Unit 1
Part One
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their m
oney in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is that mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individual are allowed to own productive resources （private property）, and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
1. In Lines 8-9, Para. 1,“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means ____.
[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes
[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased
[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
2. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ____.
[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production
[B] consumers can express their demands through producers
[C] producers decide the prices of products
[D] supply and demand regulate prices
3. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ____.
[A] private property and rights concerned
[B] manpower and natural resources control
[C] ownership of productive resources
[D] free contracts and prices
4.The passage is mainly about ____.
[A] how American goods are produced
[B] how American consumers buy their goods
[C] how American economic system works
[D] how American businessmen make their profits
Part 1
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
market-oriented（以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的）←market市場(chǎng)+orient定位+ed形容詞后綴。
embrace （v.擁抱；包含）即em+brace，em-（=in），brace詞根“手臂”，故“使在手臂里”→擁抱→引申為“包含”。brace作單詞意為“v.支撐n.支柱”
coupled with 與……相結(jié)合；bid up 哄抬物價(jià)；gain control over 獲得對(duì)……的控制。
難句解析：
①The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
這是一個(gè)有定語從句和賓語從句的復(fù)雜句。首先要抓住的核心句為The American economic system is organized around a... economy，economy前面的定語在開始閱讀時(shí)可以不看。在economy后面是一個(gè)以in which引導(dǎo)的定語從句in which consumers largely determine，而這個(gè)從句中又有一個(gè)賓語從句what shall be produced。在定語從句中又有一個(gè)by引導(dǎo)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作狀語，說明消費(fèi)者是如何決定應(yīng)生產(chǎn)何種產(chǎn)品，而這個(gè)方式狀語中又有一個(gè)定語從句that they want most。
通過分析結(jié)構(gòu)我們知道此句的所有意思都是圍繞核心句的表語economy展開的，因此在閱讀中應(yīng)分層次，逐層理解對(duì)這一核心詞的陳述，分清主次，全面理解。
② Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
首先要抓住句首的thus，看到這個(gè)詞，就應(yīng)想到此句是前面敘述引出的結(jié)論。再看句子結(jié)構(gòu)，跳過狀語in the American economic system，先抓住這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is... that，因此所強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是理解的重點(diǎn)，而它由三個(gè)平行成分組成，分別為the demand of individual consumers，the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，中間用coupled with和and連接。而在that后面的部分有兩個(gè)并列賓語從句what shall be produced和how resources are used to produce it接在動(dòng)詞determine的后面。
首先要抓住強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，并重點(diǎn)理解所強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容，其次要理解句中最后一個(gè)it所指代的對(duì)象是what shall be produced。
③ An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.
此句的結(jié)構(gòu)與第一句類似，只是表語的定語從句更加復(fù)雜。
此句在理解中的難點(diǎn)是定語從句by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers，為了方便理解，我們可以將此句and后的部分由被動(dòng)句改為主動(dòng)句：by which consumer demands can be expressed and producers can respond to consumer demands，這樣就可以避免對(duì)responded to by producers的不理解。
④ If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
這是一個(gè)有條件狀語從句的主從句，從句由if引導(dǎo)，主體結(jié)構(gòu)為... producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost...，其中producing more of a commodity是一個(gè)分詞短語作主語，而主句以this為主語，里面包含一個(gè)定語從句which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product。
此句在理解中的難點(diǎn)是句中代詞的指代關(guān)系，其中第一個(gè)its所指的是commodity，而主句的主語this所指的是整個(gè)條件狀語從句。主句中的定語從句也并不是修飾某一個(gè)特定的詞，而是指整個(gè)主句表達(dá)to increase the supply offered by seller-producers。
⑤ In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
此句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)為the concept embraces not only... but also...。主要的難點(diǎn)在其賓語部分，是一個(gè)not only... but also...連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，而后面有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)的補(bǔ)足語including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual。
