Part Four
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But ,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging — 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas（胰腺）。
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes （基因）, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”
13. The example of Pasteur in the text is used to ____.
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
14.The author implies that by the year 2000, ____.
[A]there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[D] there won't be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
15.Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ____.
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[D] which normal cells can't turn off
16.The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means ____.
[A] dead [B] ever-present [C] inactive [D] potential
Unit 1（1994）Part 4
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
infection（傳染；感染）即in+fect+ion，in-在內(nèi)，fect詞根“做”，-ion名詞后綴，“在里面起作用”→感染；動(dòng)詞形式為infect←in+fect。
oncogene（致癌基因）←onco+gene，onco詞根“腫瘤”，gene基因。
dormant（靜止的；休眠的）即dorm+ant，dorm詞根“睡覺(jué)”，-ant形容詞后綴，“像睡覺(jué)那樣的”→休眠的。同根詞：dormitory→dorm+itory后綴表“地方”→睡覺(jué)的地方→（集體）宿舍。
oncologist（腫瘤學(xué)家）←onco+logist，onco詞根“腫瘤”，-logist后綴“……學(xué)家”。
counteract（v.抵抗；消除）即counter+act，counter-前綴“反”（如counter-clockwise逆時(shí)針?lè)较颍?，act行動(dòng)，故“反著行動(dòng)”→抵抗。The doctor gave him some medicine to counteract the effect of the poison.醫(yī)生給他一些藥解毒。
ever-present 經(jīng)常存在的。
難句解析：
①"But", he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."
此句是一個(gè)直接引語(yǔ)，注意引語(yǔ)中有兩個(gè)句子，前面的句子有一個(gè)復(fù)雜的同位語(yǔ)從句that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow修飾the idea，而后面提到了一個(gè)例子，句中有一個(gè)but，它后面的it指代前面整句話。
注意引語(yǔ)中兩個(gè)句子之間的關(guān)系，后者是用來(lái)駁斥前面一句中那些人的錯(cuò)誤想法的，作者在這里舉的是一個(gè)反例。
②The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.
此句主句是The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s，后面有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the early 1970s，而在這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中還有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，在賓語(yǔ)從句中又有一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句which are cancer-causing genes修飾oncogenes。
注意此句中有超綱詞oncogenes，但是我們可以從后面修飾它的定語(yǔ)從句推出其確切含義，這也是常用到的閱讀方法之一，即可以用定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)反推所修飾詞的意思。
③The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.
此句是用but連接的復(fù)合句，注意前面的involved表示“相關(guān)的”，而后面的半句的主干是the likelihood suggests that...，里面又包含有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句。
注意看清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，而后面的likelihood表示“可能性”。
④Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."
此句用分號(hào)隔開(kāi)，前面是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而后面是一個(gè)直接引語(yǔ)。
如果我們了解分號(hào)的用法，就知道它經(jīng)常用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)意思相仿或相對(duì)的句子。而在這里，分號(hào)后面的部分就是進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明前面的意思，那么我們也就知道cosmic rays是environmental factors的一個(gè)個(gè)例。
試題解析：
13．【正確答案】[D]
