TEXT 3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton miles moved by rails.Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost.If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail."Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on.Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction.Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because .
[A] cost reduction is based on competition
[B] services call for cross trade coordination
[C] outside competitors will continue to exist
[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat
52. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
[A] Indifferent.
[B] Supportive.
[C] Indignant.
[D] Apprehensive.
53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that .
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business
54. The word "arbiters" (line 6, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those .
[A] who work as coordinators
[B] who function as judges
[C] who supervise transactions
[D] who determine the price
55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by .
[A] the continuing acquisition
[B] the growing traffic
[C] the cheering Wall Street
[D] the shrinking market
account22 n.①賬(目,戶);②敘述,說(shuō)明;③價(jià)值,地位;v.(for)①說(shuō)明,解釋?zhuān)虎谡?;③(take into)考慮;顧及
acquire7 v.①取得,獲得,占有;②學(xué)到
acquisition3 n.獲得,獲得物
allow9 v.①允許,準(zhǔn)許;②承認(rèn);③讓...得到,使...得以發(fā)生
appeal5 v./n.①(to)呼吁,要求;②對(duì)...有吸引力;③申述,上訴
argue19 v.①爭(zhēng)論,辯論;②認(rèn)為,主張,論證;③說(shuō)服
attitude14 n.①(to,towards)態(tài)度,看法;②姿勢(shì)
average17 n.平均(數(shù));a.①平均的;②普通的,一般的;v.平均,均分
bid3 v.①出價(jià);②投標(biāo);③努力爭(zhēng)??;n.①買(mǎi)方的出價(jià);②投標(biāo);③努力爭(zhēng)取
billion11 num./n.[美]十億,[英]萬(wàn)億
board5 n.①板,紙板;②全體委員,委員會(huì),部門(mén);③伙食;船舷;v.上船(車(chē),飛機(jī))
bulk3 n.①體積,容積;②主體,大批,大量
business36 n.①商業(yè),生意;②事務(wù),業(yè)務(wù),職責(zé);③企業(yè);④貿(mào)易量;⑤行業(yè),業(yè)務(wù)
capital7 n.①首都,首府;②大寫(xiě)字母;③資本,資金;④資產(chǎn)階級(jí);a.首位的,最重要的,基本的
captive4 n.俘虜;a.①被俘虜?shù)?,被監(jiān)禁的;②受約束的,受控制的
carrier1 n.①搬運(yùn)人;②載體
cause28 n.①原因,理由;②事業(yè),事件,奮斗目標(biāo);v.使產(chǎn)生,引起
charge5 v.①索(價(jià)),要(人)支付,收費(fèi);②控告,指控;③充電;④承擔(dān);n.①[pl.]費(fèi)用,代價(jià);②電荷,負(fù)荷
chemical3 a.化學(xué)的;n.[pl.]化學(xué)制品,化學(xué)藥品
combine5 v.①(with)(使)結(jié)合,聯(lián)合;②(使)化合
commodity6 n.商品,物品
compete5 v.①比賽;②競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
competition16 n.①比賽;②競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
complain3 v.①(about,of)抱怨;②申訴
concern20 v.①涉及,關(guān)系到;②(常與with,about,in連用)關(guān)心,掛念;③擔(dān)心,擔(dān)憂;n.①(利害)關(guān)系;②關(guān)心,掛念;③擔(dān)心,擔(dān)憂
consume5 v.消費(fèi),消費(fèi),耗盡
coordinate1 a.①同等的,并列的;②坐標(biāo)的;n.坐標(biāo);vt.協(xié)調(diào),調(diào)節(jié)
despite5 prep.不管,不顧
ensure5 v.確保,保證
extreme4 a.①末端的,盡頭的;②極度的,極端的;n.①極端;②程度;③極度(狀態(tài))
fair9 a.①公平的,合理的;②相當(dāng)?shù)模泻玫?;③晴朗的;④金發(fā)的;n.集市,交易會(huì),博覽會(huì)
federal14 a.聯(lián)邦的
fierce3 a.①兇猛的,殘忍的;②激烈的,強(qiáng)烈的
flourish2 v.繁榮,茂盛,興旺
freight1 n.貨物,客貨,運(yùn)費(fèi)
function10 n.①功能,作用;②[pl.]職務(wù),職責(zé);③函數(shù);v.起作用
grain2 n.①谷物,谷類(lèi);②顆粒,細(xì)粒
grip3 v./n.緊握,抓緊
heighten1 v.提高,升高
indifferent2 a.冷漠的,不關(guān)心的,不積極的
indignant1 a.憤慨的,憤慨不平的
infer21 v.推論,推斷
invest4 v.投資
justify8 v.證明...是正當(dāng)?shù)?,?..辯護(hù)
major11 a.(較)大的,(較)重要的;n.①專(zhuān)業(yè),主修科目;②專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生;③少校;v.(in)主修,專(zhuān)攻
merge1 v.合并,兼并
monopoly2 n.壟斷,專(zhuān)賣(mài)
option3 n.選項(xiàng),選擇權(quán),買(mǎi)賣(mài)的特權(quán)
process34 n.①過(guò)程,進(jìn)程;②工序,制作法;③工藝;v.加工,處理
rail3 n.①欄桿,圍欄;②[pl.]鐵路;③鐵軌,軌道;④橫桿,欄桿
railway3 n.鐵路;v.由鐵道運(yùn)輸
rate31 n.①比率,率;②等級(jí);③價(jià)格,費(fèi)用;v.①估價(jià);②評(píng)級(jí),評(píng)價(jià)
reduction5 n.減少,減價(jià)
relief3 n.①(痛苦等)減輕,解除;②援救,救濟(jì)
represent4 v.①描述,表示;②代表,代理;③闡明,說(shuō)明
rival4 n.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者,對(duì)手;v.競(jìng)爭(zhēng),對(duì)抗;a.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的
series5 n.①一系列,連續(xù);②叢書(shū)
shoulder2 n.肩,肩部;v.肩負(fù),承擔(dān)
shrink3 v.①起皺,收縮;②退縮,畏縮
subscribe1 v.①訂購(gòu),訂閱;②同意,贊成
substantial3 a.①實(shí)質(zhì)的,真實(shí)的;②堅(jiān)固的,結(jié)實(shí)的;③富裕的;④大的,相當(dāng)可觀的
supervise2 v.管理,監(jiān)督
surge1 n.①急劇上升;②洶涌;vi.①奔騰;②急劇上升
switch4 n.①開(kāi)關(guān);②轉(zhuǎn)換;v.轉(zhuǎn)變,轉(zhuǎn)移
system31 n.①系統(tǒng),體系;②制度,體制
theory20 n.①理論,原理;②學(xué)說(shuō),見(jiàn)解,看法;③看法,觀點(diǎn)
threat9 n.①恐嚇,威脅;②壞兆頭,危險(xiǎn)跡象
throat1 n.咽喉,嗓子
traffic2 n.交通,交通量
transaction3 n.①辦理,處理;②交易,事務(wù);③[pl.]會(huì)報(bào),學(xué)報(bào)
unlikely5 a.未必的,靠不住的
according47 ad.依照,根據(jù)
apprehensive1 a.①有理解力的;②憂慮的,擔(dān)心的
arbiter1 n.仲裁者,主宰者
competitor2 n.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者
consolidation1 n.鞏固,合并
coordination2 n.協(xié)調(diào),配合
coordinator1 n.協(xié)調(diào)人,同等的人或物
discrimination4 n.①識(shí)別力,辨別力;②(against)歧視
economist6 n.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)者,經(jīng)濟(jì)家
marketplace2 n.集會(huì)場(chǎng)所,市場(chǎng)
merger6 n.合并,歸并
nationwide1 a.全國(guó)性的
overcharge1 v.索價(jià)過(guò)高;n.超載
shipper9 n.托運(yùn)人,發(fā)貨人,貨主
transportation3 n.運(yùn)輸,運(yùn)送
trucking1 n.①貨車(chē)運(yùn)輸;②貨車(chē)運(yùn)輸業(yè)
typically3 ad.代表性地,作為特色地
難句1
But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:... many shippers complain + that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;
2. 此賓語(yǔ)從句包含用and連接的兩個(gè)部分,第一部分主干為:trucking is too costly,第二部分主干為:the railroads therefore have them by the throat;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是賓語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]找出主句主干,然后再分析賓語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容就可以比較好的理解本句;
[例句精譯]但許多客戶卻抱怨說(shuō),對(duì)于依賴長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谏唐穪?lái)說(shuō),如煤炭、化學(xué)制品和糧食,由于公路運(yùn)輸花費(fèi)太大,這樣鐵路公司就會(huì)主宰他們。
難句2
Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句由三個(gè)分句構(gòu)成,連接詞分別為but和and;
2. 第一個(gè)分句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:Shippers have the right to ... ,Shippers后面的who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾who;
3. 第三個(gè)分句主語(yǔ)和第二個(gè)分句主語(yǔ)相同,都為the process;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,不好把握;
[方法對(duì)策]看清楚兩個(gè)連接詞but和and連接的三個(gè)部分,再分析各個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu),其中第一個(gè)分句包含一個(gè)who定語(yǔ)從句;
[例句精譯]如果客戶感到他們被多收費(fèi),他們有權(quán)上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的"水陸路運(yùn)輸委員會(huì)"以爭(zhēng)取價(jià)格下調(diào),但這個(gè)過(guò)程耗財(cái)、耗時(shí),所以只有在真正極端特殊的情況下才有作用。
難句3
If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句句子主要結(jié)構(gòu)是:they argue ...,其余部分是argue的賓語(yǔ)部分;
2. 賓語(yǔ)部分的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:shippers ... would do so ...,句首是if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,shippers后面是who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾shippers,現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)leaving... 作狀語(yǔ),表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是賓語(yǔ)部分結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]找出賓語(yǔ)部分的主干結(jié)構(gòu),然后再分析從句關(guān)系和其他修飾成分;
[例句精譯]他們認(rèn)為,如果鐵路公司向所有客戶收取同樣的普通價(jià)格的話,那么,可以使用公路運(yùn)輸或其他交通工具的客戶將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移,使剩下的客戶來(lái)承擔(dān)鐵路正常運(yùn)作的開(kāi)銷(xiāo)。 難句4 It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句是由轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but連接的兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的分句;
2. but前為第一個(gè)分句,主干為:Its theory,后面是一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾theory;
3. but后為第二個(gè)分句,主干為:it leaves railroads in the position of ... ,其中包含用and連接的兩個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是理解兩個(gè)分局之間的關(guān)系;
[方法對(duì)策]根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but得出此句為兩個(gè)并列句,然后再分析從句和修飾部分;
[例句精譯]這種理論得到了多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的認(rèn)同,但在實(shí)際操作中,它使鐵路公司獲得了一個(gè)決定誰(shuí)勝誰(shuí)衰的權(quán)利。 51.[答案] C
[解析]眾所周知,西方國(guó)家的鐵路、民航等不一定是一個(gè)國(guó)營(yíng)的整體,而可能是由若干個(gè)私人公司構(gòu)成。本文談到了這些公司一旦合并起來(lái)會(huì)造成什么樣的影響。首段講到了鐵路公司的大合并。如果單詞merging、mergers等不認(rèn)識(shí)也沒(méi)關(guān)系,從文章開(kāi)頭我們可知有幾家鐵路公司正在combining with each other,顯然是正在"合并"。如果連combine也不認(rèn)識(shí),起碼知道英語(yǔ)中前綴"co"表示"在一起,合起來(lái)"也行。同樣,下文"monopoly"不認(rèn)識(shí),起碼知道m(xù)ono表示"單一"。所以,會(huì)點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞對(duì)考試也很重要,可以猜字。第一段談到了鐵路大合并,第二段自然談到有贊成的,有反對(duì)的(以But為分界線)。贊成者認(rèn)為合并可以降低成本,改善服務(wù)。至于壟斷性"路霸作風(fēng)"根本不可能形成。因?yàn)槿绻F路壟斷,你可以選擇卡車(chē)來(lái)運(yùn)貨嘛!可見(jiàn)C為贊成者的觀點(diǎn),
52.[答案] D
[解析]至于反對(duì)者,則認(rèn)為:長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谪浳锶缑?、糧食等,卡車(chē)根本不行,還得靠鐵路。這樣,就被鐵路"卡住了脖子",是選C:"氣憤"呢?還是選D:"擔(dān)心、害怕"呢?雖然有C的成分,但文章中缺乏明確依據(jù),而"卡住脖子"顯然指D。
就算52題有生詞也不要害怕。由于53題問(wèn)的是"從第三段中......",我們可知52題應(yīng)該是在第二段里,而且應(yīng)該是在But一詞后邊找依據(jù)。 53.[答案] C
[解析]文中第三段最后一句指出"發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被索價(jià)過(guò)高的客戶有權(quán)上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的‘水陸運(yùn)輸委員會(huì),但是上訴費(fèi)用昂貴,并且耗時(shí),只有在極端的情況下才采用。"由此可以推斷出托運(yùn)人上訴的可能性不大。
B、D根本沒(méi)提到,至于A:如果全國(guó)鐵路統(tǒng)一起來(lái)成了一家,沒(méi)有了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手,托運(yùn)的貨主們會(huì)被收費(fèi)更少,那可能嗎??。ㄖ皇O乱患诣F路公司,狠命敲你一筆,反正你也別的辦法都沒(méi)有。)
54.[答案] B
[解析]詞匯性問(wèn)題一定看上、下文。從上、下文中可以看出arbiters為"裁決者,決定的人"。D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在多了一個(gè)price,原文為裁定"who wins and who loses",而不是"price"。
55.[答案] A
[解析]從末段可以看出,鐵路貨運(yùn)成本的增加,主要還是由于鐵路公司無(wú)節(jié)制的不計(jì)成本的大合并引起的。只不過(guò)將文章末段的"acquire"one another 換成了名詞:acquisition。
近年來(lái),鐵路公司相互合并,組成了超大型集團(tuán),引起人們對(duì)壟斷行為的極大關(guān)注。近至1995年,四家大型鐵路公司還只占有整個(gè)鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)的不到70%。而到明年,當(dāng)一系列兼并活動(dòng)完成之后,四家鐵路公司將控制鐵路貨運(yùn)總量的90%以上。
支持組建超大型鐵路集團(tuán)的人認(rèn)為,兼并將帶來(lái)成本的大幅降低,也有利于鐵路服務(wù)的調(diào)度協(xié)調(diào)。他們認(rèn)為,在公路運(yùn)輸?shù)募ち腋?jìng)爭(zhēng)面前,壟斷的威脅不可能存在。但許多客戶卻抱怨說(shuō),對(duì)于依賴長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谏唐穪?lái)說(shuō),如煤炭、化學(xué)制品和糧食,由于公路運(yùn)輸花費(fèi)太大,這樣鐵路公司就會(huì)主宰他們。
鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)內(nèi)的大規(guī)模合并意味著多數(shù)客戶將會(huì)依賴一家公司的服務(wù)。通常,鐵路公司對(duì)這些"被控"客戶的收費(fèi)要比有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手時(shí)多20%~30%。如果客戶感到他們被多收費(fèi),他們有權(quán)上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的"水陸路運(yùn)輸委員會(huì)"以爭(zhēng)取價(jià)格下調(diào),但這個(gè)過(guò)程耗財(cái)、耗時(shí),所以只有在真正極端特殊的情況下才有作用。
鐵路公司則認(rèn)為對(duì)"被控"客戶的收費(fèi)進(jìn)行區(qū)別對(duì)待是合理的,從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,這樣做會(huì)降低所有人的成本。他們認(rèn)為,如果鐵路公司向所有客戶收取同樣的普通價(jià)格的話,那么,可以使用公路運(yùn)輸或其他交通工具的客戶將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移,使剩下的客戶來(lái)承擔(dān)鐵路正常運(yùn)作的開(kāi)銷(xiāo)。這種理論得到了多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的認(rèn)同,但在實(shí)際操作中,它使鐵路公司獲得了一個(gè)決定誰(shuí)勝誰(shuí)衰的權(quán)利。"我們難道真的想讓鐵路公司成為在市場(chǎng)上決定誰(shuí)盛誰(shuí)衰的裁決者嗎?"馬丁·貝爾科維奇問(wèn)道,他是一位常常代表鐵路客戶的華盛頓律師。
許多"被控"客戶還擔(dān)心他們很快將遭遇一輪新的大幅漲價(jià)。從整體來(lái)說(shuō),雖然鐵路行業(yè)有耀眼的資產(chǎn),但它的收入仍然不足以支付為滿足不斷增長(zhǎng)的運(yùn)輸需要而進(jìn)行的固定資產(chǎn)投資。雖然缺錢(qián),但鐵路公司仍然繼續(xù)貸款數(shù)十億美元來(lái)進(jìn)行相互兼并,而華爾街也鼓勵(lì)它們這樣做??紤]一下今年南諾弗克和CSX公司出資102億美元購(gòu)得聯(lián)合鐵路公司吧。聯(lián)合鐵路公司1996年鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)純收入為4.27億美元,這還不足這宗交易運(yùn)作成本的一半。誰(shuí)來(lái)支付其余的費(fèi)用?許多"被控"客戶擔(dān)心他們會(huì),因?yàn)槟现Z弗克和CSX公司將增加對(duì)市場(chǎng)的控制。
51. 根據(jù)那些支持合并者的觀點(diǎn),鐵路壟斷不可能發(fā)生,因?yàn)椤?BR> [A] 成本的降低以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)為基礎(chǔ)
[B] 服務(wù)需要跨行業(yè)的協(xié)調(diào)
[C] 外部競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者將繼續(xù)存在
[D] 托運(yùn)人將控制鐵路運(yùn)輸
52. 許多受控制的托運(yùn)人對(duì)鐵路部門(mén)的合并是什么態(tài)度?
[A] 漠不關(guān)心。
[B] 支持。
[C] 憤怒。
[D] 擔(dān)心,害怕。
53. 從第三段可推知。
[A] 如果沒(méi)有其他鐵路部門(mén)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),托運(yùn)者被索取的費(fèi)用將少一些
[B] 不久,全國(guó)將只剩下一家鐵路公司
[C] 被索取過(guò)多的托運(yùn)人不可能上訴要求減少費(fèi)用
[D] 政府部門(mén)保證在鐵路經(jīng)營(yíng)中實(shí)行公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
54. 單詞"arbiters"(第四段)最可能的意思是。
[A] 做協(xié)調(diào)工作者
[B] 裁決者
[C] 交易監(jiān)督者
[D] 價(jià)格決定者
55. 根據(jù)本文,鐵路部門(mén)的成本增加主要是因?yàn)橐鸬摹?BR> [A] 持續(xù)的合并
[B] 日益繁忙的鐵路運(yùn)輸
[C] 令人鼓舞的華爾街股市
[D] 萎縮的市場(chǎng)
??佳腥藟?mèng)想成真!
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton miles moved by rails.Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost.If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail."Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on.Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction.Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because .
[A] cost reduction is based on competition
[B] services call for cross trade coordination
[C] outside competitors will continue to exist
[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat
52. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
[A] Indifferent.
[B] Supportive.
[C] Indignant.
[D] Apprehensive.
53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that .
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business
54. The word "arbiters" (line 6, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those .
[A] who work as coordinators
[B] who function as judges
[C] who supervise transactions
[D] who determine the price
55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by .
[A] the continuing acquisition
[B] the growing traffic
[C] the cheering Wall Street
[D] the shrinking market
account22 n.①賬(目,戶);②敘述,說(shuō)明;③價(jià)值,地位;v.(for)①說(shuō)明,解釋?zhuān)虎谡?;③(take into)考慮;顧及
acquire7 v.①取得,獲得,占有;②學(xué)到
acquisition3 n.獲得,獲得物
allow9 v.①允許,準(zhǔn)許;②承認(rèn);③讓...得到,使...得以發(fā)生
appeal5 v./n.①(to)呼吁,要求;②對(duì)...有吸引力;③申述,上訴
argue19 v.①爭(zhēng)論,辯論;②認(rèn)為,主張,論證;③說(shuō)服
attitude14 n.①(to,towards)態(tài)度,看法;②姿勢(shì)
average17 n.平均(數(shù));a.①平均的;②普通的,一般的;v.平均,均分
bid3 v.①出價(jià);②投標(biāo);③努力爭(zhēng)??;n.①買(mǎi)方的出價(jià);②投標(biāo);③努力爭(zhēng)取
billion11 num./n.[美]十億,[英]萬(wàn)億
board5 n.①板,紙板;②全體委員,委員會(huì),部門(mén);③伙食;船舷;v.上船(車(chē),飛機(jī))
bulk3 n.①體積,容積;②主體,大批,大量
business36 n.①商業(yè),生意;②事務(wù),業(yè)務(wù),職責(zé);③企業(yè);④貿(mào)易量;⑤行業(yè),業(yè)務(wù)
capital7 n.①首都,首府;②大寫(xiě)字母;③資本,資金;④資產(chǎn)階級(jí);a.首位的,最重要的,基本的
captive4 n.俘虜;a.①被俘虜?shù)?,被監(jiān)禁的;②受約束的,受控制的
carrier1 n.①搬運(yùn)人;②載體
cause28 n.①原因,理由;②事業(yè),事件,奮斗目標(biāo);v.使產(chǎn)生,引起
charge5 v.①索(價(jià)),要(人)支付,收費(fèi);②控告,指控;③充電;④承擔(dān);n.①[pl.]費(fèi)用,代價(jià);②電荷,負(fù)荷
chemical3 a.化學(xué)的;n.[pl.]化學(xué)制品,化學(xué)藥品
combine5 v.①(with)(使)結(jié)合,聯(lián)合;②(使)化合
commodity6 n.商品,物品
compete5 v.①比賽;②競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
competition16 n.①比賽;②競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
complain3 v.①(about,of)抱怨;②申訴
concern20 v.①涉及,關(guān)系到;②(常與with,about,in連用)關(guān)心,掛念;③擔(dān)心,擔(dān)憂;n.①(利害)關(guān)系;②關(guān)心,掛念;③擔(dān)心,擔(dān)憂
consume5 v.消費(fèi),消費(fèi),耗盡
coordinate1 a.①同等的,并列的;②坐標(biāo)的;n.坐標(biāo);vt.協(xié)調(diào),調(diào)節(jié)
despite5 prep.不管,不顧
ensure5 v.確保,保證
extreme4 a.①末端的,盡頭的;②極度的,極端的;n.①極端;②程度;③極度(狀態(tài))
fair9 a.①公平的,合理的;②相當(dāng)?shù)模泻玫?;③晴朗的;④金發(fā)的;n.集市,交易會(huì),博覽會(huì)
federal14 a.聯(lián)邦的
fierce3 a.①兇猛的,殘忍的;②激烈的,強(qiáng)烈的
flourish2 v.繁榮,茂盛,興旺
freight1 n.貨物,客貨,運(yùn)費(fèi)
function10 n.①功能,作用;②[pl.]職務(wù),職責(zé);③函數(shù);v.起作用
grain2 n.①谷物,谷類(lèi);②顆粒,細(xì)粒
grip3 v./n.緊握,抓緊
heighten1 v.提高,升高
indifferent2 a.冷漠的,不關(guān)心的,不積極的
indignant1 a.憤慨的,憤慨不平的
infer21 v.推論,推斷
invest4 v.投資
justify8 v.證明...是正當(dāng)?shù)?,?..辯護(hù)
major11 a.(較)大的,(較)重要的;n.①專(zhuān)業(yè),主修科目;②專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生;③少校;v.(in)主修,專(zhuān)攻
merge1 v.合并,兼并
monopoly2 n.壟斷,專(zhuān)賣(mài)
option3 n.選項(xiàng),選擇權(quán),買(mǎi)賣(mài)的特權(quán)
process34 n.①過(guò)程,進(jìn)程;②工序,制作法;③工藝;v.加工,處理
rail3 n.①欄桿,圍欄;②[pl.]鐵路;③鐵軌,軌道;④橫桿,欄桿
railway3 n.鐵路;v.由鐵道運(yùn)輸
rate31 n.①比率,率;②等級(jí);③價(jià)格,費(fèi)用;v.①估價(jià);②評(píng)級(jí),評(píng)價(jià)
reduction5 n.減少,減價(jià)
relief3 n.①(痛苦等)減輕,解除;②援救,救濟(jì)
represent4 v.①描述,表示;②代表,代理;③闡明,說(shuō)明
rival4 n.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者,對(duì)手;v.競(jìng)爭(zhēng),對(duì)抗;a.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的
series5 n.①一系列,連續(xù);②叢書(shū)
shoulder2 n.肩,肩部;v.肩負(fù),承擔(dān)
shrink3 v.①起皺,收縮;②退縮,畏縮
subscribe1 v.①訂購(gòu),訂閱;②同意,贊成
substantial3 a.①實(shí)質(zhì)的,真實(shí)的;②堅(jiān)固的,結(jié)實(shí)的;③富裕的;④大的,相當(dāng)可觀的
supervise2 v.管理,監(jiān)督
surge1 n.①急劇上升;②洶涌;vi.①奔騰;②急劇上升
switch4 n.①開(kāi)關(guān);②轉(zhuǎn)換;v.轉(zhuǎn)變,轉(zhuǎn)移
system31 n.①系統(tǒng),體系;②制度,體制
theory20 n.①理論,原理;②學(xué)說(shuō),見(jiàn)解,看法;③看法,觀點(diǎn)
threat9 n.①恐嚇,威脅;②壞兆頭,危險(xiǎn)跡象
throat1 n.咽喉,嗓子
traffic2 n.交通,交通量
transaction3 n.①辦理,處理;②交易,事務(wù);③[pl.]會(huì)報(bào),學(xué)報(bào)
unlikely5 a.未必的,靠不住的
according47 ad.依照,根據(jù)
apprehensive1 a.①有理解力的;②憂慮的,擔(dān)心的
arbiter1 n.仲裁者,主宰者
competitor2 n.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者
consolidation1 n.鞏固,合并
coordination2 n.協(xié)調(diào),配合
coordinator1 n.協(xié)調(diào)人,同等的人或物
discrimination4 n.①識(shí)別力,辨別力;②(against)歧視
economist6 n.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)者,經(jīng)濟(jì)家
marketplace2 n.集會(huì)場(chǎng)所,市場(chǎng)
merger6 n.合并,歸并
nationwide1 a.全國(guó)性的
overcharge1 v.索價(jià)過(guò)高;n.超載
shipper9 n.托運(yùn)人,發(fā)貨人,貨主
transportation3 n.運(yùn)輸,運(yùn)送
trucking1 n.①貨車(chē)運(yùn)輸;②貨車(chē)運(yùn)輸業(yè)
typically3 ad.代表性地,作為特色地
難句1
But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:... many shippers complain + that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;
2. 此賓語(yǔ)從句包含用and連接的兩個(gè)部分,第一部分主干為:trucking is too costly,第二部分主干為:the railroads therefore have them by the throat;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是賓語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]找出主句主干,然后再分析賓語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容就可以比較好的理解本句;
[例句精譯]但許多客戶卻抱怨說(shuō),對(duì)于依賴長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谏唐穪?lái)說(shuō),如煤炭、化學(xué)制品和糧食,由于公路運(yùn)輸花費(fèi)太大,這樣鐵路公司就會(huì)主宰他們。
難句2
Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句由三個(gè)分句構(gòu)成,連接詞分別為but和and;
2. 第一個(gè)分句主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:Shippers have the right to ... ,Shippers后面的who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾who;
3. 第三個(gè)分句主語(yǔ)和第二個(gè)分句主語(yǔ)相同,都為the process;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,不好把握;
[方法對(duì)策]看清楚兩個(gè)連接詞but和and連接的三個(gè)部分,再分析各個(gè)句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu),其中第一個(gè)分句包含一個(gè)who定語(yǔ)從句;
[例句精譯]如果客戶感到他們被多收費(fèi),他們有權(quán)上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的"水陸路運(yùn)輸委員會(huì)"以爭(zhēng)取價(jià)格下調(diào),但這個(gè)過(guò)程耗財(cái)、耗時(shí),所以只有在真正極端特殊的情況下才有作用。
難句3
If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句句子主要結(jié)構(gòu)是:they argue ...,其余部分是argue的賓語(yǔ)部分;
2. 賓語(yǔ)部分的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:shippers ... would do so ...,句首是if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,shippers后面是who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾shippers,現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)leaving... 作狀語(yǔ),表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是賓語(yǔ)部分結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜;
[方法對(duì)策]找出賓語(yǔ)部分的主干結(jié)構(gòu),然后再分析從句關(guān)系和其他修飾成分;
[例句精譯]他們認(rèn)為,如果鐵路公司向所有客戶收取同樣的普通價(jià)格的話,那么,可以使用公路運(yùn)輸或其他交通工具的客戶將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移,使剩下的客戶來(lái)承擔(dān)鐵路正常運(yùn)作的開(kāi)銷(xiāo)。 難句4 It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析]
1. 本句是由轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but連接的兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的分句;
2. but前為第一個(gè)分句,主干為:Its theory,后面是一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾theory;
3. but后為第二個(gè)分句,主干為:it leaves railroads in the position of ... ,其中包含用and連接的兩個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句;
[本句難點(diǎn)]主要是理解兩個(gè)分局之間的關(guān)系;
[方法對(duì)策]根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but得出此句為兩個(gè)并列句,然后再分析從句和修飾部分;
[例句精譯]這種理論得到了多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的認(rèn)同,但在實(shí)際操作中,它使鐵路公司獲得了一個(gè)決定誰(shuí)勝誰(shuí)衰的權(quán)利。 51.[答案] C
[解析]眾所周知,西方國(guó)家的鐵路、民航等不一定是一個(gè)國(guó)營(yíng)的整體,而可能是由若干個(gè)私人公司構(gòu)成。本文談到了這些公司一旦合并起來(lái)會(huì)造成什么樣的影響。首段講到了鐵路公司的大合并。如果單詞merging、mergers等不認(rèn)識(shí)也沒(méi)關(guān)系,從文章開(kāi)頭我們可知有幾家鐵路公司正在combining with each other,顯然是正在"合并"。如果連combine也不認(rèn)識(shí),起碼知道英語(yǔ)中前綴"co"表示"在一起,合起來(lái)"也行。同樣,下文"monopoly"不認(rèn)識(shí),起碼知道m(xù)ono表示"單一"。所以,會(huì)點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞對(duì)考試也很重要,可以猜字。第一段談到了鐵路大合并,第二段自然談到有贊成的,有反對(duì)的(以But為分界線)。贊成者認(rèn)為合并可以降低成本,改善服務(wù)。至于壟斷性"路霸作風(fēng)"根本不可能形成。因?yàn)槿绻F路壟斷,你可以選擇卡車(chē)來(lái)運(yùn)貨嘛!可見(jiàn)C為贊成者的觀點(diǎn),
52.[答案] D
[解析]至于反對(duì)者,則認(rèn)為:長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谪浳锶缑?、糧食等,卡車(chē)根本不行,還得靠鐵路。這樣,就被鐵路"卡住了脖子",是選C:"氣憤"呢?還是選D:"擔(dān)心、害怕"呢?雖然有C的成分,但文章中缺乏明確依據(jù),而"卡住脖子"顯然指D。
就算52題有生詞也不要害怕。由于53題問(wèn)的是"從第三段中......",我們可知52題應(yīng)該是在第二段里,而且應(yīng)該是在But一詞后邊找依據(jù)。 53.[答案] C
[解析]文中第三段最后一句指出"發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被索價(jià)過(guò)高的客戶有權(quán)上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的‘水陸運(yùn)輸委員會(huì),但是上訴費(fèi)用昂貴,并且耗時(shí),只有在極端的情況下才采用。"由此可以推斷出托運(yùn)人上訴的可能性不大。
B、D根本沒(méi)提到,至于A:如果全國(guó)鐵路統(tǒng)一起來(lái)成了一家,沒(méi)有了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手,托運(yùn)的貨主們會(huì)被收費(fèi)更少,那可能嗎??。ㄖ皇O乱患诣F路公司,狠命敲你一筆,反正你也別的辦法都沒(méi)有。)
54.[答案] B
[解析]詞匯性問(wèn)題一定看上、下文。從上、下文中可以看出arbiters為"裁決者,決定的人"。D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在多了一個(gè)price,原文為裁定"who wins and who loses",而不是"price"。
55.[答案] A
[解析]從末段可以看出,鐵路貨運(yùn)成本的增加,主要還是由于鐵路公司無(wú)節(jié)制的不計(jì)成本的大合并引起的。只不過(guò)將文章末段的"acquire"one another 換成了名詞:acquisition。
近年來(lái),鐵路公司相互合并,組成了超大型集團(tuán),引起人們對(duì)壟斷行為的極大關(guān)注。近至1995年,四家大型鐵路公司還只占有整個(gè)鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)的不到70%。而到明年,當(dāng)一系列兼并活動(dòng)完成之后,四家鐵路公司將控制鐵路貨運(yùn)總量的90%以上。
支持組建超大型鐵路集團(tuán)的人認(rèn)為,兼并將帶來(lái)成本的大幅降低,也有利于鐵路服務(wù)的調(diào)度協(xié)調(diào)。他們認(rèn)為,在公路運(yùn)輸?shù)募ち腋?jìng)爭(zhēng)面前,壟斷的威脅不可能存在。但許多客戶卻抱怨說(shuō),對(duì)于依賴長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谏唐穪?lái)說(shuō),如煤炭、化學(xué)制品和糧食,由于公路運(yùn)輸花費(fèi)太大,這樣鐵路公司就會(huì)主宰他們。
鐵路運(yùn)輸業(yè)內(nèi)的大規(guī)模合并意味著多數(shù)客戶將會(huì)依賴一家公司的服務(wù)。通常,鐵路公司對(duì)這些"被控"客戶的收費(fèi)要比有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手時(shí)多20%~30%。如果客戶感到他們被多收費(fèi),他們有權(quán)上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的"水陸路運(yùn)輸委員會(huì)"以爭(zhēng)取價(jià)格下調(diào),但這個(gè)過(guò)程耗財(cái)、耗時(shí),所以只有在真正極端特殊的情況下才有作用。
鐵路公司則認(rèn)為對(duì)"被控"客戶的收費(fèi)進(jìn)行區(qū)別對(duì)待是合理的,從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,這樣做會(huì)降低所有人的成本。他們認(rèn)為,如果鐵路公司向所有客戶收取同樣的普通價(jià)格的話,那么,可以使用公路運(yùn)輸或其他交通工具的客戶將會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移,使剩下的客戶來(lái)承擔(dān)鐵路正常運(yùn)作的開(kāi)銷(xiāo)。這種理論得到了多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的認(rèn)同,但在實(shí)際操作中,它使鐵路公司獲得了一個(gè)決定誰(shuí)勝誰(shuí)衰的權(quán)利。"我們難道真的想讓鐵路公司成為在市場(chǎng)上決定誰(shuí)盛誰(shuí)衰的裁決者嗎?"馬丁·貝爾科維奇問(wèn)道,他是一位常常代表鐵路客戶的華盛頓律師。
許多"被控"客戶還擔(dān)心他們很快將遭遇一輪新的大幅漲價(jià)。從整體來(lái)說(shuō),雖然鐵路行業(yè)有耀眼的資產(chǎn),但它的收入仍然不足以支付為滿足不斷增長(zhǎng)的運(yùn)輸需要而進(jìn)行的固定資產(chǎn)投資。雖然缺錢(qián),但鐵路公司仍然繼續(xù)貸款數(shù)十億美元來(lái)進(jìn)行相互兼并,而華爾街也鼓勵(lì)它們這樣做??紤]一下今年南諾弗克和CSX公司出資102億美元購(gòu)得聯(lián)合鐵路公司吧。聯(lián)合鐵路公司1996年鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)純收入為4.27億美元,這還不足這宗交易運(yùn)作成本的一半。誰(shuí)來(lái)支付其余的費(fèi)用?許多"被控"客戶擔(dān)心他們會(huì),因?yàn)槟现Z弗克和CSX公司將增加對(duì)市場(chǎng)的控制。
51. 根據(jù)那些支持合并者的觀點(diǎn),鐵路壟斷不可能發(fā)生,因?yàn)椤?BR> [A] 成本的降低以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)為基礎(chǔ)
[B] 服務(wù)需要跨行業(yè)的協(xié)調(diào)
[C] 外部競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者將繼續(xù)存在
[D] 托運(yùn)人將控制鐵路運(yùn)輸
52. 許多受控制的托運(yùn)人對(duì)鐵路部門(mén)的合并是什么態(tài)度?
[A] 漠不關(guān)心。
[B] 支持。
[C] 憤怒。
[D] 擔(dān)心,害怕。
53. 從第三段可推知。
[A] 如果沒(méi)有其他鐵路部門(mén)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),托運(yùn)者被索取的費(fèi)用將少一些
[B] 不久,全國(guó)將只剩下一家鐵路公司
[C] 被索取過(guò)多的托運(yùn)人不可能上訴要求減少費(fèi)用
[D] 政府部門(mén)保證在鐵路經(jīng)營(yíng)中實(shí)行公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
54. 單詞"arbiters"(第四段)最可能的意思是。
[A] 做協(xié)調(diào)工作者
[B] 裁決者
[C] 交易監(jiān)督者
[D] 價(jià)格決定者
55. 根據(jù)本文,鐵路部門(mén)的成本增加主要是因?yàn)橐鸬摹?BR> [A] 持續(xù)的合并
[B] 日益繁忙的鐵路運(yùn)輸
[C] 令人鼓舞的華爾街股市
[D] 萎縮的市場(chǎng)
??佳腥藟?mèng)想成真!