（1） 主題思想常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)方式及答題技巧
主題思想題在考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率較高，因?yàn)檫@類(lèi)題可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能夠抓住文章的主要信息又是閱讀能力的一個(gè)極為重要的方面。
這類(lèi)題在設(shè)題時(shí)常會(huì)用到title,subject,main idea,topic,theme等詞。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)形式有以下幾種：
What is the main idea of the passage？
Which of the following would be the best title？
What's the best title for the passage？
The main idea of the passage is that _____.
This passage tells us _____.
Which of the following statements best expresses the main ideaofthe passage？
What does the passage mainly discuss？
做這類(lèi)題時(shí)常用略讀法，把注意力放在抓主要信息上，不去過(guò)分注意細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)，否則會(huì)造成“只見(jiàn)樹(shù)木，不見(jiàn)森林”的結(jié)果。通常的辦法是，快速閱讀文章時(shí)注意找出各段主題句。英文文章各段主題句常放在段首，有時(shí)也放在段尾或段落中間，有時(shí)不明確寫(xiě)出，通讀文章后把各段主題句聯(lián)系起來(lái)，一般就能得出文章主題。
就整篇文章來(lái)講，首段和尾段一般對(duì)于解這類(lèi)題更為重要。我們以97年統(tǒng)考試卷中閱讀理解部分的第一篇文章為例：
How often one hears children wishing they were grown up,andoldpeople wishing they were young again. Each age has itspleasuresand its pains,and the happiest person is the one whoenjoys whateach age gives him without wasting his time in uselessregrets.
Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities tomakelife difficult. If a child has good parents,he is fed,lookedafter and loved,whatever he may do .It is impossible that hewillever again in his life be given so much without having todoanything in return .In addition,life is always presentingnewthings to the child——things that have lost their interest forolderpeople because they are too well-know. But a child has hispains:he is not so free to do what he wishes to do;he iscontinuallybeing told not to do things,or being punished for whathe has donewrong.
When the young man starts to earn his own living,he can nolongerexpect others to pay for his food,his clothes,and hisroom,buthas to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spendsmost ofhis time playing about in the way that he used to as achild,hewill go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society ashe used tobreak the laws of his parents,he may go to prison. Ifhowever,heworks hard,keeps out of trouble and has good health，he can havethe great happiness of building up for himself his ownposition insociety.
文章后面第四個(gè)問(wèn)題是：
The main idea of the passage is that _____.
A. life is not enjoyable since each age has some pains
B. young men can have the greatest happiness if they workhard
C. childhood is the most enjoyable time in one's life
D. one is the happiest if he can make good use of each age inhislife
文章的第一段講的是人們常聽(tīng)說(shuō)孩子們盼著長(zhǎng)大成人，老年人則希望返老還童。人生的每個(gè)階段總是歡樂(lè)伴著苦惱，而最幸福的人則是那些既享受人生每一階段所帶來(lái)的歡樂(lè)，又沒(méi)有因虛度年華而終生后悔的人。第二段講述了一個(gè)人兒童時(shí)代的歡樂(lè)與苦惱，第三段則告訴讀者青年人的責(zé)任與義務(wù)，機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。從以上三段文字來(lái)看，第一段中第二句即是主題句，所以我們應(yīng)選D為正確答案。
（2） 主要事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)題設(shè)題思路及答題技巧
主要事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)題就是我們平時(shí)所說(shuō)的由who,what,where,when,why,which,how引出的問(wèn)題。這是極為常見(jiàn)的閱讀理解題。這類(lèi)題主要是針對(duì)論證支持主題的事實(shí)或例證設(shè)題，可能涉及數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算、概念理解以及是非判斷等。
這類(lèi)題的方法一般是先用尋讀法找出與問(wèn)題相關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行細(xì)讀，找出問(wèn)題答案。
這類(lèi)題提問(wèn)的形式多種多樣，常見(jiàn)的有以下幾種：
Which of the following （statements） is Not mentioned inthepassage？
According to the passage,which of the following statementsistrue？
According to the passage,all of the following are trueexcept_____
How many…？
What…？
Why…？
解這類(lèi)題時(shí)，審題是關(guān)鍵，首先一定得看清問(wèn)題。比如一句結(jié)論性的話后邊到底是…is true，還是isnottrue.另外，由于細(xì)節(jié)題比較容易，有時(shí)為了增加測(cè)試難度，命題人員在題干或選項(xiàng)中要增加一些文字或意義上的干擾。所以考生很少能在原文中找到一模一樣的現(xiàn)成答案。
我們引用2002年試題為例。
On Novr 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln went to GettysburginPennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. TheCivilWar was still going on. There was much criticism ofPresidentLincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He hadbeen invitedto speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. Theprincipalspeaker was to be Edward Everett,a famous statesman andspeaker ofthe day. Everett was a handsome man and verypopulareverywhere.