該項(xiàng)意為：提醒人們徹底戰(zhàn)勝癌癥的道路還很長(zhǎng)。本文第1段中所舉的巴斯特的例子在于否定本段第2句提到的某些人的觀點(diǎn)：一旦找到病因，治療方法會(huì)立刻找到（rapidly follow），而在于說(shuō)明第4句中所闡明的道理?！ ?BR> [A]原文第1段第1句引用了Weinberg的話，他認(rèn)為人們?cè)诮陜?nèi)會(huì)對(duì)癌癥的病因有很大的了解，但這并不意味著會(huì)徹底揭開(kāi)（disclose）癌癥的秘密。另外，這也不是舉巴斯特的例子所要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。[B]意為：指出治愈癌癥的前景是非常樂(lè)觀的。本文作者相信這一點(diǎn)，但這并不是舉巴斯特這個(gè)例子所要說(shuō)明的觀點(diǎn)。[C]在巴斯特找到傳染病病因五六十年之后，才找到治療方法，但這并不意味著五六十年以后也肯定會(huì)找到治愈癌癥的方法。
14．【正確答案】 [D]
意為：各種癌癥患者的平均存活率不會(huì)有大幅度的增加。文章第二段用數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明了能夠繼續(xù)生活五年以上的病人的數(shù)量的比例，這一比例增加是可喜的，但能完全從病魔中生存下來(lái)的人仍然不會(huì)有大幅度的增加。
[A]文章只提到了目前可以存活五年的皮膚癌病人的比例是90％（注意文章原句用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)），但未提到2000年將會(huì)怎樣。[B]由對(duì)[A]項(xiàng)的分析可以看出，考生無(wú)法了解2000年有多大比例的癌癥病人還健在。[C]本題中“fairly even”意為“基本不變”。對(duì)這項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容也無(wú)法證實(shí)。在解釋[D]項(xiàng)時(shí)，我們?cè)赋龈鞣N癌癥患者的平均存活率不會(huì)有大幅度的增加，但這并不意味著根本沒(méi)有增加。
15．【正確答案】 [B]
“activate”在此意為“激活，使活動(dòng)起來(lái)”。文章第3段第4句指出：如果幾個(gè)致癌基因（oncogene）被激活，細(xì)胞又無(wú)法抵御它們的侵害的話，細(xì)胞就會(huì)發(fā)生癌變。
[A]參閱文章第3段第2句。該項(xiàng)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與事實(shí)相反。[C]文章第3段指出，致癌基因存在于健康細(xì)胞（normal cells）中。[D]原文第3段第4句“unable to turn them off”只表達(dá)了一個(gè)假設(shè)，相比之下，[D]表達(dá)的是一個(gè)事實(shí)。
16．【正確答案】 [C]
“dormant”意為“潛伏的”，與第3段第2句中“inactive”一詞是同義。
[A]“dead”的意思不對(duì)。[B]“ever-present”意為“無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)處不在”也不對(duì)。[D]“potential”意為“潛在的”，與同一句中“activate”（make... active）的意思不搭配。
全文翻譯：
“我有極大的信心相信到這個(gè)十年期結(jié)束時(shí)我們將會(huì)詳盡地知曉癌細(xì)胞的生成原因，”微生物學(xué)家羅伯特·溫伯格，一位癌癥專家如此說(shuō)道，“但是，”他又告誡說(shuō)，“有些人認(rèn)為一旦人們弄清了病因，治療方法很快就會(huì)跟上。其實(shí)不然，想想法國(guó)細(xì)菌學(xué)家巴斯德，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多傳染病的成因，但治療方法卻在五六十年后才問(wèn)世?！?BR> 今年，91萬(wàn)癌癥患者中有一半將至少再活5年。國(guó)家癌癥研究所估計(jì)，到2000年存活率將升至75％?，F(xiàn)在對(duì)于一些皮膚癌來(lái)說(shuō)，5年期存活率高達(dá)90％，但其他類型癌癥的存活數(shù)據(jù)卻仍令人沮喪——肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。
癌癥現(xiàn)有種類多達(dá)120多種，發(fā)現(xiàn)其規(guī)律實(shí)屬不易。研究人員在70年代早期取得了很大進(jìn)展，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致癌癥的癌基因在正常細(xì)胞里是不活躍的。從宇宙射線、輻射到日常飲食，任何東西都可能激活一個(gè)處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)下的致癌基因，但如何激活尚不為人知。如果若干癌基因被激活，細(xì)胞無(wú)力排除也就演變成了癌細(xì)胞。
導(dǎo)致癌變的確切機(jī)制仍是個(gè)謎，但許多癌癥始于基因這一可能性表明我們將永遠(yuǎn)不能預(yù)防所有癌癥。“變化是進(jìn)化過(guò)程中的一個(gè)正常部分，”腫瘤專家威廉·海沃德說(shuō)道。環(huán)境因素永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那樣：“我們無(wú)法準(zhǔn)備出一種抗宇宙射線的藥。”
治癌前景盡管遙遠(yuǎn)，但已越來(lái)越明朗。
“首先，我們需要了解正常細(xì)胞如何控制自己。其次，我們必須查明細(xì)胞中是否有一定數(shù)量的基因?qū)χ辽俨糠致闊┛偸秦?fù)有責(zé)任。如果我們能弄清癌癥的活動(dòng)規(guī)律，我們就能采取相應(yīng)的措施?！?BR>
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But ,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging — 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas（胰腺）。
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes （基因）, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”
13. The example of Pasteur in the text is used to ____.
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
14.The author implies that by the year 2000, ____.
