自考也要重語法(18)主謂一致
1、定義： 所謂“主謂一致”，就是指謂語在人稱和數(shù)上必須受主語的人稱和數(shù)的支配。這是英語和漢語在構(gòu)句里的又一迥異之處。
2、主謂一致的種類：
⑴ 語法形式上的一致主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： I often help him and he often helps me. 我經(jīng)常幫助他，他經(jīng)常幫助我。 We often help each other and learn from each other. 我們經(jīng)?；ハ鄮椭?，互相學(xué)習(xí)。
⑵ 意義上的一致 a.主語形式雖為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如： The crowd were surrounding the government official. 人群包圍住了這位政府官員。單數(shù)形式代表復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容的詞有：people, police, cattle等。如： The Chinese people are brave and hard-working. 中國人民勇敢而又勤勞。 b.主語形式為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如： Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in 1860. 《遠(yuǎn)大前程》是查爾斯•狄更斯1860年所著。形復(fù)意單的單詞有：news，works 和一些以s結(jié)尾的書名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)的名稱(如：“The Selected Poems of Li Bai”，the United States, the United Nations)以及以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(如：physics，politics，maths，economics等)。
⑶ 就近原則就近原則即謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于靠近它的詞語。
a. 并列主語用連詞or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等連接，謂語應(yīng)同相鄰的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。如： Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music. 不僅學(xué)生而且這位老師也喜歡聽這種音樂。 Are either you or he wrong? 要么是你錯(cuò)，要么是他錯(cuò)嗎?
b. 在there be 表存在的句式中，主語是兩個(gè)或多個(gè)名詞(短語)的并列時(shí)，be 的形式與前邊的一個(gè)名詞(短語)一致。如： There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table. ═ There are two knives, a pen and several books on the table.桌子上有一支鋼筆、兩把小刀和幾本書。
C. 副詞或介詞短語在句首的倒裝句中，必須認(rèn)準(zhǔn)哪是主語。如： Between the two buildings stands a monument. 兩幢樓之間聳立著一塊紀(jì)念碑。 On the ship were over 2,200 people. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young woman. 船上有2,2001人, 1,500多人喪生，這位年輕婦女也在其中。
名詞作主語1、某些集體名詞，如family, team等作主語時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，如果就其中一個(gè)個(gè)成員而言，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： My family is large. 我的家庭是個(gè)大家庭。
(看作一整體) My family all like music. 我的家人都喜歡音樂。
(指家庭中一個(gè)個(gè)成員之和)屬于這類的集體名詞還有：audience, class, club, company, crew, crowd, group, government,party, public, staff 等。名詞population一詞的使用情況類似。如： The population of the earth is increasing very fast. 地球上的人口數(shù)增長(zhǎng)很快 。
One third of the population in this country enjoy drinking coffee.
這國三分之二的人喜歡喝咖啡。 “a group(crowd) of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”等短語之后的謂語動(dòng)詞也同樣可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)部分。
2、單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時(shí)，按意義一致的原則。作單數(shù)意義時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，反之，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有：sheep, fish, deer, means(方法), works(工廠), Chinese, Japanese等。如： Every means has been tried out without much result.每一種方法都試過了卻沒什么結(jié)果。
All means have been tried out without much result. 所有方法都試過了卻沒什么結(jié)果。 This shoe works was set up in 1980. 這家鞋廠建于1980年。 Those shoe works were all set up in 1980. 這些鞋廠都建于1980年。當(dāng)它們前面有a, such a, this, that修飾時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù);有all, such, these, those修飾時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
3、名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略，這種情況一般指商店、工場(chǎng)、住宅等，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。如： My doctor’s is not far from my home. 我的家庭醫(yī)生診所離我家不遠(yuǎn)。 My uncle’s is just across the street.
