??在定語(yǔ)從句中,which、that、who、 whose與as是經(jīng)常使用到的關(guān)系代詞。應(yīng)注意他們?cè)谟梅ㄉ系膮^(qū)別。
??1.which和that指事物時(shí)的區(qū)別
??1)在all,any,every,no,only,few, little,many,much,the first/last等限定詞及形容詞級(jí)后一般用that而不用 which。例如:
??If the members of your club have any questions that haven't been answered by this?letter,please write again.
??如果你俱樂部成員有這封信還沒回答的問(wèn)題,請(qǐng)?jiān)賹懶拧?BR> ??It is the only building(that)I've ever seen which is made entirely of glass.
??這是我見過(guò)的一座全用玻璃建造的建筑。
??Which was the first/fastest/next steamship that crossed the Atlantic?
??哪艘輪船首先/最快/隨于其后橫渡了大西洋?
??2)直接跟在介詞后時(shí),要用which而不用that;若不緊跟在介詞后,也可用 that。例如:
??The ladder on which I was standing be-gan to slip./The ladder which /that I was standing on began to slip.
??我正站著的那個(gè)梯子開始滑動(dòng)。
??3)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中多用which而不用that。例如:
??They thought him dull,which he was not.
??他們認(rèn)為他頭腦遲鈍,實(shí)際他并非如此。
? 4)表示方式、時(shí)間、處所、原因等時(shí),只用that而不用which;that也可省略。例如:
? I did like the way(that)she spoke tome.
??我確實(shí)喜歡她對(duì)我說(shuō)話的方式。
??I'll never forget the Sunday(that)/when you first arrived.
??我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記你剛到的那個(gè)星期天。
?
??5)定語(yǔ)從句為"there be"結(jié)構(gòu),從句主語(yǔ)只能用that,不用which。例如:
??This is the only one(that)there is.
??這是此處所有的一個(gè)。
??I must make full use of the time(that) there is left to me.
??我必須充分利用我剩下的時(shí)間。
??6)先行詞既包括人,也包括物時(shí),一般用 that。例如:
??He talked brilliantly of the men and the books that interested him.
??他對(duì)他所喜歡的人和書侃侃而談。
??7)分裂句中,指物時(shí)一般用that。例如:
??What was it that he wanted?他想要的是什么?
??8)如前面已有which,為了避免重復(fù),用 that。例如:
??Which is the car that overtook us?是哪輛車超過(guò)了我們?
??9)指物的先行詞有復(fù)雜的修飾成份時(shí),更傾向于使用which。例如:
??I have interests outside my immediate work and its problems which I find satisfying.
??在我的直接工作及其問(wèn)題之外,我有令人滿意的愛好。
??2.who與that指人時(shí)的區(qū)別
??1)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,只能用who不能用that。例如:
??His mother,who by that time was tired out,gave him a smack.
??他的母親,到那時(shí)已筋疲力盡了,給了他一巴掌。
??2)作表語(yǔ)時(shí),用that而一般不用who。例如:
??She is not the brilliant dancer that she used to be.
??她不再是過(guò)去那個(gè)優(yōu)秀的舞蹈家了。
??3)定語(yǔ)從句為"there be"結(jié)構(gòu),從句主語(yǔ)只能用that,不用who。例如:
??He is regarded as a gifted musician(that) there has ever been.
??他被認(rèn)為是這里曾有過(guò)的一位天才音樂家。
??4)指人的代詞those后習(xí)慣用who,不用 that。例如:
??Those who take bribes will be punished.受賄的人要受到懲罰。
??3.which與whose作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別
??在定語(yǔ)從句中,which和whose都可作定語(yǔ),但是which一般只用在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,僅指物,并且要接一個(gè)對(duì)先行詞起概括作用的泛指名詞;"which +名詞"與先行詞指同一事物或情況,既可用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,也可用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中;既可指人,也可指物。"whose +名詞"與先行詞不表示同一事物或情況。比較下面例句a)和例句b):
??
??a)He is studying economics,which knowl- edge is very important today.
??(knowledge概括了economics)他正在研究經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué),這門知識(shí)今天很重要。
??b)The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.
??窗戶壞了的那所房子沒人磚?
??a)Tom spent four years in college,duringwhich time he learned French.
??湯姆上了四年大學(xué),其間他學(xué)了法語(yǔ)。
??b)It was an island whose name I have forgotten.