It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the trainwhilegoing to Gettysburg. Late that night,alone in his hotel roomandtired out,he again worked briefly on the speech. The nextdayEverett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes.Hisspeech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day.ThenLincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paidlittleattention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the endtherewas little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked,Ihave failed again. On the train back to Washington,he saidsadly,That speech was a flat failure,and the peoplearedisappointed.
Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But littlebylittle as people read the speech they began to understandbetter.They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deepmeaning. Itwas a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could havemade.
Today,every American school child learns LincolnsGettysburgAddress by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of thegreatestspeeches ever given in American history.
文章的最后一題是：
Which of the following statements is NOT true according tothepassage？
A. Lincolns Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.
B. Lincolns Gettysburg Address is simple in style.
C. Lincolns Gettysburg Address is memorized by everyAmericanschoolchild.
D. Lincolns Gettysburg Address is the greatest speecheverdelivered in the United States.
答案可以在文章的第三段和第四段找到?！八难葜v含義深刻、風(fēng)格簡(jiǎn)樸；如今美國(guó)所有的在校的學(xué)生都能背誦他的演講”；文章中他談到：“現(xiàn)在所有的人都認(rèn)為他的演講是美國(guó)歷的演講之一?！倍皇敲绹?guó)的演講。所以D是錯(cuò)誤的。
推理性試題大多含有infer,imply,suggest,conclude,（most）probably等關(guān)鍵詞。以下是一些常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式：
It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
The passage implies that _____.
The passage suggests that _____.
What is implied in the passage？
The graph following （proceeding） this passage probablywilldiscuss （discusses）_____.
推理性試題不能從文章中直接找到答案。
解這類(lèi)題需要考生在正確理解原文語(yǔ)言字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用邏輯推理的方法去理解文章字里行間的意義。對(duì)原文中找到的所有相關(guān)信息要進(jìn)行仔細(xì)分析，摸清它們相互之間時(shí)間、方位、因果、對(duì)比等邏輯關(guān)系，在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行綜合推理，選定答案。
我們?nèi)砸?002年試題中的閱讀理解文章為例。
On Novr 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln went to GettysburginPennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. TheCivilWar was still going on. There was much criticism ofPresidentLincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He hadbeen invitedto speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. Theprincipalspeaker was to be Edward Everett,a famous statesman andspeaker ofthe day. Everett was a handsome man and verypopulareverywhere.
It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the trainwhilegoing to Gettysburg. Late that night alone in his hotel roomandtired out,he again worked briefly on the speech. The nextdayEverett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes.Hisspeech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day.ThenLincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paidlittleattention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the endtherewas little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked ，Ihave failed again. On the train back to Washington,he saidsadly,That speech was a flat failure,and the peoplearedisappointed.
Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But littlebylittle as people read the speech they began to understandbetter.They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deepmeaning. Itwas a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could havemade.
Today,every American school child learns LincolnsGettysburgAddress by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of thegreatestspeeches ever given in American history.
文章后面的第五題就是一個(gè)推理性試題。
It can be inferred from the text that _____.
A. Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he wenttoGettysburg
B. Lincoln was very busy at the time and didnt have much timetoprepare his speech
C. Lincolns speech was full of rich words
D. Lincolns speech was very long
文章的第二段有這樣的話：“It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech onthetrain while going to Gettysburg. Late that night,alone inhishotel room and tired out,he again worked briefly onthespeech.”“據(jù)說(shuō)林肯是在去葛底斯堡的火車(chē)上準(zhǔn)備他的演講的。那天深夜，在賓館的房間里，他既孤獨(dú)又疲倦，只是又簡(jiǎn)單準(zhǔn)備了一下。”所以通過(guò)這些句子我們可以判斷林肯非常的忙，沒(méi)有更多的時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備他的演講，B是正確答案。A，C，D，均不符合文章的內(nèi)容。
作者的語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度往往不會(huì)直接寫(xiě)在文章里，只能通過(guò)細(xì)讀文章，從作者的選詞及其修飾手段中體會(huì)出來(lái)。這種題型常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)形式有：
The author seems _____.