我叔叔家在街對(duì)面。常見的省略名詞有：the baker’s, the barber’s, the carpenter’s, the Smith’s 等等。表示店鋪的名詞一般作集體名詞看待，但作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常常用復(fù)數(shù)。如： Richardson’s have a lot of goods to sell. Richardson的店里有許多貨可賣。
4、當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、距離、金額、時(shí)間等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，往往可以根據(jù)意義一致的原則，把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如： Two hours is enough for me to finish the work. 兩小時(shí)對(duì)我來說完成這項(xiàng)工作足夠了。
Two hundred dollars gives Jack much help. 兩百美元幫了Jack大忙。
5、如果主語有more than one… 或many a…構(gòu)成，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容，但它的謂語動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。如： More than one comrade has asked to stay. 不止一位同志已經(jīng)要求留下。
Many a passenger was killed in the accident. 許多乘客在這事故中喪生。但是“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)及“more than one hundred+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： More members than one are against your plan. 不止一位成員反對(duì)你的計(jì)劃。
6、不定代詞each, every, no所修飾的名詞及each…and each…, every…and every…, no…and no…, many a …and many a…結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如： Every man and every woman is at work. 所有男的和女的都在工作。 Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall. 許多課桌和凳子將被搬出大廳。
7、表示成雙成套的名詞，如：chopsticks (筷子), compasses, clothes, glasses, jeans, scissors, shoes, socks, trousers等，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但如與a kind of, a pair of, the pair of, a series of 連用，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如： The trousers are in the drawer. 褲子在抽屜里。 There is a pair of shoes under the bed. 有一雙鞋在床下。
The pair of shoes is rather expensive. 這雙襪子很貴。
8、this kind of book ═ a book of this kind (這種書)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);短語this kind of books═ books of this kind═ these kind of books(口語)(這類書)，但this kind of books作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);books of this kind 和these kind of books作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。all/these kinds of 后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如： This kind of books is very popular with young people. 這類書很受年輕人歡迎。 Books of this kind are very popular with young people.這類書很受年輕人歡迎。 These kind of parties are dangerous. 這類政黨很危險(xiǎn)。 All kinds of flowers have come out in the valley. 山谷里各種各樣的花已競(jìng)相開放。
9、如果名詞詞組的中心詞是all, most, rest, some, neither, none, no等詞，所指是復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;反之用單數(shù)。如： Some of the pigeons have been missing. 一些鴿子已經(jīng)不見了。 Some of the ice has melted so far. 迄今已有一些冰融化掉了。 All of the water in the area has been seriously polluted. 這地區(qū)所有的水都已受嚴(yán)重污染。 All of the books have been sold out. 所有的書都已被賣完了。
None of us have been there. 我們沒人去過那里。 None of the stolen money has been found yet. 被偷的錢至今一點(diǎn)也未找到。 The rest of the students are watering trees. 其余的學(xué)生正在澆樹。 The rest of the wine has gone bad. 剩下的酒已經(jīng)變質(zhì)了。
B. 由連接詞連接的名詞作主語1、用and或both…and連接并列主語，表示不同概念，謂語動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。如： You and he both stand up.
你和他都站了起來。 Water and air are both important. 水和空氣都很重要。 Time and tide wait for no man. 歲月不待人。但并列結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)主語表示整體概念時(shí)，即指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。英語中并列結(jié)構(gòu)表示整體概念的有： ⑴ 相關(guān)名詞并列表示整體概念。如：
iron and steel 鋼鐵 law and order 治安 bread and butter 黃油面包 ⑵ 配套事物。如： a watch and chain 一塊帶鏈的表 a needle and thread針線 a coat and tie配有領(lǐng)帶的上衣 A knife and fork is needed for a western meal. 吃西餐時(shí)要用刀和叉。 The cart and horse is coming. 馬車來了。
⑶ 表示兼職或有多個(gè)稱呼的人。如： the worker and poet 這位工人兼詩人 The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting. 這位教師兼作家正在會(huì)上發(fā)言。
⑷ 兩個(gè)完全重合的概念并列。如： aim and end 目的 truth and honesty 真誠 capacity and efficiency 效能 love and affection 情感 To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
愛與被愛是幸福。 Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好習(xí)慣。
2、當(dāng)主語后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。如： Your father as well as you is very kind to me. 不僅你而且你的父親對(duì)我都非常好。 He, like you and Xiao Li, is very clever. 他象你和小李一樣非常聰明。 Mr Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London for Paris. Robbins先生明天將和妻子和孩子離開倫敦去巴黎。
C. 代詞作主語 1、名詞性物主代詞作主語時(shí)，根據(jù)它所替代的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)來確定謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)。如： Theirs (their classroom) is a big classroom. 他們的教室是一個(gè)大教室。 Your trousers are black and mine are brown. 你的褲子是黑色的，我的是棕色的。
2、such, the same起指示代詞作用，應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來確定單、復(fù)數(shù)。如： Such is our plan. 這就是我們的計(jì)劃。Such are my hopes. 這些就是我的愿望。
3、關(guān)系代詞which, who, that在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其前的先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。如： Those who want to go should sign your names here. 那些想去的人在這兒簽上你們的名字。 He is one of the students who are good at maths.
