51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. (5 -)
對于地幔分層論點來說，的證據(jù)乃這樣一個確認的事實，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流(mantle plume)——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學家論辯道，為上部地幔。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that,難就難在fact之后說明fact 的同位語從句。此從句中既有大段插入語，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語從句的主語是volcanic rocks，主語后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一個說明islands的同位語islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位語實際起到一個分隔主謂的同位語的作用。其后是謂語動詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開文章不說，單看這一個句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,這應該可以推測出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個理論一定是在說地幔有不同的層面。
意群訓練：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是，某些地質(zhì)學家，以對地幔捕虜巖體(xenolith)所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句的主句中有一個長插入語however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導的賓語從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids;后面又有一個同位語和一個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個狀語來修飾那個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復雜。
意群訓練：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. (5 -)
F認為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見的長篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個人記憶及小說情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開的小說。
難句類型：復雜修飾、抽象詞
解釋：本句來自歷來被GRE考生尊稱為所有GRE文科文章中難度第一的普魯斯特的追憶似水年華，這篇文章的難度遠遠高于現(xiàn)在計算機考試的題目。普魯斯特是公認的意識流小說的先驅(qū)，據(jù)筆者推測，本文的原作者必定是研究普魯斯特的大家，因此其文章必然帶有思維的跳躍，、不連貫性、時空顛倒等意識流手法：經(jīng)過ETS的改編后，雖然可讀性略有嗇，然積重難返、無法救藥，于是墮落成一篇流水帳文章。從本句的結(jié)構(gòu)來看，也可以表現(xiàn)作者的這種敘事風格：本句從that引導的賓語從句開始，實際上是以普魯斯特的意識流向為線索，以列舉的方式描述其動機的變化，從一開始的寫別的小說，其英文為Prout had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因為abandoned之后的狀語for…的結(jié)構(gòu)復雜、用詞抽象，所以這個結(jié)構(gòu)不太容易被看出來。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨認能力difficult to discern, make out,or discover,視而不見。Give rise to 這個詞組的意思是引起，使發(fā)生。
意群訓練：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. (5)
各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列;正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯落有致地安排好。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞
解釋：請原諒筆者在此所做中文翻譯的艱澀難懂，為了讓讀者能夠更好地理解句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，本書盡量把中文翻譯與英文原文的語序相對應，而且盡可能的不用意譯。為了達到這個目的，可以說絞盡腦汁，但本句之難懂也全非筆者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象詞。本句仍然來自于上面說過的這篇關(guān)于普魯斯特的文章。句中的主語是The very richness and complexity,其后的修飾成分長達三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中還夾雜著插入語，有效地分開了主語和謂語。其實本句雖然結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復雜，但是不見得比前面的句子復雜得多，其真正的難點，還在于句子中大量的抽象詞的使用。由于筆者在附錄中所提到的原因，抽象詞可以嚴重地占據(jù)大腦資源，因此帶有大量的抽象詞的結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的句子就更為難懂，比如本句就是一個很好的例子，復雜修飾與抽象詞狼狽為*，句意另人難以理解。
意群訓練：The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4)
但是我們當中的那些希望(也算上K本人)K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句中從句套從句，致使主語those of us與謂語的距離很遠，而且中間的成分又極多，使得句子很難讀懂。修飾主語those of us的定語從句who hoped之中又套了一個賓語從句，賓語從句的主語complete edition又被一前一后的兩個定語所修飾，之后才依次是賓語從句的謂語、賓語：主句的系動詞、表語。
意群訓練：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land. (5 -)
現(xiàn)在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國人的經(jīng)歷來審視這個文化，我們的經(jīng)歷是從一個主權(quán)的民族變成了新來的定居者的同胞，在最終淪落成為一個被征服的民族——在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數(shù)民族。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、固定搭配
解釋：主句中的as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是examine的狀語，說明審視的角度;后面直至句尾的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)又是experience的狀語，詳述了經(jīng)歷的具體過程。就是這個分詞有些難懂，因為我們熟知的結(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…沒有見過，也沒有想到過后面居然還有一個to,因此看到這個套了一個插入語的newly arriving settlers to , finally, a conquered people的時候頭腦發(fā)生混亂，不明所以、不知所措。這里的to還是與前面的from搭配的，也就是說，原文的結(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…to…
意群訓練：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land.
57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind tothese mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. (4)
科學家可以制造出特異的(specific)互補DNA’s(cDNA’s)，以此作為分子探子(molecular probe)，探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)。如果大腦正在制造著肽激素，則細胞就會含有這些信使RNA’s.假若細胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全然相同，那么，互補cDNA’s應仍然和這些信使mDNA’s粘結(jié)的程度。含有這些mRNA’s的腦細胞然后就可以被分離開來，研究者可對其信使RNA’s進行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。
難句類型：易混詞
解釋：與其他的難句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。筆者之所以在本句中不設(shè)標志和翻譯，是因為這三句話從結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上來說并不難。然而很少有人能夠真正的一次把這段話讀清楚，原因在于兩個容易混淆的單詞cDNA’s和mRNA’s在文中交替出現(xiàn)，而且相互作用;再加上brain cell和hormones從中搗亂，更難讀清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA’s來探測mRNA’s。如果腦細胞產(chǎn)生了荷爾蒙，則其中必有mRNA’s意味著可用cDNA探測荷爾蒙。如果腦細胞制造的不是真荷爾蒙，則可以用cDNA’s與其中的mRNA’s附著的情況來確定此荷爾蒙的真假。
意群訓練：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind tothese mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.
58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purificationsto isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. (4)
采用cDNA探子來測定肽激素的這一分子生物學方法同時也應該比免疫學的方法速度來得快，因為對于免疫的方法來說，需耗費好幾年枯燥的提純進程，方能將肽素分離了出來，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對它們的抗血清。
難句類型：復雜修飾、易混指代
解釋：主語后的修飾成分同樣隔開了主語和謂語，但本句的難度主要在because從句中。按照一般的習慣，作為從句主語的it應該指主句的主語，但本句的主句是一個比較結(jié)構(gòu)，A should be faster than B because it…,此處it也可以指B。但是因為這種指代不符合和我們以前所形成的習慣，所以閱讀現(xiàn)場不得不邊讀邊根據(jù)句意來判斷，這就增加了閱讀理解的難度。現(xiàn)場閱讀時，類似antiserums的這種專有名詞不必理會，僅需從詞頭anti推出這是一個反p荷爾蒙的東西即可。
意群訓練：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purificationsto isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.(3+)
然而，研究P時代的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來顯示如果由他們來決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會如何安排冰川紀。
難句類型：復雜修飾、倒裝、修辭
解釋：句末的由how引導的名詞性從句中包括了雙重的倒裝，正常的語序本來是：If they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes。本句中由于arrange的方式被提前，就造成了arrange的動作執(zhí)行者也要提前，前面的if they had been 則必須后置;這樣一來又造成了if被省略，成為had they been的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
另外，作者為了表達其對于這些研究者的模型的負態(tài)度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虛擬語氣，并使用了fanciful這個詞以表示這些研究的不負責任、異想天開的幼童心理。
意群訓練：Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related toglacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. (4)
這一序列演替(succession)所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層(interglacial bed)中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化(interstatified)。
難句類型：復雜修飾、省略、易淆指代
解釋：句子中的rather than 之后省略了與前面重復的being based,直接加上了介詞on。Modern method后面的部分都是修飾method的。其中的remains既可以作動詞也可以作名詞，此處是名詞的用法，biological remains指的是類似于動物化石之類的遺跡。讀到這里我們看到了句子的難點，themselves既可以指前面離得很遠的modern method(當然，在語法上來講單復數(shù)不一致)，也可以指前面離得較遠的biological remains，亦可以指緊挨著的interglacial beds，到底是指代哪一個，只有通過理解句意，才能確定在此處指biological remains。
意群訓練：This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related toglacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.
對于地幔分層論點來說，的證據(jù)乃這樣一個確認的事實，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流(mantle plume)——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學家論辯道，為上部地幔。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that,難就難在fact之后說明fact 的同位語從句。此從句中既有大段插入語，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語從句的主語是volcanic rocks，主語后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一個說明islands的同位語islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位語實際起到一個分隔主謂的同位語的作用。其后是謂語動詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開文章不說，單看這一個句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,這應該可以推測出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個理論一定是在說地幔有不同的層面。
意群訓練：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是，某些地質(zhì)學家，以對地幔捕虜巖體(xenolith)所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句的主句中有一個長插入語however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導的賓語從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids;后面又有一個同位語和一個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個狀語來修飾那個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復雜。
意群訓練：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. (5 -)
F認為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見的長篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個人記憶及小說情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開的小說。
難句類型：復雜修飾、抽象詞
解釋：本句來自歷來被GRE考生尊稱為所有GRE文科文章中難度第一的普魯斯特的追憶似水年華，這篇文章的難度遠遠高于現(xiàn)在計算機考試的題目。普魯斯特是公認的意識流小說的先驅(qū)，據(jù)筆者推測，本文的原作者必定是研究普魯斯特的大家，因此其文章必然帶有思維的跳躍，、不連貫性、時空顛倒等意識流手法：經(jīng)過ETS的改編后，雖然可讀性略有嗇，然積重難返、無法救藥，于是墮落成一篇流水帳文章。從本句的結(jié)構(gòu)來看，也可以表現(xiàn)作者的這種敘事風格：本句從that引導的賓語從句開始，實際上是以普魯斯特的意識流向為線索，以列舉的方式描述其動機的變化，從一開始的寫別的小說，其英文為Prout had tried to…, abandoned…,found…,and allowed..。但是因為abandoned之后的狀語for…的結(jié)構(gòu)復雜、用詞抽象，所以這個結(jié)構(gòu)不太容易被看出來。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨認能力difficult to discern, make out,or discover,視而不見。Give rise to 這個詞組的意思是引起，使發(fā)生。
意群訓練：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. (5)
各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列;正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯落有致地安排好。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞
解釋：請原諒筆者在此所做中文翻譯的艱澀難懂，為了讓讀者能夠更好地理解句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，本書盡量把中文翻譯與英文原文的語序相對應，而且盡可能的不用意譯。為了達到這個目的，可以說絞盡腦汁，但本句之難懂也全非筆者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象詞。本句仍然來自于上面說過的這篇關(guān)于普魯斯特的文章。句中的主語是The very richness and complexity,其后的修飾成分長達三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中還夾雜著插入語，有效地分開了主語和謂語。其實本句雖然結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復雜，但是不見得比前面的句子復雜得多，其真正的難點，還在于句子中大量的抽象詞的使用。由于筆者在附錄中所提到的原因，抽象詞可以嚴重地占據(jù)大腦資源，因此帶有大量的抽象詞的結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的句子就更為難懂，比如本句就是一個很好的例子，復雜修飾與抽象詞狼狽為*，句意另人難以理解。
意群訓練：The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4)
但是我們當中的那些希望(也算上K本人)K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句中從句套從句，致使主語those of us與謂語的距離很遠，而且中間的成分又極多，使得句子很難讀懂。修飾主語those of us的定語從句who hoped之中又套了一個賓語從句，賓語從句的主語complete edition又被一前一后的兩個定語所修飾，之后才依次是賓語從句的謂語、賓語：主句的系動詞、表語。
意群訓練：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land. (5 -)
現(xiàn)在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國人的經(jīng)歷來審視這個文化，我們的經(jīng)歷是從一個主權(quán)的民族變成了新來的定居者的同胞，在最終淪落成為一個被征服的民族——在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數(shù)民族。
難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、固定搭配
解釋：主句中的as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是examine的狀語，說明審視的角度;后面直至句尾的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)又是experience的狀語，詳述了經(jīng)歷的具體過程。就是這個分詞有些難懂，因為我們熟知的結(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…沒有見過，也沒有想到過后面居然還有一個to,因此看到這個套了一個插入語的newly arriving settlers to , finally, a conquered people的時候頭腦發(fā)生混亂，不明所以、不知所措。這里的to還是與前面的from搭配的，也就是說，原文的結(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…to…
意群訓練：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land.
57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind tothese mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. (4)
科學家可以制造出特異的(specific)互補DNA’s(cDNA’s)，以此作為分子探子(molecular probe)，探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)。如果大腦正在制造著肽激素，則細胞就會含有這些信使RNA’s.假若細胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全然相同，那么，互補cDNA’s應仍然和這些信使mDNA’s粘結(jié)的程度。含有這些mRNA’s的腦細胞然后就可以被分離開來，研究者可對其信使RNA’s進行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。
難句類型：易混詞
解釋：與其他的難句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。筆者之所以在本句中不設(shè)標志和翻譯，是因為這三句話從結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上來說并不難。然而很少有人能夠真正的一次把這段話讀清楚，原因在于兩個容易混淆的單詞cDNA’s和mRNA’s在文中交替出現(xiàn)，而且相互作用;再加上brain cell和hormones從中搗亂，更難讀清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA’s來探測mRNA’s。如果腦細胞產(chǎn)生了荷爾蒙，則其中必有mRNA’s意味著可用cDNA探測荷爾蒙。如果腦細胞制造的不是真荷爾蒙，則可以用cDNA’s與其中的mRNA’s附著的情況來確定此荷爾蒙的真假。
意群訓練：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind tothese mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.
58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purificationsto isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. (4)
采用cDNA探子來測定肽激素的這一分子生物學方法同時也應該比免疫學的方法速度來得快，因為對于免疫的方法來說，需耗費好幾年枯燥的提純進程，方能將肽素分離了出來，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對它們的抗血清。
難句類型：復雜修飾、易混指代
解釋：主語后的修飾成分同樣隔開了主語和謂語，但本句的難度主要在because從句中。按照一般的習慣，作為從句主語的it應該指主句的主語，但本句的主句是一個比較結(jié)構(gòu)，A should be faster than B because it…,此處it也可以指B。但是因為這種指代不符合和我們以前所形成的習慣，所以閱讀現(xiàn)場不得不邊讀邊根據(jù)句意來判斷，這就增加了閱讀理解的難度。現(xiàn)場閱讀時，類似antiserums的這種專有名詞不必理會，僅需從詞頭anti推出這是一個反p荷爾蒙的東西即可。
意群訓練：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purificationsto isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.(3+)
然而，研究P時代的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來顯示如果由他們來決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會如何安排冰川紀。
難句類型：復雜修飾、倒裝、修辭
解釋：句末的由how引導的名詞性從句中包括了雙重的倒裝，正常的語序本來是：If they had been in charge of events, they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes。本句中由于arrange的方式被提前，就造成了arrange的動作執(zhí)行者也要提前，前面的if they had been 則必須后置;這樣一來又造成了if被省略，成為had they been的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
另外，作者為了表達其對于這些研究者的模型的負態(tài)度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虛擬語氣，并使用了fanciful這個詞以表示這些研究的不負責任、異想天開的幼童心理。
意群訓練：Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related toglacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. (4)
這一序列演替(succession)所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層(interglacial bed)中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化(interstatified)。
難句類型：復雜修飾、省略、易淆指代
解釋：句子中的rather than 之后省略了與前面重復的being based,直接加上了介詞on。Modern method后面的部分都是修飾method的。其中的remains既可以作動詞也可以作名詞，此處是名詞的用法，biological remains指的是類似于動物化石之類的遺跡。讀到這里我們看到了句子的難點，themselves既可以指前面離得很遠的modern method(當然，在語法上來講單復數(shù)不一致)，也可以指前面離得較遠的biological remains，亦可以指緊挨著的interglacial beds，到底是指代哪一個，只有通過理解句意，才能確定在此處指biological remains。
意群訓練：This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related toglacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.