第五章 分詞和從句
分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)和分詞短語在英語中使用非常普遍，在句子中可以充當補語,定語,狀語等成分。在成分復雜的句子中，有時分詞的出現(xiàn)易同謂語動詞的被動式或者進行時搞混，造成句子主干的判斷錯誤。帶有自己主語的分詞獨立結構由于同非限制性定語從句和插入語一樣需要逗號同句子的其他成分分開，因此常會誤認為是非限制性定語或插入語。有些從句，尤其是定語從句，其形式變化很多，在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。
Exercise
Facing the Atlantic, it is on the northeastern coast of the United States, and most of the city is built on islands.
He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain , ill-fitting suit, never moving,his dusty face masking his age.
After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.
要點: Facing the Atlantic為現(xiàn)在分詞短語,在句中做方式狀語.
譯文:它瀕臨大西洋,位于美國東北海岸線上,城市的大部分建在海島上.
要點:" dressed in ..., never moving, his dusty face...".為句子的三個伴隨狀語。第一個狀語為過去分詞，第二個為現(xiàn)在分詞，第三個為獨立主格結構。
譯文：他坐在他們前面一動不動，穿著一套不合身的便服，風塵滿面，讓人看不出他的年紀。
要點："another decade lived or endured"是獨立結構，作行為方式狀語，lived和endured是過去分詞。
譯文：不管怎么說，八十大壽畢竟非同一般---你又活了十年或者又熬過了十年，是活是熬，全在于你怎么看了。
Exercise
Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.
Rich bodies were carefully wrapped in yards of cloth, leaving diamond-shaped spaces which were decorated with precious stones and pieces of gold.
He merely swallows this theory because there is something about that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.
要點:主句為" I applied"."Being...and wanting..."為分句短語作原因狀語,"fearing"為分詞作伴隨狀語.that引導的從句為"fearing"的賓語從句. 譯文:我因為手頭很拮據(jù),同時也想干點有用的事,于是便提出了申請,但是提出申請時我也擔心:自己一無學位二無教學經(jīng)驗,得到這份工作的可能性是微乎其微的.
要點:分詞短語"leaving diamond-shaped spaces..."在句子中作補充說明狀語.定語從句"which were decorated with precious stones and pieces of gold" 修飾"space".
譯文:富有人的尸體用成匹的布料細心地包裹起來,留出一塊鉆石形狀的空間用寶石及碎金將其裝飾好.
要點:本句中because引導的是原因狀語從句.省略了主語that/which的定語從句"appeals to..."修飾something. "there be +n..."結構是一種表達法.
譯文:他絲毫不加懷疑地接受這一理論,只是因為這一理論中有一種迎合20世紀的精神力量。
Excrise In fact, "learning to use a computer" is like "learning to play a game", but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same.
Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation.
My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.
要點： "learning to use a computer"和" learning to play a game"均為動名詞短語，分別做主語和表語。but連接兩個并列句，其中后一句里"whose rules may not be the same"為非限制性定語從句，修飾"a second game."
譯文：事實上，學習使用計算機就像學玩游戲一樣，但是學了一個游戲規(guī)則可能無助于你玩第二個游戲，因為游戲的規(guī)則可能有所不同。
要點： "those"后有定語從句修飾。該定語從句為：who oppose the building of flats."the assumption"后有一同位語從句修飾，即"that everyone prefers an individual home and garden". "base on"有"the assumption"和" the high cost"兩個并列短語。
譯文：那些反對建公寓的人所根據(jù)的主要理由是，他們認為每個人都想擁有單獨的住宅和花園，另外，公寓樓每個居住單元的成本太高。
要點：that引導的是一個表語從句，這個表語從句的主干結構為"the complaint is inevitable"."complaint"由后面的介詞短語"of one generation about the one(generation) immediately following it"修飾。
譯文：我要強調(diào)的是一代人對其下一代的抱怨是不可避免的.
Excrise Someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more congnitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
When building space on the ground becomes scarce use must be made of the space in the air.
when a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some way does not live up to the manufacturer’s claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.
要點：句首的someone后有介詞短語with a history of doing more rather than less 對其進行修飾。第二個someone后有一個定語從句who has not had an active mind對其進行修飾?！皊ound”在此句中的意思為“健康，健全”。
譯文:經(jīng)常積極思考的人進入老年后,比不積極思考的人在認知方面更加健康.
要點：主句的謂語use must be made of the space in the air.是被動語態(tài)。在英語中“動詞＋名詞＋介詞”類的短語將主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)有兩種改法。一種是將詞組中的名詞上升為主語；另一種是將介詞后面的賓語升為主語。
舉例：主語態(tài)：They take care of the babies.
被動態(tài)１Care of the babies are taken by them.
被動態(tài)２The babies are taken care by them.
在本句中是采用了第一種做法，全句的主動語態(tài)為Ｗe must take use of the space in the air.
譯文：當?shù)孛娴慕ㄖ臻g變得緊張時，我們必須在空中拓展空間。
要點：when引導時間狀語從句，直到逗號為止。"an item"后有定語從句"she or he bought "對其修飾，" in some way "意為在某一方面，"live up to"意為達到。。。標準。
譯文：消費者一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)所購商品有缺陷或者在某一方面不能達到生產(chǎn)廠家宣稱的標準，應采取的第一步是向購物商店出示保單或其他有效的證據(jù)。
Excrise
Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
Most Asian-American students owe their success to the influence of parents who are determined that their children take full advantage of what the American educational system has to offer.
But a committee faced with a major decision can’t always move as quickly as the events it’s trying to respond to.
要點：謂語動詞"concluded"在句中帶有兩個that引導的賓語從句，即:"that it was not primarily the sight..."和"that there exists a ..."。第一個賓語從句實際上是一個強調(diào)句。"success"后面有一個定語從句"they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill"對其進行修飾。 譯文：帕普塞克得出結論，使他們開心的不是燈光，而是由于他們在解決問題，掌握技能時所取得的成功。而且人類還有一種基本欲望：認識并支配世界。
要點："owe...to"意為"。。。歸功于。。。"，"owe their success to the influence of parents"意為"他們的成功歸功于父母的影響。"parents"后有"who"引導的定語從句，其中"are determined"后又有一個that引導的賓語從句，謂語要求用動詞原形"take"。"take advantage of"后又有一個what 引導的賓語從句。
譯文：大多數(shù)亞裔美國學生把成功歸功于父母的影響，因為他們的父母決心要自己的孩子充分利用美國教育體制所能提供的一切有利條件。
要點：句子雖然很短卻是主從復合句。句子的主句是a committee can’t move as quickly as the events。句中faced with...是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾committee。在as quickly as中，第二個as是連詞，后面省略了謂語。it’s trying to respond是省略關系代詞的定語從句，修飾events;it指代committee。faced with a major decision在意義上表示時間，翻譯時可把它譯成時間狀語。
譯文：委員會在面臨重大決策時，未必總是能對迅速變化的事件作出及時的反應。
分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)和分詞短語在英語中使用非常普遍，在句子中可以充當補語,定語,狀語等成分。在成分復雜的句子中，有時分詞的出現(xiàn)易同謂語動詞的被動式或者進行時搞混，造成句子主干的判斷錯誤。帶有自己主語的分詞獨立結構由于同非限制性定語從句和插入語一樣需要逗號同句子的其他成分分開，因此常會誤認為是非限制性定語或插入語。有些從句，尤其是定語從句，其形式變化很多，在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。
Exercise
Facing the Atlantic, it is on the northeastern coast of the United States, and most of the city is built on islands.
He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain , ill-fitting suit, never moving,his dusty face masking his age.
After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.
要點: Facing the Atlantic為現(xiàn)在分詞短語,在句中做方式狀語.
譯文:它瀕臨大西洋,位于美國東北海岸線上,城市的大部分建在海島上.
要點:" dressed in ..., never moving, his dusty face...".為句子的三個伴隨狀語。第一個狀語為過去分詞，第二個為現(xiàn)在分詞，第三個為獨立主格結構。
譯文：他坐在他們前面一動不動，穿著一套不合身的便服，風塵滿面，讓人看不出他的年紀。
要點："another decade lived or endured"是獨立結構，作行為方式狀語，lived和endured是過去分詞。
譯文：不管怎么說，八十大壽畢竟非同一般---你又活了十年或者又熬過了十年，是活是熬，全在于你怎么看了。
Exercise
Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.
Rich bodies were carefully wrapped in yards of cloth, leaving diamond-shaped spaces which were decorated with precious stones and pieces of gold.
He merely swallows this theory because there is something about that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.
要點:主句為" I applied"."Being...and wanting..."為分句短語作原因狀語,"fearing"為分詞作伴隨狀語.that引導的從句為"fearing"的賓語從句. 譯文:我因為手頭很拮據(jù),同時也想干點有用的事,于是便提出了申請,但是提出申請時我也擔心:自己一無學位二無教學經(jīng)驗,得到這份工作的可能性是微乎其微的.
要點:分詞短語"leaving diamond-shaped spaces..."在句子中作補充說明狀語.定語從句"which were decorated with precious stones and pieces of gold" 修飾"space".
譯文:富有人的尸體用成匹的布料細心地包裹起來,留出一塊鉆石形狀的空間用寶石及碎金將其裝飾好.