他是那些擅長(zhǎng)數(shù)學(xué)的學(xué)生中的一位。 He is the only one of the children who often speaks ill of others behind their backs. 他是這些孩子中經(jīng)常在背后講別人壞話的人。
4、疑問代詞who, what, which作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可以根據(jù)說話人所要表達(dá)的意思決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。如： Who lives next door? It’s Xiao Liu. Who live next door? It’s Zhang and Liu.
5、不定代詞any, either, neither,none, all, some, more等作主語時(shí)，有以下兩種情況：?jiǎn)为?dú)作主語，視其在文中的意義，動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： Now all has been changed. All are present at the meeting. either, neither單獨(dú)作主語，謂語通常用單數(shù)。但是后接of時(shí)，若of的賓語為不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞當(dāng)然用單數(shù)形式，若of的賓語為復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，在正式文體中，單數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞更為常用。如： Do (Does) any of them know English? 他們中有人懂英語嗎? None of them like (likes) football. 他們中沒人喜歡足球。
D. 分?jǐn)?shù)、量詞作主語
1、“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, half of, a heap of, heaps of +名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與短語中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。如： More than 70 percent of the surface of ouor planet is covered by water. 我們星球的表面百分之七十多都被水覆蓋著。
One third of the students are girls in our group. 我們隊(duì)三分之一的學(xué)生是女生。注意： a large quantity of 修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，而(large) quantities of修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如： A large quantity of people is needed here.
這兒需要大批人。 Large quantities of food have rotten away. 大量食物都已經(jīng)腐爛了。短語in quantity, in large quanities意為“大量的”;in small quantities意為“少量的”。
2、a great deal of/ a large amount of修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，但large amounts of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： A great deal of rice was taken from the country to the city by railway. 很多大米通過鐵路從鄉(xiāng)下運(yùn)往城市。 Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge. 許多前都花在這座橋的建設(shè)上了。
3、a number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)：the number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如： A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend. 這個(gè)周末許多學(xué)生將去野炊。 The number of days in February this year is 28. 今年二月份的天數(shù)是二十八天。
4、one and a half后，名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但其短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如： One and a half bananas has been eaten by the child. 這孩子已經(jīng)吃了一根半香蕉。
5、half of, (a) part of修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如： Half of the building is finished. 這幢大樓已經(jīng)建了一半。 Part of the glasses in the store are made in Suzhou. 店里部分玻璃杯是蘇州產(chǎn)的。
E. 名詞化的形容詞作主語 “the+形容詞(或過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞)”如：the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the wounded, the injured, the unemployed, the dying, the living 等結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任主語表示一類人時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但也有少數(shù)的形容詞或過去分詞與定冠詞連用指?jìng)€(gè)別或表示抽象的概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如： The young are more active than the old in the work. 做這項(xiàng)工作青年人比老年人積極。 The injured in the accident is an engineer.
在這次事故中受傷的那人是位工程師。 The beautiful attracts all the tourists. 美景吸引住了所有的游客。
F. 動(dòng)名詞、不定式短語和從句作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如： To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think. 學(xué)一門外語并不象你想象的那么難。 Smoking is bad for health.
