有不可能成為正確答案的選項(xiàng)在這里都可以成為正確答案。而且他們的解題方法沒有任何共同之處。他們的共同點(diǎn)就是都是情感態(tài)度題。
二、 局部情感態(tài)度題的解題步驟
（一）根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；
（二）在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；
（三）比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，選擇一個(gè)意思和該詞語為接近的選項(xiàng)；
三、 局部情感態(tài)度題歷年真題解析
例1、In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace？” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill？ Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
52．What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry？（2003）
（A） Indifferent. （B） Supportive. （C） Indignant. （D） Apprehensive.
「解析」：
第一步：根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；根據(jù)該題的題干，我們可以依據(jù)many captive shippers找到本題目的出題句（得分句）為后一段的第一句話。
第二步：在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；在后一段的第一句中我們找到了worry這個(gè)單詞；
第三步：比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，選擇一個(gè)意思和該詞語為接近的選項(xiàng)；發(fā)現(xiàn)D不僅有理解的意思，還有憂慮的意思，因此本題選D；
例2、It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal； we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In 1950, the U. S. spent $12. 7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.
58．The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of .（2003）
（A） strong disapproval （B） reserved consent
（C） slight contempt （D） enthusiastic support
「解析」：
第一步：根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；根據(jù)該題的題干，我們可以依據(jù)Richard Lamm's remark找到本題目的出題句（得分句）為第三段的后一句話，但是這句話里并沒有作者的情感態(tài)度，只有Richard Lamm的看法，因此本句不是出題句（得分句），但是可以肯定的是出題句就是該句附近。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在第四段第一句話說I would not go that far.這里的I就是指作者，that是指Richard Lamm的看法，所以本句才是真正的出題句；
第二步：在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；這個(gè)句子中沒有一個(gè)單詞是有感情色彩的，但是作為一個(gè)整體又是有感情色彩的，意思是作者不會(huì)和Richard Lamm走一樣遠(yuǎn)的。不會(huì)走一樣遠(yuǎn)并不是說不走，只是說沒有走的那么遠(yuǎn)，所以作者對(duì)于Richard Lamm的看法是局部的同意和支持的；
第三步：比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，選擇一個(gè)意思和該詞語為接近的選項(xiàng)；因此本題應(yīng)該選擇B；
例3、When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I'm a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says. Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan &； Co. may still be worth toasting.
52．How do the public feel about the current economic situation？ （2004）
（A） Optimistic. （B） Confused. （C） Carefree. （D） Panicked.
「解析」：
第一步：根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；我們發(fā)現(xiàn)本題根本就沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的出題句。因?yàn)槲恼轮袥]有the public這個(gè)短語。在沒有一樣的詞語的時(shí)候我們應(yīng)該尋找一個(gè)近意詞來替代。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在文章倒數(shù)第二段的第一句話中的Consumers即是指大眾，因此本句為出題句。
第二步：在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；在后一段的第一句中我們找到了not in despair這個(gè)詞組，是沒有絕望的意思；
第三步：比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，選擇一個(gè)意思和該詞語為接近的選項(xiàng)；發(fā)現(xiàn)A是樂觀的意思，是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中意思為接近的選項(xiàng)；
例4、Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch's latest bock, Left Back： A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”
“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children：“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”
58. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are（2004）
（A） identical. （B） similar. （C） complementary. （D） opposite.
「解析」：
第一步：根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；我們發(fā)現(xiàn)本題根本就沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的出題句。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中沒有一句話是即包括Ravish有包括Emerson的，但是我們能很輕易的找到Ravish在第二段的第一句話中，Emerson在第五段的第一句話中，因此這個(gè)題目的得分句是這個(gè)兩句。
第二步：在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)兩句話的意思正好是相反的；
第三步：比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，我們只能選擇D；另外因?yàn)檫@個(gè)題目中A、B、C的意思是相近的，所以同時(shí)排除，我們也可以知道這個(gè)題目選D.