??那是一個(gè)島嶼,它的名字我已忘記了。
?
??4.a(chǎn)s與which作關(guān)系代詞時(shí)的區(qū)別
??1)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,與as,so,such, the same連用時(shí),要使用as,不能使用which。例如:
Here is so difficult a problem as none of us can solve.
??這里有一個(gè)很難的問(wèn)題,我們誰(shuí)也解決不了。
??He returned with tobacco,matches,and such provisions as were needed.
??他帶著煙葉,火柴和所需供應(yīng)品回來(lái)了。
??2)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,存在著以下主要差別:
??i)as引導(dǎo)的從句位置靈活,可位于句首、句中或句尾(處于句首或句中時(shí)常常被翻譯成"正如......,正像......"),而which引導(dǎo)的從句常常位于句末,幾乎不放在句首。例如:
??As he hoped,he saw the girl.
??正如他所希望的,他見到了那個(gè)女孩兒。
??She did not,as her friend had feared,open the case.
??她沒有像她朋友擔(dān)心的那樣,把箱子打開。(as指下文"open the case"這件事)
??He married her,which/as was natural.
??他和她結(jié)婚了,這是自然的。
??ii)as作從句主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般見于主---系---表結(jié)構(gòu)或被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(并且有些已形成固定形式如as is often the case,as was feared);而which并不受此限制。例如:
??Things,as is often the case,will turn out to be contrary to one's wishes.
??很常見的情況是,事與愿違。
??He must be an African,as may be seen from the color of his skin.
??他一定是非洲人,這可以從他的皮膚顏色看出來(lái)。(as在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語(yǔ);也可用which)
??He saw the girl,which delighted him.
??他見到了那位姑娘,這使他很高興。(從句為主---動(dòng)---賓結(jié)構(gòu),不能用as)
iii)as引導(dǎo)的從句內(nèi)容與主句內(nèi)容為相輔相承關(guān)系(而不是相反關(guān)系);which卻無(wú)此限制。比較下面例句a)和例句b):
??a)He arrived late,which /as was usualwith him.
??他遲到了,這對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)是常有的事。(相輔相承關(guān)系)
??b)He arrived late,which was unusual.
??他遲到了,這對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)是少有的事。(相反關(guān)系)
??1.which和that指事物時(shí)的區(qū)別
??1)在all,any,every,no,only,few, little,many,much,the first/last等限定詞及形容詞級(jí)后一般用that而不用 which。例如:
??If the members of your club have any questions that haven't been answered by this?letter,please write again.
??如果你俱樂部成員有這封信還沒回答的問(wèn)題,請(qǐng)?jiān)賹懶拧?BR> ??It is the only building(that)I've ever seen which is made entirely of glass.
??這是我見過(guò)的一座全用玻璃建造的建筑。
??Which was the first/fastest/next steamship that crossed the Atlantic?
??哪艘輪船首先/最快/隨于其后橫渡了大西洋?
??2)直接跟在介詞后時(shí),要用which而不用that;若不緊跟在介詞后,也可用 that。例如:
??The ladder on which I was standing be-gan to slip./The ladder which /that I was standing on began to slip.
??我正站著的那個(gè)梯子開始滑動(dòng)。
??3)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中多用which而不用that。例如:
??They thought him dull,which he was not.
??他們認(rèn)為他頭腦遲鈍,實(shí)際他并非如此。
? 4)表示方式、時(shí)間、處所、原因等時(shí),只用that而不用which;that也可省略。例如:
? I did like the way(that)she spoke tome.
??我確實(shí)喜歡她對(duì)我說(shuō)話的方式。
??I'll never forget the Sunday(that)/when you first arrived.
??我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記你剛到的那個(gè)星期天。
?
??5)定語(yǔ)從句為"there be"結(jié)構(gòu),從句主語(yǔ)只能用that,不用which。例如:
??This is the only one(that)there is.
??這是此處所有的一個(gè)。
??I must make full use of the time(that) there is left to me.
??我必須充分利用我剩下的時(shí)間。
??6)先行詞既包括人,也包括物時(shí),一般用 that。例如:
??He talked brilliantly of the men and the books that interested him.
??他對(duì)他所喜歡的人和書侃侃而談。
??7)分裂句中,指物時(shí)一般用that。例如:
??What was it that he wanted?他想要的是什么?
??8)如前面已有which,為了避免重復(fù),用 that。例如:
??Which is the car that overtook us?是哪輛車超過(guò)了我們?
??9)指物的先行詞有復(fù)雜的修飾成份時(shí),更傾向于使用which。例如:
??I have interests outside my immediate work and its problems which I find satisfying.
??在我的直接工作及其問(wèn)題之外,我有令人滿意的愛好。
??2.who與that指人時(shí)的區(qū)別
??1)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,只能用who不能用that。例如:
??His mother,who by that time was tired out,gave him a smack.
??他的母親,到那時(shí)已筋疲力盡了,給了他一巴掌。
??2)作表語(yǔ)時(shí),用that而一般不用who。例如:
??She is not the brilliant dancer that she used to be.
??她不再是過(guò)去那個(gè)優(yōu)秀的舞蹈家了。
??3)定語(yǔ)從句為"there be"結(jié)構(gòu),從句主語(yǔ)只能用that,不用who。例如:
??He is regarded as a gifted musician(that) there has ever been.
??他被認(rèn)為是這里曾有過(guò)的一位天才音樂家。
??4)指人的代詞those后習(xí)慣用who,不用 that。例如:
??Those who take bribes will be punished.受賄的人要受到懲罰。
??3.which與whose作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別
??在定語(yǔ)從句中,which和whose都可作定語(yǔ),但是which一般只用在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,僅指物,并且要接一個(gè)對(duì)先行詞起概括作用的泛指名詞;"which +名詞"與先行詞指同一事物或情況,既可用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,也可用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中;既可指人,也可指物。"whose +名詞"與先行詞不表示同一事物或情況。比較下面例句a)和例句b):
??
??a)He is studying economics,which knowl- edge is very important today.
??(knowledge概括了economics)他正在研究經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué),這門知識(shí)今天很重要。
??b)The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.
??窗戶壞了的那所房子沒人磚?
??a)Tom spent four years in college,duringwhich time he learned French.
??湯姆上了四年大學(xué),其間他學(xué)了法語(yǔ)。
??b)It was an island whose name I have forgotten.
??那是一個(gè)島嶼,它的名字我已忘記了。
?
??4.a(chǎn)s與which作關(guān)系代詞時(shí)的區(qū)別
??1)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,與as,so,such, the same連用時(shí),要使用as,不能使用which。例如:
Here is so difficult a problem as none of us can solve.
??這里有一個(gè)很難的問(wèn)題,我們誰(shuí)也解決不了。
??He returned with tobacco,matches,and such provisions as were needed.
??他帶著煙葉,火柴和所需供應(yīng)品回來(lái)了。
??2)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,存在著以下主要差別:
??i)as引導(dǎo)的從句位置靈活,可位于句首、句中或句尾(處于句首或句中時(shí)常常被翻譯成"正如......,正像......"),而which引導(dǎo)的從句常常位于句末,幾乎不放在句首。例如:
??As he hoped,he saw the girl.
??正如他所希望的,他見到了那個(gè)女孩兒。
??She did not,as her friend had feared,open the case.
??她沒有像她朋友擔(dān)心的那樣,把箱子打開。(as指下文"open the case"這件事)
??He married her,which/as was natural.
??他和她結(jié)婚了,這是自然的。
??ii)as作從句主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般見于主---系---表結(jié)構(gòu)或被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(并且有些已形成固定形式如as is often the case,as was feared);而which并不受此限制。例如:
??Things,as is often the case,will turn out to be contrary to one's wishes.
??很常見的情況是,事與愿違。
??He must be an African,as may be seen from the color of his skin.
??他一定是非洲人,這可以從他的皮膚顏色看出來(lái)。(as在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語(yǔ);也可用which)
??He saw the girl,which delighted him.
??他見到了那位姑娘,這使他很高興。(從句為主---動(dòng)---賓結(jié)構(gòu),不能用as)
iii)as引導(dǎo)的從句內(nèi)容與主句內(nèi)容為相輔相承關(guān)系(而不是相反關(guān)系);which卻無(wú)此限制。比較下面例句a)和例句b):
??a)He arrived late,which /as was usualwith him.
??他遲到了,這對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)是常有的事。(相輔相承關(guān)系)
??b)He arrived late,which was unusual.
??他遲到了,這對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)是少有的事。(相反關(guān)系)