此句的難點(diǎn)為如何理解復(fù)雜賓語，注意在開始的時(shí)候先應(yīng)抓主句，可以先不理會(huì)逗號(hào)后面的補(bǔ)足語部分，然后再分析including后面的成分，同時(shí)要記住這一部分是修飾certain rights的。
試題解析：
1．【正確答案】[D]
該選擇項(xiàng)意為：美國(guó)人想增加其收入的購(gòu)買力。文章第1段最后一句是從生產(chǎn)者與消費(fèi)者兩方的愿望對(duì)照來說的，而且，該段第1句也首先陳述了該文所要談的內(nèi)容。[A]、[C]的意思是：美國(guó)人想增加其收入。這與本文的主旨不相符合，因?yàn)椋べY關(guān)系反映的是勞資雙方的關(guān)系而不是生產(chǎn)者與消費(fèi)者的關(guān)系。[B]中“overstate”意為“夸大、夸張”，這個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)的語義與文章的內(nèi)容不相干。
在做這一題時(shí)，將“maximize”一詞的意思置入文章的上下文中考查極其重要。
2．【正確答案】[D]
文章第2段第1、2句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是該段的主題：價(jià)格（的波動(dòng)）是供求關(guān)系（生產(chǎn)者與消費(fèi)者的關(guān)系）的反映。該段的最后一句也重述總結(jié)了這一主題。
[A]中“mechanized”意為“機(jī)械化的”，而原文中“mechanism”意為“機(jī)制”。[B]原文第2段第1句中“by which”意指“by means of this mechanism”，即：通過這一機(jī)制反映出來；該句中的“by producers”則只與“responded to”有關(guān)，即：生產(chǎn)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者的需要作出反應(yīng)。[C]所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容不正確，因?yàn)樵涿鞔_指出：價(jià)格為供求關(guān)系所調(diào)節(jié)。
3．【正確答案】[A]
該項(xiàng)意為：私人財(cái)產(chǎn)（的擁有）及相應(yīng)的權(quán)利。原文第3段的兩句反復(fù)從這兩方面總結(jié)了美國(guó)資本主義私有制經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的特征。[B]意為：勞動(dòng)力及自然資源的控制。與原文相差甚遠(yuǎn)。[C]只表達(dá)了美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)制度特征的一方面，因此，失之片面。[D]只強(qiáng)調(diào)了權(quán)力這一方面，因此，也是片面的。
4．【正確答案】[C]
意為：美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的特征及其運(yùn)行（work）。這是該文所主要闡明的內(nèi)容，這一主旨在文章的第1段第1、2句與第3段說得很明確。
[A]、[B]、[D]文章的主旨不是產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程，也不是消費(fèi)者如何購(gòu)物，更不是商人如何賺錢。
全文翻譯：
從根本上說，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是圍繞私有企業(yè)、在以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)上建立起來的。在這種體制下需要生產(chǎn)什么在很大程度上是消費(fèi)者通過到市場(chǎng)花錢購(gòu)買他們最需要的商品和服務(wù)來決定的。為了獲取利潤(rùn)，私有企業(yè)主在與他人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品，提供這些服務(wù)。在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的壓力下追求利潤(rùn)的動(dòng)機(jī)以及如何運(yùn)作在很大程度上決定生產(chǎn)商品和提供服務(wù)的方式。因此，在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制中，消費(fèi)者個(gè)人的需求，加上商人獲取利潤(rùn)的追求及消費(fèi)者想限度提高購(gòu)買力的愿望三者共同決定應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么和如何利用資源來生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。
市場(chǎng)型經(jīng)濟(jì)中的一個(gè)重要因素是反映消費(fèi)者需求以及生產(chǎn)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者需求作出反應(yīng)的機(jī)制。在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，這一機(jī)制是由價(jià)格體制體現(xiàn)的，價(jià)格隨消費(fèi)者的相對(duì)需求與生產(chǎn)者的供應(yīng)情況而上下浮動(dòng)。如果供不應(yīng)求，價(jià)格就上升，有些消費(fèi)者就會(huì)被排擠出市場(chǎng)。另一方面，某種產(chǎn)品大量生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)致成本下降，產(chǎn)銷者提供的產(chǎn)品就會(huì)增加，這就會(huì)使價(jià)格下跌，那么，更多的消費(fèi)者就購(gòu)買該產(chǎn)品。因此，價(jià)格是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制中的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制。
私有企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)重要因素是允許個(gè)人擁有生產(chǎn)資料（私有財(cái)產(chǎn)），允許他們雇用勞動(dòng)力，控制自然資源，通過生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品、提供服務(wù)來獲取利潤(rùn)。在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念不僅包括生產(chǎn)資料的所有權(quán)，也包括一定的權(quán)利，比如，產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的決定權(quán)或與其他私有個(gè)體的自由簽約權(quán)。
Part One
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their m
oney in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is that mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individual are allowed to own productive resources （private property）, and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
1. In Lines 8-9, Para. 1,“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means ____.
[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes
[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased
[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
2. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ____.