要點:本句中because引導的是原因狀語從句.省略了主語that/which的定語從句"appeals to..."修飾something. "there be +n..."結構是一種表達法.
譯文:他絲毫不加懷疑地接受這一理論,只是因為這一理論中有一種迎合20世紀的精神力量。
Excrise In fact, "learning to use a computer" is like "learning to play a game", but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same.
Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation.
My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.
要點： "learning to use a computer"和" learning to play a game"均為動名詞短語，分別做主語和表語。but連接兩個并列句，其中后一句里"whose rules may not be the same"為非限制性定語從句，修飾"a second game."
譯文：事實上，學習使用計算機就像學玩游戲一樣，但是學了一個游戲規(guī)則可能無助于你玩第二個游戲，因為游戲的規(guī)則可能有所不同。
要點： "those"后有定語從句修飾。該定語從句為：who oppose the building of flats."the assumption"后有一同位語從句修飾，即"that everyone prefers an individual home and garden". "base on"有"the assumption"和" the high cost"兩個并列短語。
譯文：那些反對建公寓的人所根據(jù)的主要理由是，他們認為每個人都想擁有單獨的住宅和花園，另外，公寓樓每個居住單元的成本太高。
要點：that引導的是一個表語從句，這個表語從句的主干結構為"the complaint is inevitable"."complaint"由后面的介詞短語"of one generation about the one(generation) immediately following it"修飾。
譯文：我要強調(diào)的是一代人對其下一代的抱怨是不可避免的.
Excrise Someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more congnitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
When building space on the ground becomes scarce use must be made of the space in the air.
when a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some way does not live up to the manufacturer’s claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.
要點：句首的someone后有介詞短語with a history of doing more rather than less 對其進行修飾。第二個someone后有一個定語從句who has not had an active mind對其進行修飾?！皊ound”在此句中的意思為“健康，健全”。
譯文:經(jīng)常積極思考的人進入老年后,比不積極思考的人在認知方面更加健康.
要點：主句的謂語use must be made of the space in the air.是被動語態(tài)。在英語中“動詞＋名詞＋介詞”類的短語將主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)有兩種改法。一種是將詞組中的名詞上升為主語；另一種是將介詞后面的賓語升為主語。
舉例：主語態(tài)：They take care of the babies.
被動態(tài)１Care of the babies are taken by them.
被動態(tài)２The babies are taken care by them.
在本句中是采用了第一種做法，全句的主動語態(tài)為Ｗe must take use of the space in the air.
譯文：當?shù)孛娴慕ㄖ臻g變得緊張時，我們必須在空中拓展空間。
要點：when引導時間狀語從句，直到逗號為止。"an item"后有定語從句"she or he bought "對其修飾，" in some way "意為在某一方面，"live up to"意為達到。。。標準。
譯文：消費者一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)所購商品有缺陷或者在某一方面不能達到生產(chǎn)廠家宣稱的標準，應采取的第一步是向購物商店出示保單或其他有效的證據(jù)。
Excrise
Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
Most Asian-American students owe their success to the influence of parents who are determined that their children take full advantage of what the American educational system has to offer.
But a committee faced with a major decision can’t always move as quickly as the events it’s trying to respond to.
要點：謂語動詞"concluded"在句中帶有兩個that引導的賓語從句，即:"that it was not primarily the sight..."和"that there exists a ..."。第一個賓語從句實際上是一個強調(diào)句。"success"后面有一個定語從句"they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill"對其進行修飾。 譯文：帕普塞克得出結論，使他們開心的不是燈光，而是由于他們在解決問題，掌握技能時所取得的成功。而且人類還有一種基本欲望：認識并支配世界。
要點："owe...to"意為"。。。歸功于。。。"，"owe their success to the influence of parents"意為"他們的成功歸功于父母的影響。"parents"后有"who"引導的定語從句，其中"are determined"后又有一個that引導的賓語從句，謂語要求用動詞原形"take"。"take advantage of"后又有一個what 引導的賓語從句。
譯文：大多數(shù)亞裔美國學生把成功歸功于父母的影響，因為他們的父母決心要自己的孩子充分利用美國教育體制所能提供的一切有利條件。
要點：句子雖然很短卻是主從復合句。句子的主句是a committee can’t move as quickly as the events。句中faced with...是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾committee。在as quickly as中，第二個as是連詞，后面省略了謂語。it’s trying to respond是省略關系代詞的定語從句，修飾events;it指代committee。faced with a major decision在意義上表示時間，翻譯時可把它譯成時間狀語。
譯文：委員會在面臨重大決策時，未必總是能對迅速變化的事件作出及時的反應。