吸煙有害健康。 That he has won the game is known to us all.
他贏了這場(chǎng)比賽是我們眾所周知的事。但what引導(dǎo)的主語從句所指的具體內(nèi)容是復(fù)數(shù)意義時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： What we need is more time.
我們需要的是更多的時(shí)間。 What we need are good teachers.
我們需要的是好老師。 單項(xiàng)選擇題：
The whole class _____ the teacher attentively.
A. are listening to B. is listening to C. are listening D. is listening
2. The League secretary and monitor _____ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
3. He played on the _____ for two hours and when he returned he found half his goods _____ stolen. A. sand; were B. sand; was C. sands; were D. sands; was
4. _____ can be done _____ been done.
A. All; have B. All that; have C. All; has D. All that; has
5. About 40 _____ of the population of that country _____ on farms.
A. percent; lives B. percent; live C. percents; live D. percents; lives
6. The Olympic Games _____ held every _____ years.
A. is; four B. are; four C. is; five D. are; five
7. No one but her parents _____ it.
A. know B. knows C. is knowing D. are knowing
8. The results of the examination _____ that you have all made great _____ .
A. show; progress B. shows; progress C. show; progresses D. shows; progresses
9. No bird and no beast _____ in the lonely island.
A. are seen B. is seen C. see D. sees
10.Here _____ a new pair of shoes for you.
A. is B. are C. have D. has 單句改錯(cuò)題：
1. Your family is very kind. I’ll never forget the favor you’ve done me.
2. When and where to build the new school haven’t been decided.
3. Three quarters of the land is covered with green grass while the rest are covered withpine trees.
4. Not even one of the hundred students who took the test have passed.
5. On each side of the street stands a lot of trees.
6. There seem to be a knife and fork on the table.
7. The students in our school each has known the meaning of WTO.
8. The number of people who own cars are increasing.
9. Such people as he is to be punished.
10.It were Tom and John who played a trick on the old man.
1、定義： 所謂“主謂一致”，就是指謂語在人稱和數(shù)上必須受主語的人稱和數(shù)的支配。這是英語和漢語在構(gòu)句里的又一迥異之處。
2、主謂一致的種類：
⑴ 語法形式上的一致主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： I often help him and he often helps me. 我經(jīng)常幫助他，他經(jīng)常幫助我。 We often help each other and learn from each other. 我們經(jīng)?；ハ鄮椭?，互相學(xué)習(xí)。
⑵ 意義上的一致 a.主語形式雖為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如： The crowd were surrounding the government official. 人群包圍住了這位政府官員。單數(shù)形式代表復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容的詞有：people, police, cattle等。如： The Chinese people are brave and hard-working. 中國人民勇敢而又勤勞。 b.主語形式為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如： Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in 1860. 《遠(yuǎn)大前程》是查爾斯•狄更斯1860年所著。形復(fù)意單的單詞有：news，works 和一些以s結(jié)尾的書名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)的名稱(如：“The Selected Poems of Li Bai”，the United States, the United Nations)以及以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(如：physics，politics，maths，economics等)。
⑶ 就近原則就近原則即謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于靠近它的詞語。
a. 并列主語用連詞or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等連接，謂語應(yīng)同相鄰的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。如： Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music. 不僅學(xué)生而且這位老師也喜歡聽這種音樂。 Are either you or he wrong? 要么是你錯(cuò)，要么是他錯(cuò)嗎?