[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production
[B] consumers can express their demands through producers
[C] producers decide the prices of products
[D] supply and demand regulate prices
3. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ____.
[A] private property and rights concerned
[B] manpower and natural resources control
[C] ownership of productive resources
[D] free contracts and prices
4.The passage is mainly about ____.
[A] how American goods are produced
[B] how American consumers buy their goods
[C] how American economic system works
[D] how American businessmen make their profits
Part 1
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
market-oriented（以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的）←market市場(chǎng)+orient定位+ed形容詞后綴。
embrace （v.擁抱；包含）即em+brace，em-（=in），brace詞根“手臂”，故“使在手臂里”→擁抱→引申為“包含”。brace作單詞意為“v.支撐n.支柱”
coupled with 與……相結(jié)合；bid up 哄抬物價(jià)；gain control over 獲得對(duì)……的控制。
難句解析：
①The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
這是一個(gè)有定語從句和賓語從句的復(fù)雜句。首先要抓住的核心句為The American economic system is organized around a... economy，economy前面的定語在開始閱讀時(shí)可以不看。在economy后面是一個(gè)以in which引導(dǎo)的定語從句in which consumers largely determine，而這個(gè)從句中又有一個(gè)賓語從句what shall be produced。在定語從句中又有一個(gè)by引導(dǎo)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作狀語，說明消費(fèi)者是如何決定應(yīng)生產(chǎn)何種產(chǎn)品，而這個(gè)方式狀語中又有一個(gè)定語從句that they want most。
通過分析結(jié)構(gòu)我們知道此句的所有意思都是圍繞核心句的表語economy展開的，因此在閱讀中應(yīng)分層次，逐層理解對(duì)這一核心詞的陳述，分清主次，全面理解。
② Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
首先要抓住句首的thus，看到這個(gè)詞，就應(yīng)想到此句是前面敘述引出的結(jié)論。再看句子結(jié)構(gòu)，跳過狀語in the American economic system，先抓住這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is... that，因此所強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是理解的重點(diǎn)，而它由三個(gè)平行成分組成，分別為the demand of individual consumers，the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，中間用coupled with和and連接。而在that后面的部分有兩個(gè)并列賓語從句what shall be produced和how resources are used to produce it接在動(dòng)詞determine的后面。
首先要抓住強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，并重點(diǎn)理解所強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容，其次要理解句中最后一個(gè)it所指代的對(duì)象是what shall be produced。
③ An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.
此句的結(jié)構(gòu)與第一句類似，只是表語的定語從句更加復(fù)雜。
此句在理解中的難點(diǎn)是定語從句by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers，為了方便理解，我們可以將此句and后的部分由被動(dòng)句改為主動(dòng)句：by which consumer demands can be expressed and producers can respond to consumer demands，這樣就可以避免對(duì)responded to by producers的不理解。
④ If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
這是一個(gè)有條件狀語從句的主從句，從句由if引導(dǎo)，主體結(jié)構(gòu)為... producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost...，其中producing more of a commodity是一個(gè)分詞短語作主語，而主句以this為主語，里面包含一個(gè)定語從句which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product。
此句在理解中的難點(diǎn)是句中代詞的指代關(guān)系，其中第一個(gè)its所指的是commodity，而主句的主語this所指的是整個(gè)條件狀語從句。主句中的定語從句也并不是修飾某一個(gè)特定的詞，而是指整個(gè)主句表達(dá)to increase the supply offered by seller-producers。
⑤ In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
此句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)為the concept embraces not only... but also...。主要的難點(diǎn)在其賓語部分，是一個(gè)not only... but also...連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，而后面有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)的補(bǔ)足語including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual。