The author's tone in this passage is _____.
The purpose of the author in writing this passage is _____.
The author's intention in writing the passage is to _____.
The writer probably feels that _____.
In the author's opinion， _____.
這類(lèi)考題中，詢(xún)問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度的題，選擇項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)以下一些重要的詞：sympathetic同情的；critical批評(píng)的；doubtful懷疑的；tive客觀的；enthusiastic熱情的，matter-of-fact實(shí)事求是的；hostile敵對(duì)的；satisfied滿意的；friendly友好的；indifferent冷淡的；subjective主觀的；optimistic樂(lè)觀的；pessimistic悲觀的；disappointed失望的；neutral中立的。
詢(xún)問(wèn)寫(xiě)作目的的題，選擇項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)的詞是：
explain解釋?zhuān)籶ersuade勸說(shuō)；comment評(píng)論；
criticize批評(píng)；interest引起……的注意或興趣；
entertain使歡樂(lè)；argue辯論；demonstrate舉例說(shuō)明，示范；
tell講述；prove 證明；urge激動(dòng)；advise勸告；analyze分析；
praise贊揚(yáng)，view看待，等等。
例：
One bcenter spot in the U.S. economy in 1979 was thesurprisingdecline in gasoline use. Rising fuel costs are finallyproddingAmericans to cut back on consumption， and the need for thisbecomesmore acute all the time.
有關(guān)作者態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)的問(wèn)題是：
How does the author view the decline in gas consumption？
A. He is indifferent.B. He thinks it is a good sign.
C. He doesn‘t see the need for it.D. He is unhappy about it.
作者把“the decline in gas consumption”描述為“one bcenter spot in theU.Seconomy”，可見(jiàn)答案應(yīng)該是B。
主題思想題在考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率較高，因?yàn)檫@類(lèi)題可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能夠抓住文章的主要信息又是閱讀能力的一個(gè)極為重要的方面。
這類(lèi)題在設(shè)題時(shí)常會(huì)用到title,subject,main idea,topic,theme等詞。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)形式有以下幾種：
What is the main idea of the passage？
Which of the following would be the best title？
What's the best title for the passage？
The main idea of the passage is that _____.
This passage tells us _____.
Which of the following statements best expresses the main ideaofthe passage？
What does the passage mainly discuss？
做這類(lèi)題時(shí)常用略讀法，把注意力放在抓主要信息上，不去過(guò)分注意細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)，否則會(huì)造成“只見(jiàn)樹(shù)木，不見(jiàn)森林”的結(jié)果。通常的辦法是，快速閱讀文章時(shí)注意找出各段主題句。英文文章各段主題句常放在段首，有時(shí)也放在段尾或段落中間，有時(shí)不明確寫(xiě)出，通讀文章后把各段主題句聯(lián)系起來(lái)，一般就能得出文章主題。
就整篇文章來(lái)講，首段和尾段一般對(duì)于解這類(lèi)題更為重要。我們以97年統(tǒng)考試卷中閱讀理解部分的第一篇文章為例：
How often one hears children wishing they were grown up,andoldpeople wishing they were young again. Each age has itspleasuresand its pains,and the happiest person is the one whoenjoys whateach age gives him without wasting his time in uselessregrets.
Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities tomakelife difficult. If a child has good parents,he is fed,lookedafter and loved,whatever he may do .It is impossible that hewillever again in his life be given so much without having todoanything in return .In addition,life is always presentingnewthings to the child——things that have lost their interest forolderpeople because they are too well-know. But a child has hispains:he is not so free to do what he wishes to do;he iscontinuallybeing told not to do things,or being punished for whathe has donewrong.
When the young man starts to earn his own living,he can nolongerexpect others to pay for his food,his clothes,and hisroom,buthas to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spendsmost ofhis time playing about in the way that he used to as achild,hewill go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society ashe used tobreak the laws of his parents,he may go to prison. Ifhowever,heworks hard,keeps out of trouble and has good health，he can havethe great happiness of building up for himself his ownposition insociety.
文章后面第四個(gè)問(wèn)題是：
The main idea of the passage is that _____.
A. life is not enjoyable since each age has some pains
B. young men can have the greatest happiness if they workhard
C. childhood is the most enjoyable time in one's life
D. one is the happiest if he can make good use of each age inhislife
文章的第一段講的是人們常聽(tīng)說(shuō)孩子們盼著長(zhǎng)大成人，老年人則希望返老還童。人生的每個(gè)階段總是歡樂(lè)伴著苦惱，而最幸福的人則是那些既享受人生每一階段所帶來(lái)的歡樂(lè)，又沒(méi)有因虛度年華而終生后悔的人。第二段講述了一個(gè)人兒童時(shí)代的歡樂(lè)與苦惱，第三段則告訴讀者青年人的責(zé)任與義務(wù)，機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。從以上三段文字來(lái)看，第一段中第二句即是主題句，所以我們應(yīng)選D為正確答案。
（2） 主要事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)題設(shè)題思路及答題技巧
主要事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)題就是我們平時(shí)所說(shuō)的由who,what,where,when,why,which,how引出的問(wèn)題。這是極為常見(jiàn)的閱讀理解題。這類(lèi)題主要是針對(duì)論證支持主題的事實(shí)或例證設(shè)題，可能涉及數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算、概念理解以及是非判斷等。
這類(lèi)題的方法一般是先用尋讀法找出與問(wèn)題相關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行細(xì)讀，找出問(wèn)題答案。
這類(lèi)題提問(wèn)的形式多種多樣，常見(jiàn)的有以下幾種：
Which of the following （statements） is Not mentioned inthepassage？
According to the passage,which of the following statementsistrue？
According to the passage,all of the following are trueexcept_____
How many…？
What…？
Why…？
解這類(lèi)題時(shí)，審題是關(guān)鍵，首先一定得看清問(wèn)題。比如一句結(jié)論性的話后邊到底是…is true，還是isnottrue.另外，由于細(xì)節(jié)題比較容易，有時(shí)為了增加測(cè)試難度，命題人員在題干或選項(xiàng)中要增加一些文字或意義上的干擾。所以考生很少能在原文中找到一模一樣的現(xiàn)成答案。
我們引用2002年試題為例。
On Novr 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln went to GettysburginPennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. TheCivilWar was still going on. There was much criticism ofPresidentLincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He hadbeen invitedto speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. Theprincipalspeaker was to be Edward Everett,a famous statesman andspeaker ofthe day. Everett was a handsome man and verypopulareverywhere.
It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the trainwhilegoing to Gettysburg. Late that night,alone in his hotel roomandtired out,he again worked briefly on the speech. The nextdayEverett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes.Hisspeech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day.ThenLincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paidlittleattention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the endtherewas little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked,Ihave failed again. On the train back to Washington,he saidsadly,That speech was a flat failure,and the peoplearedisappointed.
Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But littlebylittle as people read the speech they began to understandbetter.They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deepmeaning. Itwas a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could havemade.
Today,every American school child learns LincolnsGettysburgAddress by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of thegreatestspeeches ever given in American history.
文章的最后一題是：
Which of the following statements is NOT true according tothepassage？
A. Lincolns Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.
B. Lincolns Gettysburg Address is simple in style.
C. Lincolns Gettysburg Address is memorized by everyAmericanschoolchild.
D. Lincolns Gettysburg Address is the greatest speecheverdelivered in the United States.
答案可以在文章的第三段和第四段找到?！八难葜v含義深刻、風(fēng)格簡(jiǎn)樸；如今美國(guó)所有的在校的學(xué)生都能背誦他的演講”；文章中他談到：“現(xiàn)在所有的人都認(rèn)為他的演講是美國(guó)歷的演講之一?！倍皇敲绹?guó)的演講。所以D是錯(cuò)誤的。
推理性試題大多含有infer,imply,suggest,conclude,（most）probably等關(guān)鍵詞。以下是一些常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式：
It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
The passage implies that _____.
The passage suggests that _____.
What is implied in the passage？
The graph following （proceeding） this passage probablywilldiscuss （discusses）_____.
推理性試題不能從文章中直接找到答案。
解這類(lèi)題需要考生在正確理解原文語(yǔ)言字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用邏輯推理的方法去理解文章字里行間的意義。對(duì)原文中找到的所有相關(guān)信息要進(jìn)行仔細(xì)分析，摸清它們相互之間時(shí)間、方位、因果、對(duì)比等邏輯關(guān)系，在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行綜合推理，選定答案。
我們?nèi)砸?002年試題中的閱讀理解文章為例。
On Novr 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln went to GettysburginPennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery. TheCivilWar was still going on. There was much criticism ofPresidentLincoln at the time. He was not at all popular. He hadbeen invitedto speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. Theprincipalspeaker was to be Edward Everett,a famous statesman andspeaker ofthe day. Everett was a handsome man and verypopulareverywhere.
It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the trainwhilegoing to Gettysburg. Late that night alone in his hotel roomandtired out,he again worked briefly on the speech. The nextdayEverett spoke first. He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes.Hisspeech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day.ThenLincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paidlittleattention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the endtherewas little applause. Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked ，Ihave failed again. On the train back to Washington,he saidsadly,That speech was a flat failure,and the peoplearedisappointed.
Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But littlebylittle as people read the speech they began to understandbetter.They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deepmeaning. Itwas a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could havemade.
Today,every American school child learns LincolnsGettysburgAddress by heart. Now everyone thinks of it as one of thegreatestspeeches ever given in American history.
文章后面的第五題就是一個(gè)推理性試題。
It can be inferred from the text that _____.
A. Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he wenttoGettysburg
B. Lincoln was very busy at the time and didnt have much timetoprepare his speech
C. Lincolns speech was full of rich words
D. Lincolns speech was very long
文章的第二段有這樣的話：“It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech onthetrain while going to Gettysburg. Late that night,alone inhishotel room and tired out,he again worked briefly onthespeech.”“據(jù)說(shuō)林肯是在去葛底斯堡的火車(chē)上準(zhǔn)備他的演講的。那天深夜，在賓館的房間里，他既孤獨(dú)又疲倦，只是又簡(jiǎn)單準(zhǔn)備了一下。”所以通過(guò)這些句子我們可以判斷林肯非常的忙，沒(méi)有更多的時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備他的演講，B是正確答案。A，C，D，均不符合文章的內(nèi)容。
作者的語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度往往不會(huì)直接寫(xiě)在文章里，只能通過(guò)細(xì)讀文章，從作者的選詞及其修飾手段中體會(huì)出來(lái)。這種題型常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)形式有：
The author seems _____.
The author's tone in this passage is _____.
The purpose of the author in writing this passage is _____.
The author's intention in writing the passage is to _____.
The writer probably feels that _____.
In the author's opinion， _____.
這類(lèi)考題中，詢(xún)問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度的題，選擇項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)以下一些重要的詞：sympathetic同情的；critical批評(píng)的；doubtful懷疑的；tive客觀的；enthusiastic熱情的，matter-of-fact實(shí)事求是的；hostile敵對(duì)的；satisfied滿意的；friendly友好的；indifferent冷淡的；subjective主觀的；optimistic樂(lè)觀的；pessimistic悲觀的；disappointed失望的；neutral中立的。
詢(xún)問(wèn)寫(xiě)作目的的題，選擇項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)的詞是：
explain解釋?zhuān)籶ersuade勸說(shuō)；comment評(píng)論；
criticize批評(píng)；interest引起……的注意或興趣；
entertain使歡樂(lè)；argue辯論；demonstrate舉例說(shuō)明，示范；
tell講述；prove 證明；urge激動(dòng)；advise勸告；analyze分析；
praise贊揚(yáng)，view看待，等等。
例：
One bcenter spot in the U.S. economy in 1979 was thesurprisingdecline in gasoline use. Rising fuel costs are finallyproddingAmericans to cut back on consumption， and the need for thisbecomesmore acute all the time.
有關(guān)作者態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)的問(wèn)題是：
How does the author view the decline in gas consumption？
A. He is indifferent.B. He thinks it is a good sign.
C. He doesn‘t see the need for it.D. He is unhappy about it.
作者把“the decline in gas consumption”描述為“one bcenter spot in theU.Seconomy”，可見(jiàn)答案應(yīng)該是B。