b. 在there be 表存在的句式中，主語是兩個(gè)或多個(gè)名詞(短語)的并列時(shí)，be 的形式與前邊的一個(gè)名詞(短語)一致。如： There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table. ═ There are two knives, a pen and several books on the table.桌子上有一支鋼筆、兩把小刀和幾本書。
C. 副詞或介詞短語在句首的倒裝句中，必須認(rèn)準(zhǔn)哪是主語。如： Between the two buildings stands a monument. 兩幢樓之間聳立著一塊紀(jì)念碑。 On the ship were over 2,200 people. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young woman. 船上有2,2001人, 1,500多人喪生，這位年輕婦女也在其中。
名詞作主語1、某些集體名詞，如family, team等作主語時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，如果就其中一個(gè)個(gè)成員而言，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： My family is large. 我的家庭是個(gè)大家庭。
(看作一整體) My family all like music. 我的家人都喜歡音樂。
(指家庭中一個(gè)個(gè)成員之和)屬于這類的集體名詞還有：audience, class, club, company, crew, crowd, group, government,party, public, staff 等。名詞population一詞的使用情況類似。如： The population of the earth is increasing very fast. 地球上的人口數(shù)增長(zhǎng)很快 。
One third of the population in this country enjoy drinking coffee.
這國三分之二的人喜歡喝咖啡。 “a group(crowd) of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”等短語之后的謂語動(dòng)詞也同樣可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)部分。
2、單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時(shí)，按意義一致的原則。作單數(shù)意義時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，反之，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有：sheep, fish, deer, means(方法), works(工廠), Chinese, Japanese等。如： Every means has been tried out without much result.每一種方法都試過了卻沒什么結(jié)果。
All means have been tried out without much result. 所有方法都試過了卻沒什么結(jié)果。 This shoe works was set up in 1980. 這家鞋廠建于1980年。 Those shoe works were all set up in 1980. 這些鞋廠都建于1980年。當(dāng)它們前面有a, such a, this, that修飾時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù);有all, such, these, those修飾時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
3、名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略，這種情況一般指商店、工場(chǎng)、住宅等，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。如： My doctor’s is not far from my home. 我的家庭醫(yī)生診所離我家不遠(yuǎn)。 My uncle’s is just across the street.
我叔叔家在街對(duì)面。常見的省略名詞有：the baker’s, the barber’s, the carpenter’s, the Smith’s 等等。表示店鋪的名詞一般作集體名詞看待，但作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常常用復(fù)數(shù)。如： Richardson’s have a lot of goods to sell. Richardson的店里有許多貨可賣。
4、當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、距離、金額、時(shí)間等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，往往可以根據(jù)意義一致的原則，把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如： Two hours is enough for me to finish the work. 兩小時(shí)對(duì)我來說完成這項(xiàng)工作足夠了。
Two hundred dollars gives Jack much help. 兩百美元幫了Jack大忙。
5、如果主語有more than one… 或many a…構(gòu)成，盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容，但它的謂語動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。如： More than one comrade has asked to stay. 不止一位同志已經(jīng)要求留下。
Many a passenger was killed in the accident. 許多乘客在這事故中喪生。但是“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)及“more than one hundred+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： More members than one are against your plan. 不止一位成員反對(duì)你的計(jì)劃。
6、不定代詞each, every, no所修飾的名詞及each…and each…, every…and every…, no…and no…, many a …and many a…結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如： Every man and every woman is at work. 所有男的和女的都在工作。 Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall. 許多課桌和凳子將被搬出大廳。
7、表示成雙成套的名詞，如：chopsticks (筷子), compasses, clothes, glasses, jeans, scissors, shoes, socks, trousers等，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但如與a kind of, a pair of, the pair of, a series of 連用，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如： The trousers are in the drawer. 褲子在抽屜里。 There is a pair of shoes under the bed. 有一雙鞋在床下。
The pair of shoes is rather expensive. 這雙襪子很貴。
8、this kind of book ═ a book of this kind (這種書)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);短語this kind of books═ books of this kind═ these kind of books(口語)(這類書)，但this kind of books作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);books of this kind 和these kind of books作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。all/these kinds of 后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如： This kind of books is very popular with young people. 這類書很受年輕人歡迎。 Books of this kind are very popular with young people.這類書很受年輕人歡迎。 These kind of parties are dangerous. 這類政黨很危險(xiǎn)。 All kinds of flowers have come out in the valley. 山谷里各種各樣的花已競(jìng)相開放。
9、如果名詞詞組的中心詞是all, most, rest, some, neither, none, no等詞，所指是復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;反之用單數(shù)。如： Some of the pigeons have been missing. 一些鴿子已經(jīng)不見了。 Some of the ice has melted so far. 迄今已有一些冰融化掉了。 All of the water in the area has been seriously polluted. 這地區(qū)所有的水都已受嚴(yán)重污染。 All of the books have been sold out. 所有的書都已被賣完了。
None of us have been there. 我們沒人去過那里。 None of the stolen money has been found yet. 被偷的錢至今一點(diǎn)也未找到。 The rest of the students are watering trees. 其余的學(xué)生正在澆樹。 The rest of the wine has gone bad. 剩下的酒已經(jīng)變質(zhì)了。
B. 由連接詞連接的名詞作主語1、用and或both…and連接并列主語，表示不同概念，謂語動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。如： You and he both stand up.
