07年外銷(xiāo)員考試英語(yǔ):英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之名詞性從句

字號(hào):


     在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses)。 名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱(chēng)為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
    (一)主語(yǔ)從句
    1、 由that引起的主語(yǔ)從句
    這是用的最廣泛的主語(yǔ)從句,但真正放在句首的這類(lèi)從句是比較少的,因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)會(huì)顯得頭重腳輕。不過(guò)有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或謂語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)也有這樣安排的。
    e.g. That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.她成為一名藝術(shù)家也許是受她父親的影響。
    絕大多數(shù)包含主語(yǔ)從句的句子都借助先行詞it作為形式上的主語(yǔ),而把主語(yǔ)置于句末,例如:
    It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 
    很清楚,整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要失敗。
    It’s a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
    用it作形式主語(yǔ)的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系:
     a. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句
    It is necessary that…    有必要……
    It is important that…    重要的是……
    It is obvious that…     很明顯……
     b. It + be + -ed 分詞+ that-從句
    It is believed that…     人們相信……
    It is known to all that…   眾所周知……
    It has been decided that…   已決定……
     c. It + be +名詞+ that-從句
    It is common knowledge that…  ……是常識(shí)
    It is a surprise that…   令人驚奇的是……
    It is a fact that…     事實(shí)是……
     d. It +不及物動(dòng)詞+ that-分句
    It appears that…      似乎……
    It happens that…      碰巧……
    It occurred to me that…   我突然想起……
    2、由連接代詞、連接副詞或由連詞whether引起的主語(yǔ)從句
    Who is to head the delegation hasn’t been made public.誰(shuí)來(lái)領(lǐng)到這個(gè)代表團(tuán)還沒(méi)有宣布。
    When we arrive doesn’t matter.什么時(shí)候到?jīng)]有關(guān)系。
    Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 這一計(jì)劃是否可行還有等證實(shí)。
    3、由關(guān)系代詞型what引起的主語(yǔ)從句
    What he said was perfectly true.他講的都是事實(shí)。
    What you have to do is to choose a company to invest in.你需要做的是選一家公司投資。
    Whatever,whoever,whichever都可引起主語(yǔ)從句
    Whatever she says goes.一切她說(shuō)了算。
    Whoever comes will be welcome.誰(shuí)來(lái)都?xì)g迎。
    Whichever you want is yours.你要哪一個(gè),哪一個(gè)就是你的。
    例題解析:
    P41/ 10.______ is more important is not to lose the business, even though this price will leave us no profit at all.
    A. such B. It C. That D. What
    翻譯:更加重要的是不失去這筆生意,即使該價(jià)格將使我們無(wú)利可圖。
    (二)表語(yǔ)從句
    表語(yǔ)從句在句子中作表語(yǔ), 位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連詞主要有:that, whether, when, where, because, etc。
    1、表語(yǔ)從句多數(shù)都由that引起(有時(shí)that可以省略)
    The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事實(shí)是近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
    My idea is that we should start making preparations right now.我的意見(jiàn)是我們馬上就做準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)始工作。
    2、表語(yǔ)從句也可由連接代詞、副詞引起:
    That’s why I object to the plan. 這就是我反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃的原因。
    The problem is who can be sent to replace him. 問(wèn)題是能派誰(shuí)去頂替他。
    3、關(guān)系代詞型的what也可引起表語(yǔ)從句:
    That’s what I want to stress.這是我想強(qiáng)調(diào)的。
    Fame and personal gain is what they pursue.他們追求的是名利。
    (三)賓語(yǔ)從句
    賓語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的名詞性從句,通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)或介詞之后。
    1、 作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)
    1)由that引起從句做賓語(yǔ)的情況十分普遍:
    John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 約翰說(shuō)他星期三要到倫敦去。
    有些動(dòng)詞后的連詞that??墒÷?,如believe,think,suppose,presume(假定,假設(shè),認(rèn)為),在say,see,know, hear
    propose,understand和be told等動(dòng)詞后連詞that可以用,也可以不用,在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中還是不省略為好。
    例題解析:
    P40/ 3. We find ______ transshipment and partial shipment of the Printed Shirting are not possible.
    A. that B. what C. where D. there
    整句翻譯:我們認(rèn)為印花細(xì)布的轉(zhuǎn)船和分批裝運(yùn)使不可能的。
    2)賓語(yǔ)從句也可以由連接代詞、副詞或連詞whether(if)引起:
    She inquired how we are going on. 她問(wèn)我們情況怎樣?
    I wonder what’s happened. 我想知道發(fā)生了什么事。
    He asked me where I was going. 他問(wèn)我到哪兒去。
    Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 請(qǐng)讓我們知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章寫(xiě)完。
    例題解析:
    P41/ 4. Bearing this in mind, we are inquiring ______ we could now begin discussing the issue of sole agency.
    A. if B. that C. what D. where
    Inquire: ask about
    整句翻譯:考慮到這一點(diǎn),我們正在問(wèn)我們是否現(xiàn)在可以開(kāi)始討論代理的問(wèn)題。
    P41/ 9. In order to obtain the needed information, the inquirer should write simply, clearly, and concisely ______ he wants to know.
    A. what B. that C. so D. because
    整句翻譯:為了得到需要的信息,調(diào)查者應(yīng)該把他想知道的東西寫(xiě)得簡(jiǎn)明扼要、一清二楚。
    2、作介詞的賓語(yǔ)
    Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間合作得如何。
    例題解析:
    P42/ 12. From ______ you say it seems that some of the goods escaped the inspection we normally give to all our products.
    A. that B. what C. which D. it
    從你所說(shuō)的來(lái)看,好像有些商品逃過(guò)了我們對(duì)所有產(chǎn)品的正常檢查。
    P43/ 19. We are arranging for an inspection tour of ______ the material was processed.
    A. place B. the place C. where D. there
    我們正在安排到加工原料的地方進(jìn)行檢查巡視。
    P46/ 44. To make profitable use of the Net, cyber-enterprises need to appreciate its uniqueness. It’s more like direct marketing, but a lot of people try to apply existing skills to ______ is an entirely new medium.
    A. that B. what C. which D. when
    Apply...to...: 把…應(yīng)用于…
    整句翻譯:為了充分使用網(wǎng)路,網(wǎng)際企業(yè)應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到它的獨(dú)特性。網(wǎng)絡(luò)更像直接市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo),但是很多人試圖把現(xiàn)有的技巧運(yùn)用到一個(gè)完全嶄新的媒介上去。
    3、作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)
    I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 恐怕我弄錯(cuò)了。
    I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你對(duì)工作滿(mǎn)意我感到很高興。
    I’m not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她為什么拒絕他們的邀請(qǐng)。
    That 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語(yǔ):
    Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類(lèi)詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
    4、It 可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)
    It 不僅可以作為形式主語(yǔ),還可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)而真正的賓語(yǔ)that 從句則放在句尾,特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。 例如:
     We heard it that she would get married next month.我們聽(tīng)說(shuō)她下個(gè)月要結(jié)婚了。
    例題解析:
    P40/ 1. We made it clear ______ shipment will be effected in August.
    A. what B. that C. which D. when
    整句翻譯:我們已經(jīng)說(shuō)明貨物將于八月份運(yùn)到。
    (四)同位語(yǔ)從句
    同位語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句。
    1、同位語(yǔ)從句的功能
    同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容,一般由that引導(dǎo),例如:
    The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
    The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
    I have no id0