六、中心思想題
中心思想題的概述：考研英語閱讀中是否有中心思想題？傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理論中是有的，這一點(diǎn)是沒有疑問的。但是在考研中準(zhǔn)確的說是沒有中心思想題的。因?yàn)榇蠹覒?yīng)該還記得我們只有在小學(xué)的時(shí)候老師在講語文課本時(shí)才會(huì)問我們一篇文章的中心思想的，但是到了初三以后老師就不再問我們文章的中心思想了，而是改問一篇文章的論點(diǎn)是什么？究其原因，因?yàn)閺某跞鹞覀儗W(xué)習(xí)的全部是議論文，對(duì)于議論文而言，我們只說它的論點(diǎn)是什么而不說它的中心思想是什么；小學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的全是記敘文，只有記敘文才有中心思想。又因?yàn)樯掀覀円呀?jīng)說過，所有考研的閱讀理解的文章都是來源于美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)表的議論文，因此我們說在考研英語閱讀中實(shí)際上是沒有什么中心思想題的，只有論點(diǎn)題。但是我們的“大家”們一直認(rèn)為有中心思想題，所以為了便于大家接受，我們?cè)谶@里依舊把這樣的論點(diǎn)題稱為中心思想題。
中心思想題解題方法：我們的民族的歷史文學(xué)里是沒有議論文這樣的文體的，或者說議論文是一個(gè)在近現(xiàn)代隨著西方的炮火進(jìn)入我們的文明的文學(xué)體裁。既然我們寫議論文的模式是模仿西方的，那就是說我們?cè)谡n堂上學(xué)到的寫議論文的方法是完全和美國(guó)人寫議論文的方法相吻合的。換句話說，就是，我們的論點(diǎn)寫在什么地方那么美國(guó)人的論點(diǎn)也是寫在那個(gè)位置。而我們?cè)趯懽h論文的時(shí)候論點(diǎn)有兩種寫法：一寫在第一段第一句；二寫在第一段后一句。而且我們?cè)谖恼陆Y(jié)束的時(shí)候會(huì)在后一段開頭和結(jié)尾句寫一些對(duì)第一段論點(diǎn)相呼應(yīng)的句子。所以我們堅(jiān)信，考研英語閱讀的文章的論點(diǎn)必然在文章的第一段的首、末句中產(chǎn)生，而且后一段首、末句對(duì)此論點(diǎn)予以呼應(yīng)。也就是說，要找一篇文章的論點(diǎn)就看文章的首、末段的首、末句，它們共同指向的內(nèi)容就是我們的論點(diǎn)。
因此，在考研英語中，要找一篇文章的中心思想就是找這個(gè)文章的論點(diǎn)，要找論點(diǎn)就看這個(gè)文章的首、末段的首、末句。答案必然在這個(gè)4句話中產(chǎn)生。在很多時(shí)候我們?cè)谧x完這個(gè)4句話后發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們即使把這個(gè)4句話翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點(diǎn)，這個(gè)時(shí)候不是說我們就沒有辦法找到答案了。事實(shí)上，在歷年的真題里幾乎所有的中心思想題我們都是不知道論點(diǎn)的，但是這個(gè)并不影響我們解題的。
這個(gè)時(shí)候我們應(yīng)該進(jìn)入第2個(gè)解題的思維：選擇佳答案，而不是正確答案。如果一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是文章講到的內(nèi)容，但是卻不是這個(gè)4句話講到的內(nèi)容，我們依舊不能選這個(gè)選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樵撨x項(xiàng)不是論點(diǎn)，多是個(gè)論據(jù)而已。如果一個(gè)選項(xiàng)這個(gè)4句話沒有講到，而且文章根本就沒有在任何段落提到，那么也不選，屬于和文章無關(guān)的選項(xiàng)，但是在考試中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多人選擇無關(guān)選項(xiàng)，究其原因，是因?yàn)槠鋵?shí)考研英語閱讀是沒有正確答案的，只有佳答案，有的時(shí)候4個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是正確或錯(cuò)誤的，但你必須選擇一個(gè)為接近原文意思的選項(xiàng)，而在有3個(gè)錯(cuò)誤1個(gè)無關(guān)的時(shí)候就有人會(huì)選擇無關(guān)的，其實(shí)無關(guān)選項(xiàng)是永遠(yuǎn)不能做正確答案的。如果一個(gè)選項(xiàng)和原文的意思相反那么也不選。如果有2個(gè)選項(xiàng)和原文4句話的意思相符合，那么還要比較哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思為符合原文4句話的意思，選擇全面概括這個(gè)4句話的選項(xiàng)。
主旨大意題是中心思想題中的一種為典型的題型。解題方法如上文。
例1、The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen； and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources（private property）, and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
54．The passage is mainly about .（1994）
（A） how American goods are produced
（B） how American consumers buy their goods.
（C） how American economic system works
（D） how American businessmen make their profits
解析：
第一步：判斷本題目屬于中心思想題；因此進(jìn)入中心思想題的解題方法；
第二步：閱讀文章首、末段首、末句4句話，使用剝洋蔥式句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法得知這個(gè)4句話的意思（限于篇幅的原因我們就不一一翻譯了）；翻譯后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點(diǎn)是什么。因此進(jìn)入第2解題的思維：找佳答案；
第三步：A選項(xiàng)是原文講到的選項(xiàng)，原文第一段后一句話說that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it，因此A是正確的，但是我們不能立刻就選A，因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)谡壹汛鸢福热皇羌丫鸵?個(gè)選項(xiàng)的比較，完全有可能4個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是正確的，但是只能選擇一個(gè)；B選項(xiàng)是原文第一段后一句講到的，the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，因此B也是正確的，符合原文意思的；C選項(xiàng)原文四句話都講到了，但是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)模式的運(yùn)作的范圍很顯然大于這個(gè)4句話的范圍。D選項(xiàng)在原文第一段的后一句也講到了desire of businessmen to maximize profits，因此D也是正確符合原文意思的。4個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是正確的，但是不同的是A、B和D只是在原文的第一段的后一句講到了，很顯然C選項(xiàng)概括了4句話的全部?jī)?nèi)容，因此因該選擇C.
例2、One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon-it's already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
58. What is this passage mainly about？ （1994）
（A） Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
（B） conveniences brought about by computers in business.
（C） Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
（D） Advantages of credit cards in business.
解析：
第一步：判斷本題目屬于中心思想題；因此進(jìn)入中心思想題的解題方法；
第二步：閱讀文章首、末段首、末句4句話，使用剝洋蔥式句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法得知這個(gè)4句話的意思（限于篇幅的原因我們就不一一翻譯了）；翻譯后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點(diǎn)是什么。因此進(jìn)入第2解題的思維：找佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是電腦的商業(yè)使用的方法，文章在后一段講到了電腦的商業(yè)使用的問題，因此A是符合原文意思的；B的意思是商業(yè)中電腦帶來的便利，原文講到了B選項(xiàng)，明顯的證明是bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers，所以B也是正確并符合原文意思的；C的意思是自動(dòng)化在商業(yè)企業(yè)中的重要性，文章4句話沒有講到自動(dòng)化的問題，更沒有講到什么重要性，因此C是和原文無關(guān)的選項(xiàng)；D的意思是商業(yè)中信用卡的重要性，文章在第一段的第一句話就講到了信用卡，但是沒有講到信用卡的重要性，因此D也是無關(guān)選項(xiàng)；因此這個(gè)題目的答案必然在A和B中產(chǎn)生。這個(gè)時(shí)候我們應(yīng)該比較A和B有什么不同的地方。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)A強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“方法Approaches”而B強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“便利conveniences ”，很顯然文章著重講解的是電腦帶來的便利，因此這個(gè)題目應(yīng)該選B；
例3、Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding-the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
61. This passage mainly deals with . （1994）
（A） the differences of children in their learning capabilities
（B） the definition of exceptional children in modern society
（C） the special educational programs for exceptional children
（D） the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
解析：
第一步：判斷本題目屬于中心思想題；因此進(jìn)入中心思想題的解題方法；
第二步：閱讀文章首、末段首、末句4句話，使用剝洋蔥式句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法得知這個(gè)4句話的意思（限于篇幅的原因我們就不一一翻譯了）；翻譯后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點(diǎn)是什么。因此進(jìn)入第2解題的思維：找佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是孩子在學(xué)習(xí)能力上的不同，但是文章的4句話并沒有講到學(xué)習(xí)能力的問題，因此是無關(guān)選項(xiàng)；B的意思是例外的孩子（弱智兒童）在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的定義，文章4句話雖然講到了exceptional children，但是并沒有給它下定義，因此也是無關(guān)選項(xiàng)；C的意思是針對(duì)exceptional children的特別的項(xiàng)目，文章在后一段講到了這個(gè)問題；D的意思是調(diào)整教育以適應(yīng)那些exceptional children的必要性，文章也講到了；因此答案必然在C和D中產(chǎn)生，那就比較它們的不同，發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)項(xiàng)目，一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)必要性，而文章的4句話是強(qiáng)調(diào)必要性的多一點(diǎn)，因此應(yīng)該選D；
例4、Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface； on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures （cracks）； in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability （inconstancy）.
20. The passage is mainly about . （1998）
（A） the features of volcanic activities
（B） the importance of the theory about drifting plates
（C） the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
（D） the process of the formation of volcanoes
解析：
第一步：判斷本題目屬于中心思想題；因此進(jìn)入中心思想題的解題方法；
第二步：閱讀文章首、末段首、末句4句話，使用剝洋蔥式句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法得知這個(gè)4句話的意思（限于篇幅的原因我們就不一一翻譯了）；翻譯后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點(diǎn)是什么。因此進(jìn)入第2解題的思維：找佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是火山運(yùn)動(dòng)的特征，該4句論點(diǎn)句并沒有講到這個(gè)問題，因此屬于無關(guān)選項(xiàng)；B的意思是漂流板塊理論的重要性，4句論點(diǎn)句也沒有談到漂流板塊的問題，同A；C的意思是 hot spots在地球物理學(xué)研究中的重要性，文章講到了hot spots的重要性，那么講到地球物理學(xué)了嗎？其實(shí)火山運(yùn)動(dòng)不就是地球物理學(xué)的一部分嗎？因此看一個(gè)選項(xiàng)講到?jīng)]有，不應(yīng)該僅僅看有沒有一樣的單詞文章中出現(xiàn)沒有，而且還要看相近意思的單詞或句子出現(xiàn)沒有，因此C是符合原文意思的正確選項(xiàng)，但是不能立刻選擇，因?yàn)槲覀冋业氖羌汛鸢福籇的意思是火山構(gòu)成的過程，雖然這個(gè)4句話講到了火山，但是沒有談及火山構(gòu)成過程的問題，屬于無關(guān)選項(xiàng)；因此這個(gè)題目應(yīng)該選C；
在我國(guó)的考研英語閱讀理解試卷中局部情感態(tài)度題極為罕見。在2003年和2004年連續(xù)兩年各考了2題，但是此前并沒有這樣的題型，而且在2005的試卷中也沒有考到。這個(gè)不能說明這樣的題型不重要，相反只能說明局部情感態(tài)度題是非常重要的，而且根據(jù)往年的得分統(tǒng)計(jì)來看，該題型得分非常低。究其原因是什么？我們先來研究這個(gè)四個(gè)題目，后再回答這個(gè)問題。
一、 局部情感態(tài)度題與全文情感態(tài)度題的區(qū)別
兩者其實(shí)雖然都是情感態(tài)度題，但是在本質(zhì)上他們沒有什么共同之處，在全文情感態(tài)度題里所有不可能成為正確答案的選項(xiàng)在這里都可以成為正確答案。而且他們的解題方法沒有任何共同之處。他們的共同點(diǎn)就是都是情感態(tài)度題。
二、 局部情感態(tài)度題的解題步驟
（一）根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；
（二）在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；
（三）比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，選擇一個(gè)意思和該詞語為接近的選項(xiàng)；
三、 局部情感態(tài)度題歷年真題解析
例1、In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace？” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill？ Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
52．What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry？（2003）
（A） Indifferent. （B） Supportive. （C） Indignant. （D） Apprehensive.