你和他都站了起來。 Water and air are both important. 水和空氣都很重要。 Time and tide wait for no man. 歲月不待人。但并列結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)主語表示整體概念時(shí)，即指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。英語中并列結(jié)構(gòu)表示整體概念的有： ⑴ 相關(guān)名詞并列表示整體概念。如：
iron and steel 鋼鐵 law and order 治安 bread and butter 黃油面包 ⑵ 配套事物。如： a watch and chain 一塊帶鏈的表 a needle and thread針線 a coat and tie配有領(lǐng)帶的上衣 A knife and fork is needed for a western meal. 吃西餐時(shí)要用刀和叉。 The cart and horse is coming. 馬車來了。
⑶ 表示兼職或有多個(gè)稱呼的人。如： the worker and poet 這位工人兼詩人 The writer and teacher is speaking at the meeting. 這位教師兼作家正在會(huì)上發(fā)言。
⑷ 兩個(gè)完全重合的概念并列。如： aim and end 目的 truth and honesty 真誠 capacity and efficiency 效能 love and affection 情感 To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
愛與被愛是幸福。 Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好習(xí)慣。
2、當(dāng)主語后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。如： Your father as well as you is very kind to me. 不僅你而且你的父親對(duì)我都非常好。 He, like you and Xiao Li, is very clever. 他象你和小李一樣非常聰明。 Mr Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London for Paris. Robbins先生明天將和妻子和孩子離開倫敦去巴黎。
C. 代詞作主語 1、名詞性物主代詞作主語時(shí)，根據(jù)它所替代的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)來確定謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)。如： Theirs (their classroom) is a big classroom. 他們的教室是一個(gè)大教室。 Your trousers are black and mine are brown. 你的褲子是黑色的，我的是棕色的。
2、such, the same起指示代詞作用，應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來確定單、復(fù)數(shù)。如： Such is our plan. 這就是我們的計(jì)劃。Such are my hopes. 這些就是我的愿望。
3、關(guān)系代詞which, who, that在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其前的先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。如： Those who want to go should sign your names here. 那些想去的人在這兒簽上你們的名字。 He is one of the students who are good at maths.
他是那些擅長(zhǎng)數(shù)學(xué)的學(xué)生中的一位。 He is the only one of the children who often speaks ill of others behind their backs. 他是這些孩子中經(jīng)常在背后講別人壞話的人。
4、疑問代詞who, what, which作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可以根據(jù)說話人所要表達(dá)的意思決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。如： Who lives next door? It’s Xiao Liu. Who live next door? It’s Zhang and Liu.
5、不定代詞any, either, neither,none, all, some, more等作主語時(shí)，有以下兩種情況：?jiǎn)为?dú)作主語，視其在文中的意義，動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： Now all has been changed. All are present at the meeting. either, neither單獨(dú)作主語，謂語通常用單數(shù)。但是后接of時(shí)，若of的賓語為不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞當(dāng)然用單數(shù)形式，若of的賓語為復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，在正式文體中，單數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞更為常用。如： Do (Does) any of them know English? 他們中有人懂英語嗎? None of them like (likes) football. 他們中沒人喜歡足球。
D. 分?jǐn)?shù)、量詞作主語
1、“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, half of, a heap of, heaps of +名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與短語中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。如： More than 70 percent of the surface of ouor planet is covered by water. 我們星球的表面百分之七十多都被水覆蓋著。
One third of the students are girls in our group. 我們隊(duì)三分之一的學(xué)生是女生。注意： a large quantity of 修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，而(large) quantities of修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如： A large quantity of people is needed here.