[A]there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[D] there won't be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
15.Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ____.
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[D] which normal cells can't turn off
16.The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means ____.
[A] dead [B] ever-present [C] inactive [D] potential
Unit 1（1994）Part 4
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
infection（傳染；感染）即in+fect+ion，in-在內(nèi)，fect詞根“做”，-ion名詞后綴，“在里面起作用”→感染；動(dòng)詞形式為infect←in+fect。
oncogene（致癌基因）←onco+gene，onco詞根“腫瘤”，gene基因。
dormant（靜止的；休眠的）即dorm+ant，dorm詞根“睡覺(jué)”，-ant形容詞后綴，“像睡覺(jué)那樣的”→休眠的。同根詞：dormitory→dorm+itory后綴表“地方”→睡覺(jué)的地方→（集體）宿舍。
oncologist（腫瘤學(xué)家）←onco+logist，onco詞根“腫瘤”，-logist后綴“……學(xué)家”。
counteract（v.抵抗；消除）即counter+act，counter-前綴“反”（如counter-clockwise逆時(shí)針?lè)较颍?，act行動(dòng)，故“反著行動(dòng)”→抵抗。The doctor gave him some medicine to counteract the effect of the poison.醫(yī)生給他一些藥解毒。
ever-present 經(jīng)常存在的。
難句解析：
①"But", he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."
此句是一個(gè)直接引語(yǔ)，注意引語(yǔ)中有兩個(gè)句子，前面的句子有一個(gè)復(fù)雜的同位語(yǔ)從句that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow修飾the idea，而后面提到了一個(gè)例子，句中有一個(gè)but，它后面的it指代前面整句話。
注意引語(yǔ)中兩個(gè)句子之間的關(guān)系，后者是用來(lái)駁斥前面一句中那些人的錯(cuò)誤想法的，作者在這里舉的是一個(gè)反例。
②The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.
此句主句是The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s，后面有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the early 1970s，而在這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中還有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，在賓語(yǔ)從句中又有一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句which are cancer-causing genes修飾oncogenes。
注意此句中有超綱詞oncogenes，但是我們可以從后面修飾它的定語(yǔ)從句推出其確切含義，這也是常用到的閱讀方法之一，即可以用定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)反推所修飾詞的意思。
③The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.
此句是用but連接的復(fù)合句，注意前面的involved表示“相關(guān)的”，而后面的半句的主干是the likelihood suggests that...，里面又包含有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句。
注意看清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，而后面的likelihood表示“可能性”。
④Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."
此句用分號(hào)隔開(kāi)，前面是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而后面是一個(gè)直接引語(yǔ)。
如果我們了解分號(hào)的用法，就知道它經(jīng)常用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)意思相仿或相對(duì)的句子。而在這里，分號(hào)后面的部分就是進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明前面的意思，那么我們也就知道cosmic rays是environmental factors的一個(gè)個(gè)例。
試題解析：
13．【正確答案】[D]
