第六章 省略
英語句子有時復(fù)雜難辨的另一個原因是由于句子中的某些成分被省略掉了。為了避免重復(fù)，增強(qiáng)所表達(dá)的意思的緊湊性、邏輯性和新穎性，常常把句子前部分已經(jīng)交代過的人、事或動作在不影響語義內(nèi)容表達(dá)連貫的情況下，從句子后部分的成分中省略掉。省略一般出現(xiàn)在平行結(jié)構(gòu)的后半部分或各類從句中。被省略的部分大多是主語，謂語或者謂語的助動詞等。
Exercise When a man has a gun against your head you do what you’re told.
Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict one.
The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs.
要點(diǎn)：what you’re told后面省略了"to do"。 在ask，order等動詞后一般都出現(xiàn)這種省略。
譯文：當(dāng)有人拿槍頂著你的腦袋時，你就該照他說的去做。
要點(diǎn)：while連詞在句中表示轉(zhuǎn)折。while句中分，補(bǔ)全成分應(yīng)為"...,while the parties to a conflict are aware of one another."
譯文：競爭者可能彼此并不了解對方，然而沖突雙方卻互相了解。
要點(diǎn)：set...against...意為“把。。。和。。。對立”。those指代前面interests，避免重復(fù)。and后面省略了those。
譯文：這種未可預(yù)料的形勢把環(huán)境保護(hù)者的利益與公司的利益以及要承受失業(yè)的個人的利益對立起來。
Exercise Clearly,protecting will come only through coordinated international efforts to control human population, stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earth’s complex web of life.
When first given to individuals,animals, and places they were chosen carefully with a hope of endowing whatever was named with some sort of magic.
If you think as much of others as of yourself, you will not make any of these mistakes. 要點(diǎn)：to control....,stabilize...,and preserve...為三個并列的動詞不定式,修飾efforts."stabilize"和’preserve"兩詞前省略"to"
譯文：很清楚,保護(hù)只有通過國際間的合作努力才能實現(xiàn),通過這些努力來控制人口,穩(wěn)定大氣結(jié)構(gòu),使地球上復(fù)雜的生物網(wǎng)完好無損.
要點(diǎn)：when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,主語是"they",即句子中的"names",謂語動詞是"were given",為了避免重復(fù),與主句中相同的部分省略了.whatever引導(dǎo)的從句作動名詞endowing的賓語.
譯文:當(dāng)首次給人,動物和地方取名時,總要非常謹(jǐn)慎地進(jìn)行選擇,希望不管取的名字叫什么,都能為其賦予某種魔力.
要點(diǎn)：句中as much ....as連接的平行結(jié)構(gòu)有兩個: think of others和(think) of yourself.在連詞as后面省略了與前半句相同的部分think.全句應(yīng)為: If you think of others as much as you think of yourself....
譯文：如果你像關(guān)心自己那樣去關(guān)心別人,你就不會犯這些錯誤中的任何一種
Exercise Then he called in his two remaining women secretaries and handed them capsules of poison to use if they wished to when the advancing Russians broke in.
Whatever his rank, however rich or poor, an Egyptian believed in another life after death, provided he had pleased the gods.
My mother Jane, died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid, destined to pass away. 要點(diǎn)：if they wished to 后面省略了use.這種省略的動詞要根據(jù)上文來判斷。
譯文：然后，他把自己僅剩的兩名女秘書傳來，遞給她們毒藥膠囊，以備節(jié)節(jié)逼近的俄國人闖入后她們想服用時服用。
要點(diǎn)：句中的兩個讓步狀語"whatever his rank, however rich or poor"是兩個省略句。完整的句子應(yīng)為：“whatever his rank is, however rich or poor he is".句子中provided he had pleased the gods 是由連詞provided引出的條件狀語從句，類似意義的詞還有：providing，（常用于口語和商業(yè)英語中，不用于書面語），given,supposing等。例如：Supposing the plane doesn’t arrive on time, we’ll have to postpone the meeting.
譯文：埃及人不論職位高低，不管貧富貴賤，都相信如果得到了上帝的歡心，死后會有另一次生命。
要點(diǎn)：此句中Jane是my mother的同位語，a mighty age for one 是her 88th year的同位語?！眞ho at 40...destined to pass away"是one的定語從句。“to be accounted a confirmed invalid ,destined to pass away "是一個省略了成分的并列動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。此短語補(bǔ)齊后應(yīng)該是：to be accounted a confirmedivalid , and to be destined to pass away,省略and to be 是為了避免重復(fù)多余的詞。
譯文：我的母親簡是88歲去世。這個歲數(shù)對于一個40歲時就身體纖弱，被公認(rèn)有痼疾在身和注定不久于人世的人來說，是個難得的高齡。
英語句子有時復(fù)雜難辨的另一個原因是由于句子中的某些成分被省略掉了。為了避免重復(fù)，增強(qiáng)所表達(dá)的意思的緊湊性、邏輯性和新穎性，常常把句子前部分已經(jīng)交代過的人、事或動作在不影響語義內(nèi)容表達(dá)連貫的情況下，從句子后部分的成分中省略掉。省略一般出現(xiàn)在平行結(jié)構(gòu)的后半部分或各類從句中。被省略的部分大多是主語，謂語或者謂語的助動詞等。
Exercise When a man has a gun against your head you do what you’re told.
Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict one.
The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs.
要點(diǎn)：what you’re told后面省略了"to do"。 在ask，order等動詞后一般都出現(xiàn)這種省略。
譯文：當(dāng)有人拿槍頂著你的腦袋時，你就該照他說的去做。
要點(diǎn)：while連詞在句中表示轉(zhuǎn)折。while句中分，補(bǔ)全成分應(yīng)為"...,while the parties to a conflict are aware of one another."
譯文：競爭者可能彼此并不了解對方，然而沖突雙方卻互相了解。
要點(diǎn)：set...against...意為“把。。。和。。。對立”。those指代前面interests，避免重復(fù)。and后面省略了those。
譯文：這種未可預(yù)料的形勢把環(huán)境保護(hù)者的利益與公司的利益以及要承受失業(yè)的個人的利益對立起來。
Exercise Clearly,protecting will come only through coordinated international efforts to control human population, stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earth’s complex web of life.
When first given to individuals,animals, and places they were chosen carefully with a hope of endowing whatever was named with some sort of magic.
If you think as much of others as of yourself, you will not make any of these mistakes. 要點(diǎn)：to control....,stabilize...,and preserve...為三個并列的動詞不定式,修飾efforts."stabilize"和’preserve"兩詞前省略"to"
譯文：很清楚,保護(hù)只有通過國際間的合作努力才能實現(xiàn),通過這些努力來控制人口,穩(wěn)定大氣結(jié)構(gòu),使地球上復(fù)雜的生物網(wǎng)完好無損.
要點(diǎn)：when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,主語是"they",即句子中的"names",謂語動詞是"were given",為了避免重復(fù),與主句中相同的部分省略了.whatever引導(dǎo)的從句作動名詞endowing的賓語.
譯文:當(dāng)首次給人,動物和地方取名時,總要非常謹(jǐn)慎地進(jìn)行選擇,希望不管取的名字叫什么,都能為其賦予某種魔力.
要點(diǎn)：句中as much ....as連接的平行結(jié)構(gòu)有兩個: think of others和(think) of yourself.在連詞as后面省略了與前半句相同的部分think.全句應(yīng)為: If you think of others as much as you think of yourself....
譯文：如果你像關(guān)心自己那樣去關(guān)心別人,你就不會犯這些錯誤中的任何一種
Exercise Then he called in his two remaining women secretaries and handed them capsules of poison to use if they wished to when the advancing Russians broke in.
Whatever his rank, however rich or poor, an Egyptian believed in another life after death, provided he had pleased the gods.
My mother Jane, died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid, destined to pass away. 要點(diǎn)：if they wished to 后面省略了use.這種省略的動詞要根據(jù)上文來判斷。
譯文：然后，他把自己僅剩的兩名女秘書傳來，遞給她們毒藥膠囊，以備節(jié)節(jié)逼近的俄國人闖入后她們想服用時服用。
要點(diǎn)：句中的兩個讓步狀語"whatever his rank, however rich or poor"是兩個省略句。完整的句子應(yīng)為：“whatever his rank is, however rich or poor he is".句子中provided he had pleased the gods 是由連詞provided引出的條件狀語從句，類似意義的詞還有：providing，（常用于口語和商業(yè)英語中，不用于書面語），given,supposing等。例如：Supposing the plane doesn’t arrive on time, we’ll have to postpone the meeting.
譯文：埃及人不論職位高低，不管貧富貴賤，都相信如果得到了上帝的歡心，死后會有另一次生命。
要點(diǎn)：此句中Jane是my mother的同位語，a mighty age for one 是her 88th year的同位語?！眞ho at 40...destined to pass away"是one的定語從句。“to be accounted a confirmed invalid ,destined to pass away "是一個省略了成分的并列動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。此短語補(bǔ)齊后應(yīng)該是：to be accounted a confirmedivalid , and to be destined to pass away,省略and to be 是為了避免重復(fù)多余的詞。
譯文：我的母親簡是88歲去世。這個歲數(shù)對于一個40歲時就身體纖弱，被公認(rèn)有痼疾在身和注定不久于人世的人來說，是個難得的高齡。