這兒需要大批人。 Large quantities of food have rotten away. 大量食物都已經(jīng)腐爛了。短語in quantity, in large quanities意為“大量的”;in small quantities意為“少量的”。
2、a great deal of/ a large amount of修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，但large amounts of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： A great deal of rice was taken from the country to the city by railway. 很多大米通過鐵路從鄉(xiāng)下運(yùn)往城市。 Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge. 許多前都花在這座橋的建設(shè)上了。
3、a number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)：the number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如： A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend. 這個(gè)周末許多學(xué)生將去野炊。 The number of days in February this year is 28. 今年二月份的天數(shù)是二十八天。
4、one and a half后，名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但其短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如： One and a half bananas has been eaten by the child. 這孩子已經(jīng)吃了一根半香蕉。
5、half of, (a) part of修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如： Half of the building is finished. 這幢大樓已經(jīng)建了一半。 Part of the glasses in the store are made in Suzhou. 店里部分玻璃杯是蘇州產(chǎn)的。
E. 名詞化的形容詞作主語 “the+形容詞(或過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞)”如：the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the wounded, the injured, the unemployed, the dying, the living 等結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任主語表示一類人時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但也有少數(shù)的形容詞或過去分詞與定冠詞連用指?jìng)€(gè)別或表示抽象的概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如： The young are more active than the old in the work. 做這項(xiàng)工作青年人比老年人積極。 The injured in the accident is an engineer.
在這次事故中受傷的那人是位工程師。 The beautiful attracts all the tourists. 美景吸引住了所有的游客。
F. 動(dòng)名詞、不定式短語和從句作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如： To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think. 學(xué)一門外語并不象你想象的那么難。 Smoking is bad for health.
吸煙有害健康。 That he has won the game is known to us all.
他贏了這場(chǎng)比賽是我們眾所周知的事。但what引導(dǎo)的主語從句所指的具體內(nèi)容是復(fù)數(shù)意義時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： What we need is more time.
我們需要的是更多的時(shí)間。 What we need are good teachers.
我們需要的是好老師。 單項(xiàng)選擇題：
The whole class _____ the teacher attentively.
A. are listening to B. is listening to C. are listening D. is listening
2. The League secretary and monitor _____ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
3. He played on the _____ for two hours and when he returned he found half his goods _____ stolen. A. sand; were B. sand; was C. sands; were D. sands; was
4. _____ can be done _____ been done.
A. All; have B. All that; have C. All; has D. All that; has
5. About 40 _____ of the population of that country _____ on farms.
A. percent; lives B. percent; live C. percents; live D. percents; lives
6. The Olympic Games _____ held every _____ years.
A. is; four B. are; four C. is; five D. are; five
7. No one but her parents _____ it.
A. know B. knows C. is knowing D. are knowing
8. The results of the examination _____ that you have all made great _____ .
A. show; progress B. shows; progress C. show; progresses D. shows; progresses
9. No bird and no beast _____ in the lonely island.
A. are seen B. is seen C. see D. sees
10.Here _____ a new pair of shoes for you.
A. is B. are C. have D. has 單句改錯(cuò)題：
1. Your family is very kind. I’ll never forget the favor you’ve done me.
2. When and where to build the new school haven’t been decided.
3. Three quarters of the land is covered with green grass while the rest are covered withpine trees.
4. Not even one of the hundred students who took the test have passed.
5. On each side of the street stands a lot of trees.
6. There seem to be a knife and fork on the table.
7. The students in our school each has known the meaning of WTO.
8. The number of people who own cars are increasing.
9. Such people as he is to be punished.
10.It were Tom and John who played a trick on the old man.