該項(xiàng)意為：提醒人們徹底戰(zhàn)勝癌癥的道路還很長(zhǎng)。本文第1段中所舉的巴斯特的例子在于否定本段第2句提到的某些人的觀點(diǎn)：一旦找到病因，治療方法會(huì)立刻找到（rapidly follow），而在于說(shuō)明第4句中所闡明的道理?！ ?BR> [A]原文第1段第1句引用了Weinberg的話，他認(rèn)為人們?cè)诮陜?nèi)會(huì)對(duì)癌癥的病因有很大的了解，但這并不意味著會(huì)徹底揭開(kāi)（disclose）癌癥的秘密。另外，這也不是舉巴斯特的例子所要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。[B]意為：指出治愈癌癥的前景是非常樂(lè)觀的。本文作者相信這一點(diǎn)，但這并不是舉巴斯特這個(gè)例子所要說(shuō)明的觀點(diǎn)。[C]在巴斯特找到傳染病病因五六十年之后，才找到治療方法，但這并不意味著五六十年以后也肯定會(huì)找到治愈癌癥的方法。
14．【正確答案】 [D]
意為：各種癌癥患者的平均存活率不會(huì)有大幅度的增加。文章第二段用數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明了能夠繼續(xù)生活五年以上的病人的數(shù)量的比例，這一比例增加是可喜的，但能完全從病魔中生存下來(lái)的人仍然不會(huì)有大幅度的增加。
[A]文章只提到了目前可以存活五年的皮膚癌病人的比例是90％（注意文章原句用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)），但未提到2000年將會(huì)怎樣。[B]由對(duì)[A]項(xiàng)的分析可以看出，考生無(wú)法了解2000年有多大比例的癌癥病人還健在。[C]本題中“fairly even”意為“基本不變”。對(duì)這項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容也無(wú)法證實(shí)。在解釋[D]項(xiàng)時(shí)，我們?cè)赋龈鞣N癌癥患者的平均存活率不會(huì)有大幅度的增加，但這并不意味著根本沒(méi)有增加。
15．【正確答案】 [B]
“activate”在此意為“激活，使活動(dòng)起來(lái)”。文章第3段第4句指出：如果幾個(gè)致癌基因（oncogene）被激活，細(xì)胞又無(wú)法抵御它們的侵害的話，細(xì)胞就會(huì)發(fā)生癌變。
[A]參閱文章第3段第2句。該項(xiàng)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與事實(shí)相反。[C]文章第3段指出，致癌基因存在于健康細(xì)胞（normal cells）中。[D]原文第3段第4句“unable to turn them off”只表達(dá)了一個(gè)假設(shè)，相比之下，[D]表達(dá)的是一個(gè)事實(shí)。
16．【正確答案】 [C]
“dormant”意為“潛伏的”，與第3段第2句中“inactive”一詞是同義。
[A]“dead”的意思不對(duì)。[B]“ever-present”意為“無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)處不在”也不對(duì)。[D]“potential”意為“潛在的”，與同一句中“activate”（make... active）的意思不搭配。
全文翻譯：
“我有極大的信心相信到這個(gè)十年期結(jié)束時(shí)我們將會(huì)詳盡地知曉癌細(xì)胞的生成原因，”微生物學(xué)家羅伯特·溫伯格，一位癌癥專家如此說(shuō)道，“但是，”他又告誡說(shuō)，“有些人認(rèn)為一旦人們弄清了病因，治療方法很快就會(huì)跟上。其實(shí)不然，想想法國(guó)細(xì)菌學(xué)家巴斯德，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多傳染病的成因，但治療方法卻在五六十年后才問(wèn)世?！?BR> 今年，91萬(wàn)癌癥患者中有一半將至少再活5年。國(guó)家癌癥研究所估計(jì)，到2000年存活率將升至75％?，F(xiàn)在對(duì)于一些皮膚癌來(lái)說(shuō)，5年期存活率高達(dá)90％，但其他類型癌癥的存活數(shù)據(jù)卻仍令人沮喪——肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。
癌癥現(xiàn)有種類多達(dá)120多種，發(fā)現(xiàn)其規(guī)律實(shí)屬不易。研究人員在70年代早期取得了很大進(jìn)展，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致癌癥的癌基因在正常細(xì)胞里是不活躍的。從宇宙射線、輻射到日常飲食，任何東西都可能激活一個(gè)處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)下的致癌基因，但如何激活尚不為人知。如果若干癌基因被激活，細(xì)胞無(wú)力排除也就演變成了癌細(xì)胞。
導(dǎo)致癌變的確切機(jī)制仍是個(gè)謎，但許多癌癥始于基因這一可能性表明我們將永遠(yuǎn)不能預(yù)防所有癌癥。“變化是進(jìn)化過(guò)程中的一個(gè)正常部分，”腫瘤專家威廉·海沃德說(shuō)道。環(huán)境因素永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那樣：“我們無(wú)法準(zhǔn)備出一種抗宇宙射線的藥。”
治癌前景盡管遙遠(yuǎn)，但已越來(lái)越明朗。
“首先，我們需要了解正常細(xì)胞如何控制自己。其次，我們必須查明細(xì)胞中是否有一定數(shù)量的基因?qū)χ辽俨糠致闊┛偸秦?fù)有責(zé)任。如果我們能弄清癌癥的活動(dòng)規(guī)律，我們就能采取相應(yīng)的措施?！?BR>