「解析」：
第一步：根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；根據(jù)該題的題干，我們可以依據(jù)many captive shippers找到本題目的出題句（得分句）為后一段的第一句話。
第二步：在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；在后一段的第一句中我們找到了worry這個(gè)單詞；
第三步：比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，選擇一個(gè)意思和該詞語為接近的選項(xiàng)；發(fā)現(xiàn)D不僅有理解的意思，還有憂慮的意思，因此本題選D；
例2、It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal； we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In 1950, the U. S. spent $12. 7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.
58．The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of .（2003）
（A） strong disapproval （B） reserved consent
（C） slight contempt （D） enthusiastic support
「解析」：
第一步：根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；根據(jù)該題的題干，我們可以依據(jù)Richard Lamm's remark找到本題目的出題句（得分句）為第三段的后一句話，但是這句話里并沒有作者的情感態(tài)度，只有Richard Lamm的看法，因此本句不是出題句（得分句），但是可以肯定的是出題句就是該句附近。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在第四段第一句話說I would not go that far.這里的I就是指作者，that是指Richard Lamm的看法，所以本句才是真正的出題句；
第二步：在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；這個(gè)句子中沒有一個(gè)單詞是有感情色彩的，但是作為一個(gè)整體又是有感情色彩的，意思是作者不會(huì)和Richard Lamm走一樣遠(yuǎn)的。不會(huì)走一樣遠(yuǎn)并不是說不走，只是說沒有走的那么遠(yuǎn)，所以作者對(duì)于Richard Lamm的看法是局部的同意和支持的；
第三步：比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，選擇一個(gè)意思和該詞語為接近的選項(xiàng)；因此本題應(yīng)該選擇B；
例3、When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I'm a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says. Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan &； Co. may still be worth toasting.
52．How do the public feel about the current economic situation？ （2004）
（A） Optimistic. （B） Confused. （C） Carefree. （D） Panicked.
「解析」：
第一步：根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；我們發(fā)現(xiàn)本題根本就沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的出題句。因?yàn)槲恼轮袥]有the public這個(gè)短語。在沒有一樣的詞語的時(shí)候我們應(yīng)該尋找一個(gè)近意詞來替代。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在文章倒數(shù)第二段的第一句話中的Consumers即是指大眾，因此本句為出題句。
第二步：在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；在后一段的第一句中我們找到了not in despair這個(gè)詞組，是沒有絕望的意思；
第三步：比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，選擇一個(gè)意思和該詞語為接近的選項(xiàng)；發(fā)現(xiàn)A是樂觀的意思，是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中意思為接近的選項(xiàng)；
例4、Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch's latest bock, Left Back： A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”
“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children：“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”
58. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are（2004）
（A） identical. （B） similar. （C） complementary. （D） opposite.
「解析」：
第一步：根據(jù)局部對(duì)象或者局部對(duì)象的主體找出本題的出題句；我們發(fā)現(xiàn)本題根本就沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的出題句。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)文章中沒有一句話是即包括Ravish有包括Emerson的，但是我們能很輕易的找到Ravish在第二段的第一句話中，Emerson在第五段的第一句話中，因此這個(gè)題目的得分句是這個(gè)兩句。
第二步：在出題句（或稱得分句）中尋找含有感情色彩的詞語或句子；我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)兩句話的意思正好是相反的；
第三步：比較該感情色彩的詞語或句子和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，我們只能選擇D；另外因?yàn)檫@個(gè)題目中A、B、C的意思是相近的，所以同時(shí)排除，我們也可以知道這個(gè)題目選D.
六、中心思想題
中心思想題的概述：考研英語閱讀中是否有中心思想題？傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理論中是有的，這一點(diǎn)是沒有疑問的。但是在考研中準(zhǔn)確的說是沒有中心思想題的。因?yàn)榇蠹覒?yīng)該還記得我們只有在小學(xué)的時(shí)候老師在講語文課本時(shí)才會(huì)問我們一篇文章的中心思想的，但是到了初三以后老師就不再問我們文章的中心思想了，而是改問一篇文章的論點(diǎn)是什么？究其原因，因?yàn)閺某跞鹞覀儗W(xué)習(xí)的全部是議論文，對(duì)于議論文而言，我們只說它的論點(diǎn)是什么而不說它的中心思想是什么；小學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的全是記敘文，只有記敘文才有中心思想。又因?yàn)樯掀覀円呀?jīng)說過，所有考研的閱讀理解的文章都是來源于美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)表的議論文，因此我們說在考研英語閱讀中實(shí)際上是沒有什么中心思想題的，只有論點(diǎn)題。但是我們的“大家”們一直認(rèn)為有中心思想題，所以為了便于大家接受，我們?cè)谶@里依舊把這樣的論點(diǎn)題稱為中心思想題。
中心思想題解題方法：我們的民族的歷史文學(xué)里是沒有議論文這樣的文體的，或者說議論文是一個(gè)在近現(xiàn)代隨著西方的炮火進(jìn)入我們的文明的文學(xué)體裁。既然我們寫議論文的模式是模仿西方的，那就是說我們?cè)谡n堂上學(xué)到的寫議論文的方法是完全和美國(guó)人寫議論文的方法相吻合的。換句話說，就是，我們的論點(diǎn)寫在什么地方那么美國(guó)人的論點(diǎn)也是寫在那個(gè)位置。而我們?cè)趯懽h論文的時(shí)候論點(diǎn)有兩種寫法：一寫在第一段第一句；二寫在第一段后一句。而且我們?cè)谖恼陆Y(jié)束的時(shí)候會(huì)在后一段開頭和結(jié)尾句寫一些對(duì)第一段論點(diǎn)相呼應(yīng)的句子。所以我們堅(jiān)信，考研英語閱讀的文章的論點(diǎn)必然在文章的第一段的首、末句中產(chǎn)生，而且后一段首、末句對(duì)此論點(diǎn)予以呼應(yīng)。也就是說，要找一篇文章的論點(diǎn)就看文章的首、末段的首、末句，它們共同指向的內(nèi)容就是我們的論點(diǎn)。
因此，在考研英語中，要找一篇文章的中心思想就是找這個(gè)文章的論點(diǎn)，要找論點(diǎn)就看這個(gè)文章的首、末段的首、末句。答案必然在這個(gè)4句話中產(chǎn)生。在很多時(shí)候我們?cè)谧x完這個(gè)4句話后發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們即使把這個(gè)4句話翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點(diǎn)，這個(gè)時(shí)候不是說我們就沒有辦法找到答案了。事實(shí)上，在歷年的真題里幾乎所有的中心思想題我們都是不知道論點(diǎn)的，但是這個(gè)并不影響我們解題的。
這個(gè)時(shí)候我們應(yīng)該進(jìn)入第2個(gè)解題的思維：選擇佳答案，而不是正確答案。如果一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是文章講到的內(nèi)容，但是卻不是這個(gè)4句話講到的內(nèi)容，我們依舊不能選這個(gè)選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樵撨x項(xiàng)不是論點(diǎn)，多是個(gè)論據(jù)而已。如果一個(gè)選項(xiàng)這個(gè)4句話沒有講到，而且文章根本就沒有在任何段落提到，那么也不選，屬于和文章無關(guān)的選項(xiàng)，但是在考試中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多人選擇無關(guān)選項(xiàng)，究其原因，是因?yàn)槠鋵?shí)考研英語閱讀是沒有正確答案的，只有佳答案，有的時(shí)候4個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是正確或錯(cuò)誤的，但你必須選擇一個(gè)為接近原文意思的選項(xiàng)，而在有3個(gè)錯(cuò)誤1個(gè)無關(guān)的時(shí)候就有人會(huì)選擇無關(guān)的，其實(shí)無關(guān)選項(xiàng)是永遠(yuǎn)不能做正確答案的。如果一個(gè)選項(xiàng)和原文的意思相反那么也不選。如果有2個(gè)選項(xiàng)和原文4句話的意思相符合，那么還要比較哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思為符合原文4句話的意思，選擇全面概括這個(gè)4句話的選項(xiàng)。
主旨大意題是中心思想題中的一種為典型的題型。解題方法如上文。
例1、The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen； and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources（private property）, and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
54．The passage is mainly about .（1994）
（A） how American goods are produced
（B） how American consumers buy their goods.
（C） how American economic system works
（D） how American businessmen make their profits
解析：
第一步：判斷本題目屬于中心思想題；因此進(jìn)入中心思想題的解題方法；
第二步：閱讀文章首、末段首、末句4句話，使用剝洋蔥式句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法得知這個(gè)4句話的意思（限于篇幅的原因我們就不一一翻譯了）；翻譯后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點(diǎn)是什么。因此進(jìn)入第2解題的思維：找佳答案；
第三步：A選項(xiàng)是原文講到的選項(xiàng)，原文第一段后一句話說that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it，因此A是正確的，但是我們不能立刻就選A，因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)谡壹汛鸢福热皇羌丫鸵?個(gè)選項(xiàng)的比較，完全有可能4個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是正確的，但是只能選擇一個(gè)；B選項(xiàng)是原文第一段后一句講到的，the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，因此B也是正確的，符合原文意思的；C選項(xiàng)原文四句話都講到了，但是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)模式的運(yùn)作的范圍很顯然大于這個(gè)4句話的范圍。D選項(xiàng)在原文第一段的后一句也講到了desire of businessmen to maximize profits，因此D也是正確符合原文意思的。4個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是正確的，但是不同的是A、B和D只是在原文的第一段的后一句講到了，很顯然C選項(xiàng)概括了4句話的全部?jī)?nèi)容，因此因該選擇C.
例2、One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon-it's already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
58. What is this passage mainly about？ （1994）
（A） Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
（B） conveniences brought about by computers in business.
（C） Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
（D） Advantages of credit cards in business.
解析：
第一步：判斷本題目屬于中心思想題；因此進(jìn)入中心思想題的解題方法；
第二步：閱讀文章首、末段首、末句4句話，使用剝洋蔥式句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法得知這個(gè)4句話的意思（限于篇幅的原因我們就不一一翻譯了）；翻譯后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點(diǎn)是什么。因此進(jìn)入第2解題的思維：找佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是電腦的商業(yè)使用的方法，文章在后一段講到了電腦的商業(yè)使用的問題，因此A是符合原文意思的；B的意思是商業(yè)中電腦帶來的便利，原文講到了B選項(xiàng)，明顯的證明是bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers，所以B也是正確并符合原文意思的；C的意思是自動(dòng)化在商業(yè)企業(yè)中的重要性，文章4句話沒有講到自動(dòng)化的問題，更沒有講到什么重要性，因此C是和原文無關(guān)的選項(xiàng)；D的意思是商業(yè)中信用卡的重要性，文章在第一段的第一句話就講到了信用卡，但是沒有講到信用卡的重要性，因此D也是無關(guān)選項(xiàng)；因此這個(gè)題目的答案必然在A和B中產(chǎn)生。這個(gè)時(shí)候我們應(yīng)該比較A和B有什么不同的地方。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)A強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“方法Approaches”而B強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“便利conveniences ”，很顯然文章著重講解的是電腦帶來的便利，因此這個(gè)題目應(yīng)該選B；
例3、Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding-the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
61. This passage mainly deals with . （1994）
（A） the differences of children in their learning capabilities
（B） the definition of exceptional children in modern society
（C） the special educational programs for exceptional children
（D） the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
解析：
第一步：判斷本題目屬于中心思想題；因此進(jìn)入中心思想題的解題方法；
第二步：閱讀文章首、末段首、末句4句話，使用剝洋蔥式句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法得知這個(gè)4句話的意思（限于篇幅的原因我們就不一一翻譯了）；翻譯后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點(diǎn)是什么。因此進(jìn)入第2解題的思維：找佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是孩子在學(xué)習(xí)能力上的不同，但是文章的4句話并沒有講到學(xué)習(xí)能力的問題，因此是無關(guān)選項(xiàng)；B的意思是例外的孩子（弱智兒童）在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的定義，文章4句話雖然講到了exceptional children，但是并沒有給它下定義，因此也是無關(guān)選項(xiàng)；C的意思是針對(duì)exceptional children的特別的項(xiàng)目，文章在后一段講到了這個(gè)問題；D的意思是調(diào)整教育以適應(yīng)那些exceptional children的必要性，文章也講到了；因此答案必然在C和D中產(chǎn)生，那就比較它們的不同，發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)項(xiàng)目，一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)必要性，而文章的4句話是強(qiáng)調(diào)必要性的多一點(diǎn)，因此應(yīng)該選D；
例4、Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface； on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures （cracks）； in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability （inconstancy）.
20. The passage is mainly about . （1998）
（A） the features of volcanic activities
（B） the importance of the theory about drifting plates
（C） the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
（D） the process of the formation of volcanoes
解析：
第一步：判斷本題目屬于中心思想題；因此進(jìn)入中心思想題的解題方法；
第二步：閱讀文章首、末段首、末句4句話，使用剝洋蔥式句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法得知這個(gè)4句話的意思（限于篇幅的原因我們就不一一翻譯了）；翻譯后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使翻譯為中文我們還是不知道文章的論點(diǎn)是什么。因此進(jìn)入第2解題的思維：找佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是火山運(yùn)動(dòng)的特征，該4句論點(diǎn)句并沒有講到這個(gè)問題，因此屬于無關(guān)選項(xiàng)；B的意思是漂流板塊理論的重要性，4句論點(diǎn)句也沒有談到漂流板塊的問題，同A；C的意思是 hot spots在地球物理學(xué)研究中的重要性，文章講到了hot spots的重要性，那么講到地球物理學(xué)了嗎？其實(shí)火山運(yùn)動(dòng)不就是地球物理學(xué)的一部分嗎？因此看一個(gè)選項(xiàng)講到?jīng)]有，不應(yīng)該僅僅看有沒有一樣的單詞文章中出現(xiàn)沒有，而且還要看相近意思的單詞或句子出現(xiàn)沒有，因此C是符合原文意思的正確選項(xiàng)，但是不能立刻選擇，因?yàn)槲覀冋业氖羌汛鸢福籇的意思是火山構(gòu)成的過程，雖然這個(gè)4句話講到了火山，但是沒有談及火山構(gòu)成過程的問題，屬于無關(guān)選項(xiàng)；因此這個(gè)題目應(yīng)該選C；