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Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances （drugs）is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs （substances）that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic （from the Greek word meaning “mindmanifesting”）because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.
59. “Substance abuse” （Line 5, Paragraph 1）is preferable to “drug abuse” in that .
［A］ substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
［B］ “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers
［C］ alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
［D］ many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
60. The word “pervasive” （Line 1, Paragraph 2）might mean .
［A］ widespread［B］ overwhelming［C］ piercing［D］ fashionable
61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from .
［A］ uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
［B］ exclusive use of them for social purposes
［C］ quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
［D］ careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
62. From the last paragraph we can infer that .
［A］ stimulants function positively on the mind
［B］ hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
［C］ depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
［D］ the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
核心詞匯：
acceptable［Ek5septEbl］a.可接受的, 合意的
addict［E5dikt］v.使沉溺；使上癮n.沉溺于不良嗜好的人（ad一再+dict說→說了還說→沉溺）
alcohol［5AlkEhCl］n.酒精，乙醇；含酒精的飲料
cocaine［kE5kein］n.可卡因，古柯堿（用作局部麻醉劑）
consciousness［5kCnFEsnis］n. 自覺，覺悟
depressant［di5presEnt］n.抑制劑；鎮(zhèn)靜劑(depress+ant表示物)
distort［dis5tC:t］v.弄歪（嘴臉等）;扭曲;歪曲（真理、事實(shí)等）（dis壞+tort→扭壞了→曲解）
distortion［dis5tC:FEn］n.歪曲,扭曲；曲解,即dis+tort+ion，dis“分離”，tort詞根“扭曲”，ion名詞后綴，“使扭曲以離開原來狀態(tài)”→曲解；動(dòng)詞為distort←dis+tort。同根詞：torture（v.n.拷問；折磨）←tort+ure后綴，“使身體扭曲的一種行為”。
manifest［5mAnifest］v.表明,證明,顯示a.明白的,明了的（mani+fest打擊→用手打出→不隱藏→表明）
negative［5negEtiv］a.否定的，消極的(neg否定前綴+ative形容詞后綴)
neutral［5nju:trEl］a.中立的;中性的,中和的
overwhelming［EuvE5hwelmiN］a.勢(shì)不可擋的,壓倒的（over+whelm+ing）
pervasive［pE5veisiv］a.普及的，滲透的（per+vas+ive形容詞后綴）是pervade（v.遍及）的形容詞形式，pervade即per+vade，per（=through），vade詞根“走”（約等于wade，因v與w形近可替換），“到處都走遍的”→遍及的。同根詞：invade→in+vade→“未經(jīng)允許走進(jìn)來”→入侵；形容詞形式為invasive（侵略的）
poisoning［5pCizniN］n.中毒；毒害(poison+ing)，poison（v.n.毒害n.毒藥），ing后綴；poisonous （有毒的）←poison+ous形容詞后綴
psychedelic［9saiki5delik］a.致幻的；致幻劑（psyche+del+ic），psyche=psycho精神（e與o都可視為連接字母），del即DOC命令“刪除”，ic后綴，“能把精神刪除的”→致幻的→致幻劑
quantitative［5kwCntitEtiv］a.數(shù)量的,定量的（quantit（y）數(shù)量+ative形容詞后綴）
sociable［5sEuFEbEl］a.好交際的; 友好的; 合群的;社交的（soc社會(huì)+iable形容詞后綴→愛社交的）
stimulant［5stimjulEnt］n.興奮劑,刺激物；興奮劑←stimul刺激+ant物；源自stimulate（刺激；激勵(lì)）←stimul+ate動(dòng)詞后綴
stimulate［5stimjuleit］v.刺激,使興奮;激勵(lì),鼓舞（stimul+ate動(dòng)詞后綴→刺激）
substance［5sQbstEns］n.物體;物質(zhì)；實(shí)質(zhì)；本質(zhì);本旨；主旨；.內(nèi)容（sub下面+st站，立+ance名詞后綴→站在下面的東西→具體物質(zhì)）
symptom［5simptEm］n.（疾病的）癥狀；（不好事情的）征兆,表征,（癥狀）可看作sym+ptom，sym共同，ptom諧音“怕疼”，共同（sym）的癥狀（symptom）是怕疼（ptom）。
tolerance［5tClErEns］n.寬容；容忍,忍受；耐藥力；公差（toler+ance名詞后綴）
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances （drugs）is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs （substances）that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic （from the Greek word meaning “mindmanifesting”）because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.
59. “Substance abuse” （Line 5, Paragraph 1）is preferable to “drug abuse” in that .
［A］ substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
［B］ “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers
［C］ alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
［D］ many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
60. The word “pervasive” （Line 1, Paragraph 2）might mean .
［A］ widespread［B］ overwhelming［C］ piercing［D］ fashionable
61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from .
［A］ uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
［B］ exclusive use of them for social purposes
［C］ quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
［D］ careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
62. From the last paragraph we can infer that .
［A］ stimulants function positively on the mind
［B］ hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
［C］ depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
［D］ the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
核心詞匯：
acceptable［Ek5septEbl］a.可接受的, 合意的
addict［E5dikt］v.使沉溺；使上癮n.沉溺于不良嗜好的人（ad一再+dict說→說了還說→沉溺）
alcohol［5AlkEhCl］n.酒精，乙醇；含酒精的飲料
cocaine［kE5kein］n.可卡因，古柯堿（用作局部麻醉劑）
consciousness［5kCnFEsnis］n. 自覺，覺悟
depressant［di5presEnt］n.抑制劑；鎮(zhèn)靜劑(depress+ant表示物)
distort［dis5tC:t］v.弄歪（嘴臉等）;扭曲;歪曲（真理、事實(shí)等）（dis壞+tort→扭壞了→曲解）
distortion［dis5tC:FEn］n.歪曲,扭曲；曲解,即dis+tort+ion，dis“分離”，tort詞根“扭曲”，ion名詞后綴，“使扭曲以離開原來狀態(tài)”→曲解；動(dòng)詞為distort←dis+tort。同根詞：torture（v.n.拷問；折磨）←tort+ure后綴，“使身體扭曲的一種行為”。
manifest［5mAnifest］v.表明,證明,顯示a.明白的,明了的（mani+fest打擊→用手打出→不隱藏→表明）
negative［5negEtiv］a.否定的，消極的(neg否定前綴+ative形容詞后綴)
neutral［5nju:trEl］a.中立的;中性的,中和的
overwhelming［EuvE5hwelmiN］a.勢(shì)不可擋的,壓倒的（over+whelm+ing）
pervasive［pE5veisiv］a.普及的，滲透的（per+vas+ive形容詞后綴）是pervade（v.遍及）的形容詞形式，pervade即per+vade，per（=through），vade詞根“走”（約等于wade，因v與w形近可替換），“到處都走遍的”→遍及的。同根詞：invade→in+vade→“未經(jīng)允許走進(jìn)來”→入侵；形容詞形式為invasive（侵略的）
poisoning［5pCizniN］n.中毒；毒害(poison+ing)，poison（v.n.毒害n.毒藥），ing后綴；poisonous （有毒的）←poison+ous形容詞后綴
psychedelic［9saiki5delik］a.致幻的；致幻劑（psyche+del+ic），psyche=psycho精神（e與o都可視為連接字母），del即DOC命令“刪除”，ic后綴，“能把精神刪除的”→致幻的→致幻劑
quantitative［5kwCntitEtiv］a.數(shù)量的,定量的（quantit（y）數(shù)量+ative形容詞后綴）
sociable［5sEuFEbEl］a.好交際的; 友好的; 合群的;社交的（soc社會(huì)+iable形容詞后綴→愛社交的）
stimulant［5stimjulEnt］n.興奮劑,刺激物；興奮劑←stimul刺激+ant物；源自stimulate（刺激；激勵(lì)）←stimul+ate動(dòng)詞后綴
stimulate［5stimjuleit］v.刺激,使興奮;激勵(lì),鼓舞（stimul+ate動(dòng)詞后綴→刺激）
substance［5sQbstEns］n.物體;物質(zhì)；實(shí)質(zhì)；本質(zhì);本旨；主旨；.內(nèi)容（sub下面+st站，立+ance名詞后綴→站在下面的東西→具體物質(zhì)）
symptom［5simptEm］n.（疾病的）癥狀；（不好事情的）征兆,表征,（癥狀）可看作sym+ptom，sym共同，ptom諧音“怕疼”，共同（sym）的癥狀（symptom）是怕疼（ptom）。
tolerance［5tClErEns］n.寬容；容忍,忍受；耐藥力；公差（toler+ance名詞后綴）