此句的難點(diǎn)為如何理解復(fù)雜賓語，注意在開始的時(shí)候先應(yīng)抓主句，可以先不理會(huì)逗號(hào)后面的補(bǔ)足語部分，然后再分析including后面的成分，同時(shí)要記住這一部分是修飾certain rights的。
試題解析：
1．【正確答案】[D]
該選擇項(xiàng)意為：美國(guó)人想增加其收入的購(gòu)買力。文章第1段最后一句是從生產(chǎn)者與消費(fèi)者兩方的愿望對(duì)照來說的，而且，該段第1句也首先陳述了該文所要談的內(nèi)容。[A]、[C]的意思是：美國(guó)人想增加其收入。這與本文的主旨不相符合，因?yàn)椋べY關(guān)系反映的是勞資雙方的關(guān)系而不是生產(chǎn)者與消費(fèi)者的關(guān)系。[B]中“overstate”意為“夸大、夸張”，這個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)的語義與文章的內(nèi)容不相干。
在做這一題時(shí)，將“maximize”一詞的意思置入文章的上下文中考查極其重要。
2．【正確答案】[D]
文章第2段第1、2句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是該段的主題：價(jià)格（的波動(dòng)）是供求關(guān)系（生產(chǎn)者與消費(fèi)者的關(guān)系）的反映。該段的最后一句也重述總結(jié)了這一主題。
[A]中“mechanized”意為“機(jī)械化的”，而原文中“mechanism”意為“機(jī)制”。[B]原文第2段第1句中“by which”意指“by means of this mechanism”，即：通過這一機(jī)制反映出來；該句中的“by producers”則只與“responded to”有關(guān)，即：生產(chǎn)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者的需要作出反應(yīng)。[C]所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容不正確，因?yàn)樵涿鞔_指出：價(jià)格為供求關(guān)系所調(diào)節(jié)。
3．【正確答案】[A]
該項(xiàng)意為：私人財(cái)產(chǎn)（的擁有）及相應(yīng)的權(quán)利。原文第3段的兩句反復(fù)從這兩方面總結(jié)了美國(guó)資本主義私有制經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的特征。[B]意為：勞動(dòng)力及自然資源的控制。與原文相差甚遠(yuǎn)。[C]只表達(dá)了美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)制度特征的一方面，因此，失之片面。[D]只強(qiáng)調(diào)了權(quán)力這一方面，因此，也是片面的。
4．【正確答案】[C]
意為：美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的特征及其運(yùn)行（work）。這是該文所主要闡明的內(nèi)容，這一主旨在文章的第1段第1、2句與第3段說得很明確。
[A]、[B]、[D]文章的主旨不是產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程，也不是消費(fèi)者如何購(gòu)物，更不是商人如何賺錢。
全文翻譯：
從根本上說，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是圍繞私有企業(yè)、在以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)上建立起來的。在這種體制下需要生產(chǎn)什么在很大程度上是消費(fèi)者通過到市場(chǎng)花錢購(gòu)買他們最需要的商品和服務(wù)來決定的。為了獲取利潤(rùn)，私有企業(yè)主在與他人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品，提供這些服務(wù)。在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的壓力下追求利潤(rùn)的動(dòng)機(jī)以及如何運(yùn)作在很大程度上決定生產(chǎn)商品和提供服務(wù)的方式。因此，在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制中，消費(fèi)者個(gè)人的需求，加上商人獲取利潤(rùn)的追求及消費(fèi)者想限度提高購(gòu)買力的愿望三者共同決定應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么和如何利用資源來生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。
市場(chǎng)型經(jīng)濟(jì)中的一個(gè)重要因素是反映消費(fèi)者需求以及生產(chǎn)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者需求作出反應(yīng)的機(jī)制。在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，這一機(jī)制是由價(jià)格體制體現(xiàn)的，價(jià)格隨消費(fèi)者的相對(duì)需求與生產(chǎn)者的供應(yīng)情況而上下浮動(dòng)。如果供不應(yīng)求，價(jià)格就上升，有些消費(fèi)者就會(huì)被排擠出市場(chǎng)。另一方面，某種產(chǎn)品大量生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)致成本下降，產(chǎn)銷者提供的產(chǎn)品就會(huì)增加，這就會(huì)使價(jià)格下跌，那么，更多的消費(fèi)者就購(gòu)買該產(chǎn)品。因此，價(jià)格是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制中的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制。
私有企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)重要因素是允許個(gè)人擁有生產(chǎn)資料（私有財(cái)產(chǎn)），允許他們雇用勞動(dòng)力，控制自然資源，通過生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品、提供服務(wù)來獲取利潤(rùn)。在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念不僅包括生產(chǎn)資料的所有權(quán)，也包括一定的權(quán)利，比如，產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的決定權(quán)或與其他私有個(gè)體的自由簽約權(quán)。