1. 詞類的轉(zhuǎn)移：在英譯漢過程中，原文的有些詞在譯成漢語時其詞類需要轉(zhuǎn)換，才能使?jié)h語譯文通順達意。
例一：Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
分析： 在原文中sense是 名詞，作has 的賓語，但在have the sense( of sth./ to do sth .)中sense是習(xí)語的主體，故譯成漢語時?？赊D(zhuǎn)譯成動詞“意識到”。
譯文：除非人類終于意識到要把人口減少到這樣的程度：使地球能為所有的人提供足夠的飲食，否則將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
★注意：英語中許多具有動作意義的名詞和由動詞派生的名詞，往往可根據(jù)需要轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的動詞。如：Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
例二：…we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.
分析：sure 是形容詞，譯成 漢語時轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞“確保”。
譯文：……我們必須確保，在對我們的對象進行比較時，我們所使用的尺度要能提供“有效的”或“公平”的比較。
★注意：英語中有些表示知覺、情緒、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，做表語時，?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成漢語動詞。這類形容詞有: able, afraid , angry, ashamed ,aware, anxious, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant , sorry ,thankful等。
2. 增詞法：英譯漢時，根據(jù)意義上、結(jié)構(gòu)上和修辭上的需要可以加一些詞，使譯文既忠實于原文又通順、流暢。這種翻譯方法叫增詞法。
例：From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction.
分析：agreement on this general goal 是指“在總的目標上一致”，譯文中加了“意見”兩字，使句子意思更清晰明了。下半句中在“任何行動”前加“采取”兩字，使譯文更符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。本句的主導(dǎo)詞是proceed from ……to ……意為“繼續(xù)進行；著手；出發(fā)”，在整句翻譯時，沒有譯出，但譯文已經(jīng)忠實地表達了原文的含義。
譯文：遺憾的是，過去我們在這個總的目標方面意見是一致的，但涉及到各個具體目標時，意見就不一致，因而也就根本沒有采取什么行動。
【作業(yè)】
1 請對下面句子進行分析。
All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements ----themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport。 As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect . (來自2000年英譯漢真題)
2 請對上面的劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu).
3 請把下面的句子翻譯成中文：（注意back –to-school 和laid –off workers的翻譯）
Federally funded training and free back –to-school programs for laid –off workers are under way, but few experts believed they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology.
例一：Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
分析： 在原文中sense是 名詞，作has 的賓語，但在have the sense( of sth./ to do sth .)中sense是習(xí)語的主體，故譯成漢語時?？赊D(zhuǎn)譯成動詞“意識到”。
譯文：除非人類終于意識到要把人口減少到這樣的程度：使地球能為所有的人提供足夠的飲食，否則將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
★注意：英語中許多具有動作意義的名詞和由動詞派生的名詞，往往可根據(jù)需要轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的動詞。如：Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
例二：…we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.
分析：sure 是形容詞，譯成 漢語時轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞“確保”。
譯文：……我們必須確保，在對我們的對象進行比較時，我們所使用的尺度要能提供“有效的”或“公平”的比較。
★注意：英語中有些表示知覺、情緒、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，做表語時，?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成漢語動詞。這類形容詞有: able, afraid , angry, ashamed ,aware, anxious, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant , sorry ,thankful等。
2. 增詞法：英譯漢時，根據(jù)意義上、結(jié)構(gòu)上和修辭上的需要可以加一些詞，使譯文既忠實于原文又通順、流暢。這種翻譯方法叫增詞法。
例：From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction.
分析：agreement on this general goal 是指“在總的目標上一致”，譯文中加了“意見”兩字，使句子意思更清晰明了。下半句中在“任何行動”前加“采取”兩字，使譯文更符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣。本句的主導(dǎo)詞是proceed from ……to ……意為“繼續(xù)進行；著手；出發(fā)”，在整句翻譯時，沒有譯出，但譯文已經(jīng)忠實地表達了原文的含義。
譯文：遺憾的是，過去我們在這個總的目標方面意見是一致的，但涉及到各個具體目標時，意見就不一致，因而也就根本沒有采取什么行動。
【作業(yè)】
1 請對下面句子進行分析。
All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements ----themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport。 As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect . (來自2000年英譯漢真題)
2 請對上面的劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu).
3 請把下面的句子翻譯成中文：（注意back –to-school 和laid –off workers的翻譯）
Federally funded training and free back –to-school programs for laid –off workers are under way, but few experts believed they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology.