51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. （5 -） 對于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來說，的證據(jù)乃這樣一個確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that，難就難在fact之后說明fact 的同位語從句。此從句中既有大段插入語，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語從句的主語是volcanic rocks，主語后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的；islands后面又有一個說明islands的同位語islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，此同位語實(shí)際起到一個分隔主謂的同位語的作用。其后是謂語動詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system， whose source， most geologists contend， is the upper mantle.句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開文章不說，單看這一個句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle，這應(yīng)該可以推測出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個理論一定是在說地幔有不同的層面。
意群訓(xùn)練：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids‘ pathways. （4+）但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：本句的主句中有一個長插入語however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths，割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids；后面又有一個同位語和一個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個狀語來修飾那個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復(fù)雜。
意群訓(xùn)練：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids‘ pathways.
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908， abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve‘s blindness to the real nature of great writing ， found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ，and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -） F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判S-B的偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見的長篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個人記憶及小說情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開的小說。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞解釋：本句來自歷來被GRE考生尊稱為所有GRE文科文章中難度第一的普魯斯特的追憶似水年華，這篇文章的難度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的題目。普魯斯特是公認(rèn)的意識流小說的先驅(qū)，據(jù)筆者推測，本文的原作者必定是研究普魯斯特的大家，因此其文章必然帶有思維的跳躍，、不連貫性、時(shí)空顛倒等意識流手法：經(jīng)過ETS的改編后，雖然可讀性略有嗇，然積重難返、無法救藥，于是墮落成一篇流水帳文章。從本句的結(jié)構(gòu)來看，也可以表現(xiàn)作者的這種敘事風(fēng)格：本句從that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句開始，實(shí)際上是以普魯斯特的意識流向?yàn)榫€索，以列舉的方式描述其動機(jī)的變化，從一開始的寫別的小說，其英文為Prout had tried to…， abandoned…，found…，and allowed……。但是因?yàn)閍bandoned之后的狀語for…的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、用詞抽象，所以這個結(jié)構(gòu)不太容易被看出來。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨認(rèn)能力difficult to discern， make out，or discover，視而不見。Give rise to 這個詞組的意思是引起，使發(fā)生。
意群訓(xùn)練：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908， abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve‘s blindness to the real nature of great writing ， found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ，and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. （5）各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列；正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯落有致地安排好。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞解釋：請?jiān)徆P者在此所做中文翻譯的艱澀難懂，為了讓讀者能夠更好地理解句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，本書盡量把中文翻譯與英文原文的語序相對應(yīng)，而且盡可能的不用意譯。為了達(dá)到這個目的，可以說絞盡腦汁，但本句之難懂也全非筆者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象詞。本句仍然來自于上面說過的這篇關(guān)于普魯斯特的文章。句中的主語是The very richness and complexity，其后的修飾成分長達(dá)三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings，其中還夾雜著插入語，有效地分開了主語和謂語。其實(shí)本句雖然結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復(fù)雜，但是不見得比前面的句子復(fù)雜得多，其真正的難點(diǎn)，還在于句子中大量的抽象詞的使用。由于筆者在附錄中所提到的原因，抽象詞可以嚴(yán)重地占據(jù)大腦資源，因此帶有大量的抽象詞的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子就更為難懂，比如本句就是一個很好的例子，復(fù)雜修飾與抽象詞狼狽為*，句意另人難以理解。
意群訓(xùn)練：The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. 55. But those of who hoped， with Kolb， that Kolb‘s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. （4） 但是我們當(dāng)中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細(xì)的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：本句中從句套從句，致使主語those of us與謂語的距離很遠(yuǎn)，而且中間的成分又極多，使得句子很難讀懂。修飾主語those of us的定語從句who hoped之中又套了一個賓語從句，賓語從句的主語complete edition又被一前一后的兩個定語所修飾，之后才依次是賓語從句的謂語、賓語：主句的系動詞、表語。
意群訓(xùn)練：But those of us who hoped， with Kolb， that Kolb‘s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed
56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it ， passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to ， finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. （5 -） 現(xiàn)在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國人的經(jīng)歷來審視這個文化，我們的經(jīng)歷是從一個主權(quán)的民族變成了新來的定居者的同胞，在最終淪落成為一個被征服的民族——在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數(shù)民族。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、固定搭配解釋：主句中的as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是examine的狀語，說明審視的角度；后面直至句尾的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)又是experience的狀語，詳述了經(jīng)歷的具體過程。就是這個分詞有些難懂，因?yàn)槲覀兪熘慕Y(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…沒有見過，也沒有想到過后面居然還有一個to，因此看到這個套了一個插入語的newly arriving settlers to ， finally， a conquered people的時(shí)候頭腦發(fā)生混亂，不明所以、不知所措。這里的to還是與前面的from搭配的，也就是說，原文的結(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…to…
意群訓(xùn)練：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it ， passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to ， finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land.
57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA‘s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA‘s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna‘S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA‘s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. （4） 科學(xué)家可以制造出特異的（specific）互補(bǔ)DNA‘s（cDNA’s），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA‘s（mRNA’s）。如果大腦正在制造著肽激素，則細(xì)胞就會含有這些信使RNA‘s.假若細(xì)胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全然相同，那么，互補(bǔ)cDNA’s應(yīng)仍然和這些信使mDNA‘s粘結(jié)的程度。含有這些mRNA’s的腦細(xì)胞然后就可以被分離開來，研究者可對其信使RNA‘s進(jìn)行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。
難句類型：易混詞解釋：與其他的難句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。筆者之所以在本句中不設(shè)標(biāo)志和翻譯，是因?yàn)檫@三句話從結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上來說并不難。然而很少有人能夠真正的一次把這段話讀清楚，原因在于兩個容易混淆的單詞cDNA‘s和mRNA’s在文中交替出現(xiàn)，而且相互作用；再加上brain cell和hormones從中搗亂，更難讀清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA‘s來探測mRNA’s.如果腦細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生了荷爾蒙，則其中必有mRNA‘s意味著可用cDNA探測荷爾蒙。如果腦細(xì)胞制造的不是真荷爾蒙，則可以用cDNA’s與其中的mRNA‘s附著的情況來確定此荷爾蒙的真假。
意群訓(xùn)練：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA‘s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA‘s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna‘S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA‘s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. 58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. （4） 采用cDNA探子來測定肽激素的這一分子生物學(xué)方法同時(shí)也應(yīng)該比免疫學(xué)的方法速度來得快，因?yàn)閷τ诿庖叩姆椒▉碚f，需耗費(fèi)好幾年枯燥的提純進(jìn)程，方能將肽素分離了出來，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對它們的抗血清。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、易混指代解釋：主語后的修飾成分同樣隔開了主語和謂語，但本句的難度主要在because從句中。按照一般的習(xí)慣，作為從句主語的it應(yīng)該指主句的主語，但本句的主句是一個比較結(jié)構(gòu)，A should be faster than B because it…，此處it也可以指B.但是因?yàn)檫@種指代不符合和我們以前所形成的習(xí)慣，所以閱讀現(xiàn)場不得不邊讀邊根據(jù)句意來判斷，這就增加了閱讀理解的難度。現(xiàn)場閱讀時(shí)，類似antiserums的這種專有名詞不必理會，僅需從詞頭anti推出這是一個反p荷爾蒙的東西即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
59. Nevertheless， researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.（3+）然而，研究P時(shí)代的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來顯示如果由他們來決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會如何安排冰川紀(jì)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝、修辭解釋：句末的由how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中包括了雙重的倒裝，正常的語序本來是：If they had been in charge of events， they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes.本句中由于arrange的方式被提前，就造成了arrange的動作執(zhí)行者也要提前，前面的if they had been 則必須后置；這樣一來又造成了if被省略，成為had they been的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 另外，作者為了表達(dá)其對于這些研究者的模型的負(fù)態(tài)度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虛擬語氣，并使用了fanciful這個詞以表示這些研究的不負(fù)責(zé)任、異想天開的幼童心理。
意群訓(xùn)練：Nevertheless， researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. （4）這一序列演替（succession）所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacial bed）中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化（interstatified）。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、易淆指代解釋：句子中的rather than 之后省略了與前面重復(fù)的being based，直接加上了介詞on.Modern method后面的部分都是修飾method的。其中的remains既可以作動詞也可以作名詞，此處是名詞的用法，biological remains指的是類似于動物化石之類的遺跡。讀到這里我們看到了句子的難點(diǎn)，themselves既可以指前面離得很遠(yuǎn)的modern method（當(dāng)然，在語法上來講單復(fù)數(shù)不一致），也可以指前面離得較遠(yuǎn)的biological remains，亦可以指緊挨著的interglacial beds，到底是指代哪一個，只有通過理解句意，才能確定在此處指biological remains.意群訓(xùn)練：This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits
61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.（5） 人們試圖對這些禁忌作出解釋，所依據(jù)的要么是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要么是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會關(guān)系。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略解釋：前面的主架構(gòu)There have been attempts to explain these taboos很簡單，從in terms of inappropriate social relationships開始句子變難，ralationship后面跟著一個一直延續(xù)到句末的長長的修飾成分，其中有兩個固定搭配，either…or…和between…and…，不但如此，原文把這兩個搭配又套在一起，變成了either between…and…，or between…and…；再加上每一個between…and之后都是those who這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，就愈發(fā)令人眼花繚亂了。
意群訓(xùn)練：There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.
62. Many critics of Family Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. （5） 研究艾米麗。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小說《呼嘯山莊》（Wuthering Heights）的許多文學(xué)評論家，將小說的第二部分視作一種對比物，即使沒有將第一部分予以逆轉(zhuǎn)的話，也是在對第一部分作出一種詮釋評判，而在小說第一部分中，一種“浪漫的”的讀解能獲得更為充分的確證。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：上面的翻譯中為了符合中文習(xí)慣不得不把修飾the first part的where引導(dǎo)的定語從句翻譯到中括號以外。本句主要難在兩個地方，一個是插入語if it does not reverse如何理解，另一個是counterpoint的意思是什么。產(chǎn)生，插入語的位置比較討厭，把comments on the first part這樣一個連貫的說法割成兩段，增加了閱讀的難度。而且它的意思容易理解錯；if既可以理解成如果的意思，也可以理解成即使的意思。如果理解成即使的意思，則上下文的意思則要理解成即使不反對第一部分，也要給予第一部分一個負(fù)面的評論。然而此處不能這樣理解，因?yàn)閠hat之前的counterpoint的意思不是相反、對立，而是指和諧的組成部分的意思。這個詞來源于一個音樂術(shù)語，指音樂中的對位法、旋律配合，引伸為形容兩個不同的東西彼此和諧一致，同義詞是harmony.因此文中的if it does not reverse的意思是假如不反對第一部分，則是與第一部分和諧一致的評論的意思。這種情況下，插入語純屬廢話。
意群訓(xùn)練：Many critics of Family Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. 63. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. （4+）誠然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對小說架構(gòu)的意識可與亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那種意識相比擬；然則，任何力圖將小說所有形形色色的因素統(tǒng)一起來的做法，在某種程度上注定是無法令人信服的。 Granted that：大家都統(tǒng)一、當(dāng)然，表讓步，=admitted ， of course.難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞解釋：本句的結(jié)構(gòu)固然復(fù)雜，但造成的閱讀難度的，主要還是對一些抽象詞的理解。正面是對一些關(guān)鍵詞匯的解釋： ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎SoDMLxw4Vi Granted that出現(xiàn)在句首，其意思是大家都同意、當(dāng)然，實(shí)際上是一種讓步語氣，等于admitted，of course. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎t1DGV8GDSK Need not argue中的argue在此不是表示常用的那個辯論、爭論的意思，而是表示意味著或證實(shí)的意思，其同義詞是maintain或prove.Camparable的詞義有兩個，除了讀者熟悉的that can be compared之外，還有一個意思是worthy of comparison，其同義詞是as good as.本文中用的是后面的那個意思，對于這個詞義的理解，后面的第18題考到了。
意群訓(xùn)練：Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts.
64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. （5） 這倒不是因?yàn)檫@樣的一種解釋必定會僵化成為一個命題（盡管對這部或任何一部小說的解釋中，僵化死板總是一種危險(xiǎn)），而是因?yàn)椤逗魢[山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素，以其無可辯駁的力度，最終拒絕被囿于一個囊括無遺的解釋中。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞解釋：本句的兩個插入語雖然有一些干擾性，但是最為主要的難點(diǎn)在于成批出現(xiàn)的抽象詞，如interpretation/necessarily/stiffen/thesis/rigidity/recalcitrant/element/undeniable/power/ultimately/resist/inclusion/all-encompassing等。據(jù)筆者估測，對于初學(xué)GRE或GMAT的學(xué)習(xí)者而言，在一句話中出現(xiàn)了三個心上的抽象詞就會使閱讀理解造成障礙，而這句話中出現(xiàn)了十三個這樣的單詞，讀不懂也不足為怪。
訓(xùn)練：This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation.
65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. （4）鉛的同位素構(gòu)成經(jīng)常在一種普通銅礦石來源與另一種銅礦石來源之間存在差異，其差異程度超出測量誤差；而最初的研究表明，對于來自單獨(dú)一個銅礦石來源的鉛來說，其同位素構(gòu)成幾乎是毫無二致的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、專業(yè)抽象詞解釋：本句是一個怪異的現(xiàn)象的典型例子：句子的結(jié)構(gòu)談不上復(fù)雜，所用單詞也不難，但是除非讀者有理工科的科研（是材料科學(xué)的科研）背景，否則句子雖然能夠得讀下來，但是卻搞不清句子說的是什么意思。首先，句子中出現(xiàn)的一些詞匯雖然也都比較常見，但是在理科文章中出現(xiàn)，就有了專有名詞的意味，同時(shí)還帶有很抽象的學(xué)術(shù)含義，筆者稱之為專業(yè)抽象詞，如isotopic composition；source；variation；measurement error；preliminary study等。認(rèn)識這些單詞，并不意味著懂得它們在文章的意義和作用。比如說measurement error，大家都可以望文生義地理解成測量錯誤、測量誤差，但是在對文章的閱讀中這種字面上的理解是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。其實(shí)此處強(qiáng)調(diào)的并不是測量中出現(xiàn)的錯誤和毛病，而是指那些每次測量都會發(fā)生的、永遠(yuǎn)也無法避免的、在測量值和實(shí)際值之間的正常的差異。因此，本句話的真實(shí)含義也難以理解。句子只是羅列了一堆事實(shí)，而作者真正想說的意思是什么呢？其實(shí)variations exceeding the measurement error的言外之意是這些不同variations是真正有意義的不同，而不是試驗(yàn)的誤差；那么不同礦源的銅礦的鉛同位素成分真的不同，相同的礦源的鉛同位素幾乎相同，就意味著我們可以通過測量鉛同位素的成分來確定銅礦的礦源（挖掘地）。
意群訓(xùn)練：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source 66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. （3+） 更有可能的是鳥類運(yùn)輸：或者是通過外部途徑，即由于種籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通過內(nèi)部方式，即由于鳥類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、倒裝解釋：句首有一個倒裝，正常語序是bird transport is more probable.后面的句子中由于插入部分的頻繁出現(xiàn)使句子顯得十分凌亂。
意群訓(xùn)練：More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.
67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England‘s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy ， dominated by expansionist militarist objectives ， generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . （4+）
一個對于后來成了美國的英國殖民地的歷史的長久以來的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為英國在1763年以前對于這些殖民地的政策被經(jīng)濟(jì)利益所支配，而且認(rèn)為一種向著更大程度帝國制度的政策上的轉(zhuǎn)變——為擴(kuò)張主義的軍事目標(biāo)所左右——產(chǎn)生了最終導(dǎo)致美國革命的緊張氣氛。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎W1ienIwYrI解釋：主架構(gòu)簡單，可是主語和表語從句都不讓人省心。句子的主干其實(shí)就是：A long-held view has been that……。但是主語A long-held view之后卻是修飾它的一個三層的定語：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States.系動詞has been之后所接的表語從句其實(shí)不止一個，其實(shí)原句是用了and來連接兩個并列的表語從句，has been that…and has been that…。后面的has been照例被省略。
意群訓(xùn)練：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England‘s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy ， dominated by expansionist militarist objectives ， generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .
68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4） 現(xiàn)在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它最常見于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內(nèi)含物中，而這類物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說服力的證據(jù)，證明金剛石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：本句的句子既長，專有名詞又多，從句層出不窮，故而難懂。在本句中出現(xiàn)的專有名詞中，除了silicates硅酸鹽這個單詞常常出現(xiàn)于理科文章中，需要記憶之外，其他單詞閱讀現(xiàn)場簡單處理一番既可：inclusions可以猜出是被包含的物質(zhì)；garnet作首字母提煉叫g(shù)：crystallography只要能從詞頭推出這個單詞與晶體有關(guān)即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.
69. Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. （4+）即使是對這一主流研究模型的“激進(jìn)”批評，諸如《分裂的社會》（Divided Society）一書中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問題過分機(jī)構(gòu)地與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會移動性的因素聯(lián)系起來，因此無從闡明波多黎各人作為一個殖民地少數(shù)民族的文化從屬關(guān)系。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、省略、抽象詞解釋：本句實(shí)際上是由and連接的兩個句子，閱讀的一個難度在于，and之后省略了they（此處指前面的主語the radical critiques，）而are thus able to 又與前面離得太遠(yuǎn)，使讀者難以找到主語。另外，句中的固定搭配attach A to B和illuminate C as D當(dāng)中的A、B、C，全部既長又抽象，理解起來較為困難。
意群訓(xùn)練：Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that，難就難在fact之后說明fact 的同位語從句。此從句中既有大段插入語，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語從句的主語是volcanic rocks，主語后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的；islands后面又有一個說明islands的同位語islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，此同位語實(shí)際起到一個分隔主謂的同位語的作用。其后是謂語動詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system， whose source， most geologists contend， is the upper mantle.句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開文章不說，單看這一個句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle，這應(yīng)該可以推測出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個理論一定是在說地幔有不同的層面。
意群訓(xùn)練：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids‘ pathways. （4+）但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：本句的主句中有一個長插入語however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths，割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids；后面又有一個同位語和一個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個狀語來修飾那個分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復(fù)雜。
意群訓(xùn)練：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids‘ pathways.
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908， abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve‘s blindness to the real nature of great writing ， found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ，and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -） F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判S-B的偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見的長篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個人記憶及小說情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開的小說。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞解釋：本句來自歷來被GRE考生尊稱為所有GRE文科文章中難度第一的普魯斯特的追憶似水年華，這篇文章的難度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的題目。普魯斯特是公認(rèn)的意識流小說的先驅(qū)，據(jù)筆者推測，本文的原作者必定是研究普魯斯特的大家，因此其文章必然帶有思維的跳躍，、不連貫性、時(shí)空顛倒等意識流手法：經(jīng)過ETS的改編后，雖然可讀性略有嗇，然積重難返、無法救藥，于是墮落成一篇流水帳文章。從本句的結(jié)構(gòu)來看，也可以表現(xiàn)作者的這種敘事風(fēng)格：本句從that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句開始，實(shí)際上是以普魯斯特的意識流向?yàn)榫€索，以列舉的方式描述其動機(jī)的變化，從一開始的寫別的小說，其英文為Prout had tried to…， abandoned…，found…，and allowed……。但是因?yàn)閍bandoned之后的狀語for…的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、用詞抽象，所以這個結(jié)構(gòu)不太容易被看出來。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨認(rèn)能力difficult to discern， make out，or discover，視而不見。Give rise to 這個詞組的意思是引起，使發(fā)生。
意群訓(xùn)練：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908， abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve‘s blindness to the real nature of great writing ， found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ，and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. （5）各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列；正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯落有致地安排好。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞解釋：請?jiān)徆P者在此所做中文翻譯的艱澀難懂，為了讓讀者能夠更好地理解句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，本書盡量把中文翻譯與英文原文的語序相對應(yīng)，而且盡可能的不用意譯。為了達(dá)到這個目的，可以說絞盡腦汁，但本句之難懂也全非筆者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象詞。本句仍然來自于上面說過的這篇關(guān)于普魯斯特的文章。句中的主語是The very richness and complexity，其后的修飾成分長達(dá)三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings，其中還夾雜著插入語，有效地分開了主語和謂語。其實(shí)本句雖然結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復(fù)雜，但是不見得比前面的句子復(fù)雜得多，其真正的難點(diǎn)，還在于句子中大量的抽象詞的使用。由于筆者在附錄中所提到的原因，抽象詞可以嚴(yán)重地占據(jù)大腦資源，因此帶有大量的抽象詞的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子就更為難懂，比如本句就是一個很好的例子，復(fù)雜修飾與抽象詞狼狽為*，句意另人難以理解。
意群訓(xùn)練：The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. 55. But those of who hoped， with Kolb， that Kolb‘s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. （4） 但是我們當(dāng)中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細(xì)的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：本句中從句套從句，致使主語those of us與謂語的距離很遠(yuǎn)，而且中間的成分又極多，使得句子很難讀懂。修飾主語those of us的定語從句who hoped之中又套了一個賓語從句，賓語從句的主語complete edition又被一前一后的兩個定語所修飾，之后才依次是賓語從句的謂語、賓語：主句的系動詞、表語。
意群訓(xùn)練：But those of us who hoped， with Kolb， that Kolb‘s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed
56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it ， passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to ， finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. （5 -） 現(xiàn)在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國人的經(jīng)歷來審視這個文化，我們的經(jīng)歷是從一個主權(quán)的民族變成了新來的定居者的同胞，在最終淪落成為一個被征服的民族——在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數(shù)民族。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、固定搭配解釋：主句中的as we Mexican Americans have experienced it 是examine的狀語，說明審視的角度；后面直至句尾的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)又是experience的狀語，詳述了經(jīng)歷的具體過程。就是這個分詞有些難懂，因?yàn)槲覀兪熘慕Y(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…沒有見過，也沒有想到過后面居然還有一個to，因此看到這個套了一個插入語的newly arriving settlers to ， finally， a conquered people的時(shí)候頭腦發(fā)生混亂，不明所以、不知所措。這里的to還是與前面的from搭配的，也就是說，原文的結(jié)構(gòu)是from…to…to…
意群訓(xùn)練：Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it ， passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to ， finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land.
57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA‘s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA‘s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna‘S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA‘s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. （4） 科學(xué)家可以制造出特異的（specific）互補(bǔ)DNA‘s（cDNA’s），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA‘s（mRNA’s）。如果大腦正在制造著肽激素，則細(xì)胞就會含有這些信使RNA‘s.假若細(xì)胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全然相同，那么，互補(bǔ)cDNA’s應(yīng)仍然和這些信使mDNA‘s粘結(jié)的程度。含有這些mRNA’s的腦細(xì)胞然后就可以被分離開來，研究者可對其信使RNA‘s進(jìn)行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。
難句類型：易混詞解釋：與其他的難句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。筆者之所以在本句中不設(shè)標(biāo)志和翻譯，是因?yàn)檫@三句話從結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上來說并不難。然而很少有人能夠真正的一次把這段話讀清楚，原因在于兩個容易混淆的單詞cDNA‘s和mRNA’s在文中交替出現(xiàn)，而且相互作用；再加上brain cell和hormones從中搗亂，更難讀清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA‘s來探測mRNA’s.如果腦細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生了荷爾蒙，則其中必有mRNA‘s意味著可用cDNA探測荷爾蒙。如果腦細(xì)胞制造的不是真荷爾蒙，則可以用cDNA’s與其中的mRNA‘s附著的情況來確定此荷爾蒙的真假。
意群訓(xùn)練：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA‘s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA‘s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna‘S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA‘s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. 58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. （4） 采用cDNA探子來測定肽激素的這一分子生物學(xué)方法同時(shí)也應(yīng)該比免疫學(xué)的方法速度來得快，因?yàn)閷τ诿庖叩姆椒▉碚f，需耗費(fèi)好幾年枯燥的提純進(jìn)程，方能將肽素分離了出來，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對它們的抗血清。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、易混指代解釋：主語后的修飾成分同樣隔開了主語和謂語，但本句的難度主要在because從句中。按照一般的習(xí)慣，作為從句主語的it應(yīng)該指主句的主語，但本句的主句是一個比較結(jié)構(gòu)，A should be faster than B because it…，此處it也可以指B.但是因?yàn)檫@種指代不符合和我們以前所形成的習(xí)慣，所以閱讀現(xiàn)場不得不邊讀邊根據(jù)句意來判斷，這就增加了閱讀理解的難度。現(xiàn)場閱讀時(shí)，類似antiserums的這種專有名詞不必理會，僅需從詞頭anti推出這是一個反p荷爾蒙的東西即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
59. Nevertheless， researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.（3+）然而，研究P時(shí)代的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來顯示如果由他們來決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會如何安排冰川紀(jì)。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝、修辭解釋：句末的由how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中包括了雙重的倒裝，正常的語序本來是：If they had been in charge of events， they would have arranged the Ice Age in certain model schemes.本句中由于arrange的方式被提前，就造成了arrange的動作執(zhí)行者也要提前，前面的if they had been 則必須后置；這樣一來又造成了if被省略，成為had they been的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 另外，作者為了表達(dá)其對于這些研究者的模型的負(fù)態(tài)度，并炫耀其幽默感，在本句中使用了虛擬語氣，并使用了fanciful這個詞以表示這些研究的不負(fù)責(zé)任、異想天開的幼童心理。
意群訓(xùn)練：Nevertheless， researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. （4）這一序列演替（succession）所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacial bed）中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化（interstatified）。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、易淆指代解釋：句子中的rather than 之后省略了與前面重復(fù)的being based，直接加上了介詞on.Modern method后面的部分都是修飾method的。其中的remains既可以作動詞也可以作名詞，此處是名詞的用法，biological remains指的是類似于動物化石之類的遺跡。讀到這里我們看到了句子的難點(diǎn)，themselves既可以指前面離得很遠(yuǎn)的modern method（當(dāng)然，在語法上來講單復(fù)數(shù)不一致），也可以指前面離得較遠(yuǎn)的biological remains，亦可以指緊挨著的interglacial beds，到底是指代哪一個，只有通過理解句意，才能確定在此處指biological remains.意群訓(xùn)練：This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits
61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.（5） 人們試圖對這些禁忌作出解釋，所依據(jù)的要么是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要么是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會關(guān)系。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略解釋：前面的主架構(gòu)There have been attempts to explain these taboos很簡單，從in terms of inappropriate social relationships開始句子變難，ralationship后面跟著一個一直延續(xù)到句末的長長的修飾成分，其中有兩個固定搭配，either…or…和between…and…，不但如此，原文把這兩個搭配又套在一起，變成了either between…and…，or between…and…；再加上每一個between…and之后都是those who這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，就愈發(fā)令人眼花繚亂了。
意群訓(xùn)練：There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.
62. Many critics of Family Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. （5） 研究艾米麗。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小說《呼嘯山莊》（Wuthering Heights）的許多文學(xué)評論家，將小說的第二部分視作一種對比物，即使沒有將第一部分予以逆轉(zhuǎn)的話，也是在對第一部分作出一種詮釋評判，而在小說第一部分中，一種“浪漫的”的讀解能獲得更為充分的確證。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：上面的翻譯中為了符合中文習(xí)慣不得不把修飾the first part的where引導(dǎo)的定語從句翻譯到中括號以外。本句主要難在兩個地方，一個是插入語if it does not reverse如何理解，另一個是counterpoint的意思是什么。產(chǎn)生，插入語的位置比較討厭，把comments on the first part這樣一個連貫的說法割成兩段，增加了閱讀的難度。而且它的意思容易理解錯；if既可以理解成如果的意思，也可以理解成即使的意思。如果理解成即使的意思，則上下文的意思則要理解成即使不反對第一部分，也要給予第一部分一個負(fù)面的評論。然而此處不能這樣理解，因?yàn)閠hat之前的counterpoint的意思不是相反、對立，而是指和諧的組成部分的意思。這個詞來源于一個音樂術(shù)語，指音樂中的對位法、旋律配合，引伸為形容兩個不同的東西彼此和諧一致，同義詞是harmony.因此文中的if it does not reverse的意思是假如不反對第一部分，則是與第一部分和諧一致的評論的意思。這種情況下，插入語純屬廢話。
意群訓(xùn)練：Many critics of Family Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. 63. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. （4+）誠然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對小說架構(gòu)的意識可與亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那種意識相比擬；然則，任何力圖將小說所有形形色色的因素統(tǒng)一起來的做法，在某種程度上注定是無法令人信服的。 Granted that：大家都統(tǒng)一、當(dāng)然，表讓步，=admitted ， of course.難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞解釋：本句的結(jié)構(gòu)固然復(fù)雜，但造成的閱讀難度的，主要還是對一些抽象詞的理解。正面是對一些關(guān)鍵詞匯的解釋： ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎SoDMLxw4Vi Granted that出現(xiàn)在句首，其意思是大家都同意、當(dāng)然，實(shí)際上是一種讓步語氣，等于admitted，of course. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎t1DGV8GDSK Need not argue中的argue在此不是表示常用的那個辯論、爭論的意思，而是表示意味著或證實(shí)的意思，其同義詞是maintain或prove.Camparable的詞義有兩個，除了讀者熟悉的that can be compared之外，還有一個意思是worthy of comparison，其同義詞是as good as.本文中用的是后面的那個意思，對于這個詞義的理解，后面的第18題考到了。
意群訓(xùn)練：Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts.
64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. （5） 這倒不是因?yàn)檫@樣的一種解釋必定會僵化成為一個命題（盡管對這部或任何一部小說的解釋中，僵化死板總是一種危險(xiǎn)），而是因?yàn)椤逗魢[山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素，以其無可辯駁的力度，最終拒絕被囿于一個囊括無遺的解釋中。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞解釋：本句的兩個插入語雖然有一些干擾性，但是最為主要的難點(diǎn)在于成批出現(xiàn)的抽象詞，如interpretation/necessarily/stiffen/thesis/rigidity/recalcitrant/element/undeniable/power/ultimately/resist/inclusion/all-encompassing等。據(jù)筆者估測，對于初學(xué)GRE或GMAT的學(xué)習(xí)者而言，在一句話中出現(xiàn)了三個心上的抽象詞就會使閱讀理解造成障礙，而這句話中出現(xiàn)了十三個這樣的單詞，讀不懂也不足為怪。
訓(xùn)練：This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation.
65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. （4）鉛的同位素構(gòu)成經(jīng)常在一種普通銅礦石來源與另一種銅礦石來源之間存在差異，其差異程度超出測量誤差；而最初的研究表明，對于來自單獨(dú)一個銅礦石來源的鉛來說，其同位素構(gòu)成幾乎是毫無二致的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、專業(yè)抽象詞解釋：本句是一個怪異的現(xiàn)象的典型例子：句子的結(jié)構(gòu)談不上復(fù)雜，所用單詞也不難，但是除非讀者有理工科的科研（是材料科學(xué)的科研）背景，否則句子雖然能夠得讀下來，但是卻搞不清句子說的是什么意思。首先，句子中出現(xiàn)的一些詞匯雖然也都比較常見，但是在理科文章中出現(xiàn)，就有了專有名詞的意味，同時(shí)還帶有很抽象的學(xué)術(shù)含義，筆者稱之為專業(yè)抽象詞，如isotopic composition；source；variation；measurement error；preliminary study等。認(rèn)識這些單詞，并不意味著懂得它們在文章的意義和作用。比如說measurement error，大家都可以望文生義地理解成測量錯誤、測量誤差，但是在對文章的閱讀中這種字面上的理解是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。其實(shí)此處強(qiáng)調(diào)的并不是測量中出現(xiàn)的錯誤和毛病，而是指那些每次測量都會發(fā)生的、永遠(yuǎn)也無法避免的、在測量值和實(shí)際值之間的正常的差異。因此，本句話的真實(shí)含義也難以理解。句子只是羅列了一堆事實(shí)，而作者真正想說的意思是什么呢？其實(shí)variations exceeding the measurement error的言外之意是這些不同variations是真正有意義的不同，而不是試驗(yàn)的誤差；那么不同礦源的銅礦的鉛同位素成分真的不同，相同的礦源的鉛同位素幾乎相同，就意味著我們可以通過測量鉛同位素的成分來確定銅礦的礦源（挖掘地）。
意群訓(xùn)練：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source 66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. （3+） 更有可能的是鳥類運(yùn)輸：或者是通過外部途徑，即由于種籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通過內(nèi)部方式，即由于鳥類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、倒裝解釋：句首有一個倒裝，正常語序是bird transport is more probable.后面的句子中由于插入部分的頻繁出現(xiàn)使句子顯得十分凌亂。
意群訓(xùn)練：More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.
67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England‘s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy ， dominated by expansionist militarist objectives ， generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . （4+）
一個對于后來成了美國的英國殖民地的歷史的長久以來的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為英國在1763年以前對于這些殖民地的政策被經(jīng)濟(jì)利益所支配，而且認(rèn)為一種向著更大程度帝國制度的政策上的轉(zhuǎn)變——為擴(kuò)張主義的軍事目標(biāo)所左右——產(chǎn)生了最終導(dǎo)致美國革命的緊張氣氛。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎W1ienIwYrI解釋：主架構(gòu)簡單，可是主語和表語從句都不讓人省心。句子的主干其實(shí)就是：A long-held view has been that……。但是主語A long-held view之后卻是修飾它的一個三層的定語：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States.系動詞has been之后所接的表語從句其實(shí)不止一個，其實(shí)原句是用了and來連接兩個并列的表語從句，has been that…and has been that…。后面的has been照例被省略。
意群訓(xùn)練：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England‘s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy ， dominated by expansionist militarist objectives ， generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .
68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4） 現(xiàn)在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它最常見于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內(nèi)含物中，而這類物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說服力的證據(jù)，證明金剛石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語解釋：本句的句子既長，專有名詞又多，從句層出不窮，故而難懂。在本句中出現(xiàn)的專有名詞中，除了silicates硅酸鹽這個單詞常常出現(xiàn)于理科文章中，需要記憶之外，其他單詞閱讀現(xiàn)場簡單處理一番既可：inclusions可以猜出是被包含的物質(zhì)；garnet作首字母提煉叫g(shù)：crystallography只要能從詞頭推出這個單詞與晶體有關(guān)即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.
69. Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. （4+）即使是對這一主流研究模型的“激進(jìn)”批評，諸如《分裂的社會》（Divided Society）一書中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問題過分機(jī)構(gòu)地與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會移動性的因素聯(lián)系起來，因此無從闡明波多黎各人作為一個殖民地少數(shù)民族的文化從屬關(guān)系。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、省略、抽象詞解釋：本句實(shí)際上是由and連接的兩個句子，閱讀的一個難度在于，and之后省略了they（此處指前面的主語the radical critiques，）而are thus able to 又與前面離得太遠(yuǎn)，使讀者難以找到主語。另外，句中的固定搭配attach A to B和illuminate C as D當(dāng)中的A、B、C，全部既長又抽象，理解起來較為困難。
意群訓(xùn)練：Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority