81、 Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs，such as skin，from thatdonor are accepted permanently. (4)
但是，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在許多種老鼠之間，這些移植法的“常規(guī)”并沒有被肝臟移植物所遵循。肝臟移植物非但從沒遭到過排斥，甚至還誘發(fā)了一種供者特異性無應(yīng)答狀態(tài)(donor-specific unresponsiveness)，在此狀態(tài)中，隨后來自那個供者其它器官的移植物，如皮膚，會永久地被接受。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、倒裝
解釋：Not only放在句首時(shí)謂語被提前，這種倒裝對我們的讀者來講不算什么新鮮事。干擾度比較大的是在修飾unresponsiveness的定語從句in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently中，插入語such as skin和前面的transplants搭配的from that donor共同作用，反復(fù)地打斷讀者的思路，使得從句中主語和謂語不能連貫。
意群訓(xùn)練：Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs，such as skin，from thatdonor are accepted permanently.
82、 As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves)generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. (4)
當(dāng)巖石界面被穿過的時(shí)候，震波所遇到的彈性性質(zhì)通常會發(fā)生突然的變化，這就使得一部分能量被反射回地面，在地面反射回來的波被震波紀(jì)錄儀記錄下來。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、過去分詞與謂語易混
解釋：絕大多數(shù)人讀到the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly這一句的時(shí)候，第一反應(yīng)都是把encountered看成了謂語動詞，再看到change abruptly的時(shí)候又搞不苾怎么會跑出來兩個動詞，反復(fù)看上n遍才看清楚這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)。本句難就難在主語the elastic characteristics后面的表示袪的過去分詞encountered的動作發(fā)出者在句子中根本就沒有出現(xiàn)過，相當(dāng)于原文在encountered后面省略了一個by seismic waves,倡讀者卻沒有心理準(zhǔn)備，同時(shí)也不熟悉這種分詞修飾的方式，因此也難以讀懂。
意群訓(xùn)練：As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves)generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.
83、 While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles，and throwing the date oncemore into utter confusion. (4)
數(shù)據(jù)資料已被統(tǒng)計(jì)出來，或被重新統(tǒng)計(jì)出來，以便證明在文體學(xué)這方面，《乞援衰女》實(shí)際上確實(shí)在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》(后兩者現(xiàn)在則變成了“原始”的劇作)之后以及在軸殘片卻喚起了一種幽靈似的疑慮，即另一塊殘片有可能再度被挖掘出來，并證明，比如說，《乞援衰女》是作者藉以擊敗索福克勒斯的《達(dá)那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，從而將創(chuàng)作年代再度置于極度的混亂之中.
注：best:擊敗,=defeat, overcome, outdo
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：specter之后的that從句是specter的同位語，從句中有兩個分詞作狀語，中間由and 連接。其中以第一個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)showing that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles的意思較為難懂，有兩個地方要解釋一下：
首先，best 在這里的用法我們以前很少見到，用作及物動詞，是擊敗后者的意思，等于defeat,overcome或outdo。
其次，a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy這種說法不符合我們的常規(guī)想法，我們看到 a posthumous production of 的時(shí)候，根據(jù)中文的語言習(xí)慣，慣性的到of之后去找人名，但是看到后面跟著的是作品名，就想不通了，與中文不同的是，英文中的遺作后面不一定只能接人名，接作品名的時(shí)候指的是作品在作者死前未發(fā)表的那一部分，比如本文的四部曲，可能作者死前全部寫好，但只發(fā)表了三部，但是死后發(fā)表的遺作第四部擊敗了S。
意群訓(xùn)練：While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles，and throwing the date oncemore into utter confusion.
84、 The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. (3+)
一個社會所創(chuàng)造出來藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成產(chǎn)生，以保存在這個社會看來具有本質(zhì)意義的文化遺產(chǎn)的各個方面。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句是前面所舉的復(fù)雜修飾類難句的例句，已經(jīng)有所詳述。
意群訓(xùn)練：The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.
85、 Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. (4)
傳統(tǒng)上，風(fēng)媒傳粉被看成是這樣的繁殖過程：其特征就是由一些隨即事件的發(fā)生，在這些隨機(jī)事件里，風(fēng)的反復(fù)無常被大量的產(chǎn)生花粉所補(bǔ)償，以至于新種子的終產(chǎn)生被保證了，其代價(jià)是產(chǎn)生遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于實(shí)際使用量的花粉。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：筆者曾經(jīng)遇到過一個同學(xué)，下課以后來找我，說這篇文章讀得不好，因?yàn)槭锥蔚膬删湓捒床欢?。這篇文章的首段很長，但僅由兩句話構(gòu)成，不但講述了老觀點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容，而且解釋了這篇文章的主題的所在，從這里我們可以看出在現(xiàn)場迅速讀懂難句的重要性。Marked by之后的內(nèi)容修飾reproductive process的。其后的random events后面又跟著一個定語從句來修飾它。從句中的被動語態(tài)the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen有些特殊，因?yàn)槲闹胁皇前凑罩形牡牧?xí)慣說are compensated，而是說compensated for，這是由于主語the vagaries of the wind并不是被補(bǔ)償?shù)膶ο?，而是補(bǔ)償?shù)膶ο?，后面的at the expense of是以…為代價(jià)的意思。
意群訓(xùn)練：Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.
86、 Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for theensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. (5)
由于花粉粒在其長距離的運(yùn)輸過程中所要面臨的潛在危險(xiǎn)是巨大的，按上述觀點(diǎn)來看，由風(fēng)授粉的植物補(bǔ)償了通過偶發(fā)事件而伴隨造成的花粉損失。其途徑是，制造出大于昆蟲授粉的植物種類所產(chǎn)生的花粉量的一至三個數(shù)量級的花粉量。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、省略
解釋：本句就是上面所說的構(gòu)成本篇文章首段的第二句話，而且本句的難度超過上一句。本句一上來就不好讀，Because the potential hazards that pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous,其中主語后的pollen grains are subject to本來就是一個定語從句，但是由于主語the potential hazards在從句中作介詞to的賓語，所以引導(dǎo)詞that被省略，這就顯得句子的結(jié)構(gòu)模糊不清，再加上as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，隔開了主語和謂語，給讀者造成了較大的閱讀困難。后面的分句中，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜：插入語、定語和狀語層層相套。有兩個詞組需要解釋一下：orders of magnitude指的是數(shù)量級，其中order是等級、級別的意思，而magnitude在此不是指重要、星球的光亮度，指的是尺寸大小和數(shù)量多少的程度，同義詞是size,quantity,number。后面的speciespollinated by insects特指蟲媒植物。
意群訓(xùn)練：Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for theensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.
87、 For example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. (5)
例如，帶有胚珠的松球的鱗苞綜合體的螺旋狀安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，對于氣流模式的形成與產(chǎn)生殊為重要，而這些氣流模式在松球的表現(xiàn)盤旋上升，從而把在空氣中飛行的花粉從一個鱗苞傳播至下一個鱗苞。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、專有名詞
解釋：本句的兩大難點(diǎn)中，一是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，二是專有名詞較多。在主語the spiral arrangement之后，出現(xiàn)了長長的定語，其中套了三層修飾，這樣讀者就難以把主語和謂語聯(lián)系到一塊。另外，句中的大量生詞也明顯干擾了我們的理解，spiral arrangment(螺旋狀安排)、scale-bract complexes(鱗苞綜合體)、ovule-bearing(攜帶胚珠的)、pine cones(松果)、female reproductive organ(雌性生殖器官)、airflow pattern(氣流模式)等。其中只有后面的三個單詞我們有可能根據(jù)常識大概猜出其含義。那么現(xiàn)場閱讀時(shí)遇到這種東西又該如何處理呢?
可以肯定的是ETS的出題者并沒有期望讀者都是生物學(xué)家或物理學(xué)家，而且從眾多的出題的情況來看，也根本不可能考到任何必須對專有名詞作精確理解的內(nèi)容。讀到這種東西的時(shí)候，讀者的首要任務(wù)是從聯(lián)系文章出題的角度，讀出這句話與文章主題有關(guān)的意思，從而理解它在文章中的作用。比如這個句子，讀者只要能夠讀出the arrangement of female reproductive organs of conifers are important to reduce the ollen waste這個意思即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：For example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next.
88、 Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”. (3+)
FE,卻預(yù)測婦女們將被從家庭的“社會、法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)壓迫”中解放出來，只是通過使得征召“整個女性階層進(jìn)入公共的工業(yè)中去”成為可能的技術(shù)進(jìn)步的方式做到的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝
解釋：本句的前半部分簡單，后面的賓語從句中的第二個狀語by technological developments 后面跟著的定語從句中出現(xiàn)了倒裝：the made/possible/the recruitment of the whole female sex into public industry的正常語序應(yīng)該是that made the recruiment of the whole female sex into public industry/possible/，固定搭配make…possible中的副詞possible被倒裝到了前面。
意群訓(xùn)練：Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”.
89、 It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work，previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women’s work." (5)十九世紀(jì)八十年代，產(chǎn)生了新的一類“沒前途”的職業(yè)，這并不是因?yàn)檗k公室技術(shù)發(fā)生了改變，而是由于秘書工作——在此之前被視作是初起步的經(jīng)理們的一種習(xí)見訓(xùn)練——與行政工作的分離。自此以后，這類“沒前途”的職業(yè)便被視作是“女人的工作?！?BR> 難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)是It was something that,,,It是形式主語，其真正的內(nèi)容是was之后、that、之前的something的內(nèi)容。本句的something結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、長度驚人，并且包含了一個較長的插入語，把固定搭配separation from分開，造成了極大的閱讀困難，其實(shí)這個句子說得簡單就是It was the separation of secretarial work from administrative work that created a new class of jobs。
意群訓(xùn)練：It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work，previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women’s work."
注：本文難度再分不清separation … from 的搭配關(guān)系
90、 The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentiethcentury had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire. (5)
二十世紀(jì)已婚婦女在家庭以外就業(yè)的人數(shù)不斷增加，這與家務(wù)的機(jī)械化及這些婦女閑暇時(shí)間的增加并無多大聯(lián)系，更多地是與婦女自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)需要和高婚姻率相關(guān)。高婚姻率致使所能雇傭的單身女工的總量縮減，而在此之前的許多情形中，單身女性則是雇主們所愿雇傭的—一類婦女。 The pool of 如果后面跟著一群人，則表示勞動力資源
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：主語the increase之后照例來了一堆修飾成分。后面的had less to do with…than do with…的意思是與前面的東西的關(guān)系不如與后面的關(guān)系那么重要，相當(dāng)于中文的與其說還不如說…。但是本句的比較雙方都是又臭又長的由and所連接的兩個名詞性短語，令讀者閱讀時(shí)的思維難以連貫。The pool of如果后面跟著一種人群，則這個詞組指勞動力資源。
意群訓(xùn)練：The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentiethcentury had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire.
但是，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在許多種老鼠之間，這些移植法的“常規(guī)”并沒有被肝臟移植物所遵循。肝臟移植物非但從沒遭到過排斥，甚至還誘發(fā)了一種供者特異性無應(yīng)答狀態(tài)(donor-specific unresponsiveness)，在此狀態(tài)中，隨后來自那個供者其它器官的移植物，如皮膚，會永久地被接受。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、倒裝
解釋：Not only放在句首時(shí)謂語被提前，這種倒裝對我們的讀者來講不算什么新鮮事。干擾度比較大的是在修飾unresponsiveness的定語從句in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently中，插入語such as skin和前面的transplants搭配的from that donor共同作用，反復(fù)地打斷讀者的思路，使得從句中主語和謂語不能連貫。
意群訓(xùn)練：Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs，such as skin，from thatdonor are accepted permanently.
82、 As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves)generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. (4)
當(dāng)巖石界面被穿過的時(shí)候，震波所遇到的彈性性質(zhì)通常會發(fā)生突然的變化，這就使得一部分能量被反射回地面，在地面反射回來的波被震波紀(jì)錄儀記錄下來。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、過去分詞與謂語易混
解釋：絕大多數(shù)人讀到the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly這一句的時(shí)候，第一反應(yīng)都是把encountered看成了謂語動詞，再看到change abruptly的時(shí)候又搞不苾怎么會跑出來兩個動詞，反復(fù)看上n遍才看清楚這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)。本句難就難在主語the elastic characteristics后面的表示袪的過去分詞encountered的動作發(fā)出者在句子中根本就沒有出現(xiàn)過，相當(dāng)于原文在encountered后面省略了一個by seismic waves,倡讀者卻沒有心理準(zhǔn)備，同時(shí)也不熟悉這種分詞修飾的方式，因此也難以讀懂。
意群訓(xùn)練：As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves)generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.
83、 While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles，and throwing the date oncemore into utter confusion. (4)
數(shù)據(jù)資料已被統(tǒng)計(jì)出來，或被重新統(tǒng)計(jì)出來，以便證明在文體學(xué)這方面，《乞援衰女》實(shí)際上確實(shí)在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》(后兩者現(xiàn)在則變成了“原始”的劇作)之后以及在軸殘片卻喚起了一種幽靈似的疑慮，即另一塊殘片有可能再度被挖掘出來，并證明，比如說，《乞援衰女》是作者藉以擊敗索福克勒斯的《達(dá)那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，從而將創(chuàng)作年代再度置于極度的混亂之中.
注：best:擊敗,=defeat, overcome, outdo
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：specter之后的that從句是specter的同位語，從句中有兩個分詞作狀語，中間由and 連接。其中以第一個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)showing that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles的意思較為難懂，有兩個地方要解釋一下：
首先，best 在這里的用法我們以前很少見到，用作及物動詞，是擊敗后者的意思，等于defeat,overcome或outdo。
其次，a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy這種說法不符合我們的常規(guī)想法，我們看到 a posthumous production of 的時(shí)候，根據(jù)中文的語言習(xí)慣，慣性的到of之后去找人名，但是看到后面跟著的是作品名，就想不通了，與中文不同的是，英文中的遺作后面不一定只能接人名，接作品名的時(shí)候指的是作品在作者死前未發(fā)表的那一部分，比如本文的四部曲，可能作者死前全部寫好，但只發(fā)表了三部，但是死后發(fā)表的遺作第四部擊敗了S。
意群訓(xùn)練：While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles，and throwing the date oncemore into utter confusion.
84、 The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. (3+)
一個社會所創(chuàng)造出來藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成產(chǎn)生，以保存在這個社會看來具有本質(zhì)意義的文化遺產(chǎn)的各個方面。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句是前面所舉的復(fù)雜修飾類難句的例句，已經(jīng)有所詳述。
意群訓(xùn)練：The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.
85、 Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. (4)
傳統(tǒng)上，風(fēng)媒傳粉被看成是這樣的繁殖過程：其特征就是由一些隨即事件的發(fā)生，在這些隨機(jī)事件里，風(fēng)的反復(fù)無常被大量的產(chǎn)生花粉所補(bǔ)償，以至于新種子的終產(chǎn)生被保證了，其代價(jià)是產(chǎn)生遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于實(shí)際使用量的花粉。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：筆者曾經(jīng)遇到過一個同學(xué)，下課以后來找我，說這篇文章讀得不好，因?yàn)槭锥蔚膬删湓捒床欢?。這篇文章的首段很長，但僅由兩句話構(gòu)成，不但講述了老觀點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容，而且解釋了這篇文章的主題的所在，從這里我們可以看出在現(xiàn)場迅速讀懂難句的重要性。Marked by之后的內(nèi)容修飾reproductive process的。其后的random events后面又跟著一個定語從句來修飾它。從句中的被動語態(tài)the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen有些特殊，因?yàn)槲闹胁皇前凑罩形牡牧?xí)慣說are compensated，而是說compensated for，這是由于主語the vagaries of the wind并不是被補(bǔ)償?shù)膶ο?，而是補(bǔ)償?shù)膶ο?，后面的at the expense of是以…為代價(jià)的意思。
意群訓(xùn)練：Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.
86、 Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for theensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. (5)
由于花粉粒在其長距離的運(yùn)輸過程中所要面臨的潛在危險(xiǎn)是巨大的，按上述觀點(diǎn)來看，由風(fēng)授粉的植物補(bǔ)償了通過偶發(fā)事件而伴隨造成的花粉損失。其途徑是，制造出大于昆蟲授粉的植物種類所產(chǎn)生的花粉量的一至三個數(shù)量級的花粉量。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、省略
解釋：本句就是上面所說的構(gòu)成本篇文章首段的第二句話，而且本句的難度超過上一句。本句一上來就不好讀，Because the potential hazards that pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous,其中主語后的pollen grains are subject to本來就是一個定語從句，但是由于主語the potential hazards在從句中作介詞to的賓語，所以引導(dǎo)詞that被省略，這就顯得句子的結(jié)構(gòu)模糊不清，再加上as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，隔開了主語和謂語，給讀者造成了較大的閱讀困難。后面的分句中，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜：插入語、定語和狀語層層相套。有兩個詞組需要解釋一下：orders of magnitude指的是數(shù)量級，其中order是等級、級別的意思，而magnitude在此不是指重要、星球的光亮度，指的是尺寸大小和數(shù)量多少的程度，同義詞是size,quantity,number。后面的speciespollinated by insects特指蟲媒植物。
意群訓(xùn)練：Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for theensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.
87、 For example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. (5)
例如，帶有胚珠的松球的鱗苞綜合體的螺旋狀安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，對于氣流模式的形成與產(chǎn)生殊為重要，而這些氣流模式在松球的表現(xiàn)盤旋上升，從而把在空氣中飛行的花粉從一個鱗苞傳播至下一個鱗苞。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、專有名詞
解釋：本句的兩大難點(diǎn)中，一是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，二是專有名詞較多。在主語the spiral arrangement之后，出現(xiàn)了長長的定語，其中套了三層修飾，這樣讀者就難以把主語和謂語聯(lián)系到一塊。另外，句中的大量生詞也明顯干擾了我們的理解，spiral arrangment(螺旋狀安排)、scale-bract complexes(鱗苞綜合體)、ovule-bearing(攜帶胚珠的)、pine cones(松果)、female reproductive organ(雌性生殖器官)、airflow pattern(氣流模式)等。其中只有后面的三個單詞我們有可能根據(jù)常識大概猜出其含義。那么現(xiàn)場閱讀時(shí)遇到這種東西又該如何處理呢?
可以肯定的是ETS的出題者并沒有期望讀者都是生物學(xué)家或物理學(xué)家，而且從眾多的出題的情況來看，也根本不可能考到任何必須對專有名詞作精確理解的內(nèi)容。讀到這種東西的時(shí)候，讀者的首要任務(wù)是從聯(lián)系文章出題的角度，讀出這句話與文章主題有關(guān)的意思，從而理解它在文章中的作用。比如這個句子，讀者只要能夠讀出the arrangement of female reproductive organs of conifers are important to reduce the ollen waste這個意思即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：For example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next.
88、 Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”. (3+)
FE,卻預(yù)測婦女們將被從家庭的“社會、法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)壓迫”中解放出來，只是通過使得征召“整個女性階層進(jìn)入公共的工業(yè)中去”成為可能的技術(shù)進(jìn)步的方式做到的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝
解釋：本句的前半部分簡單，后面的賓語從句中的第二個狀語by technological developments 后面跟著的定語從句中出現(xiàn)了倒裝：the made/possible/the recruitment of the whole female sex into public industry的正常語序應(yīng)該是that made the recruiment of the whole female sex into public industry/possible/，固定搭配make…possible中的副詞possible被倒裝到了前面。
意群訓(xùn)練：Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”.
89、 It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work，previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women’s work." (5)十九世紀(jì)八十年代，產(chǎn)生了新的一類“沒前途”的職業(yè)，這并不是因?yàn)檗k公室技術(shù)發(fā)生了改變，而是由于秘書工作——在此之前被視作是初起步的經(jīng)理們的一種習(xí)見訓(xùn)練——與行政工作的分離。自此以后，這類“沒前途”的職業(yè)便被視作是“女人的工作?！?BR> 難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)是It was something that,,,It是形式主語，其真正的內(nèi)容是was之后、that、之前的something的內(nèi)容。本句的something結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、長度驚人，并且包含了一個較長的插入語，把固定搭配separation from分開，造成了極大的閱讀困難，其實(shí)這個句子說得簡單就是It was the separation of secretarial work from administrative work that created a new class of jobs。
意群訓(xùn)練：It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work，previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women’s work."
注：本文難度再分不清separation … from 的搭配關(guān)系
90、 The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentiethcentury had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire. (5)
二十世紀(jì)已婚婦女在家庭以外就業(yè)的人數(shù)不斷增加，這與家務(wù)的機(jī)械化及這些婦女閑暇時(shí)間的增加并無多大聯(lián)系，更多地是與婦女自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)需要和高婚姻率相關(guān)。高婚姻率致使所能雇傭的單身女工的總量縮減，而在此之前的許多情形中，單身女性則是雇主們所愿雇傭的—一類婦女。 The pool of 如果后面跟著一群人，則表示勞動力資源
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：主語the increase之后照例來了一堆修飾成分。后面的had less to do with…than do with…的意思是與前面的東西的關(guān)系不如與后面的關(guān)系那么重要，相當(dāng)于中文的與其說還不如說…。但是本句的比較雙方都是又臭又長的由and所連接的兩個名詞性短語，令讀者閱讀時(shí)的思維難以連貫。The pool of如果后面跟著一種人群，則這個詞組指勞動力資源。
意群訓(xùn)練：The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentiethcentury had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire.