英語新聞的結構特征

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新聞的種類很多,按分類標準的不同,有各種不同的分類方法。如按照事件的性質分類,新聞可分為“硬新聞(hard news)和“軟新聞”(soft news)兩大類,硬新聞也就是“純新聞消息報道”,指題材嚴肅,具有一定時效性的客觀事實報道;軟新聞是指情感味濃,寫作方法詼諧,輕松幽默的社會新聞,不注重時效性。新聞英語中常見的體裁主要有三大類:消息(news)、特寫(features)和新聞評論(commentaries and columns)。
    新聞寫作由于記者寫作風格不同,文體結構無定格。但大體上說新聞文體的主體結構是由標題、#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#、正文三部分組成。
    標題(headline):濃縮概括全文的中心實質問題。
    #英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#(1ead or introduction):通常為文章的第一段。文章的第一段提供主要話題和最主要的事實。
    正文(body):在#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#的基礎上,引入更多的與主題相關的事實,使之更加詳實、具體,并展開評論,進而得出結論。
    在此我們以消息為例,詳細分析一下它的基本結構。消息類新聞屬于“硬新聞”,是廣泛采用的的一種新聞體裁。消息報道中的#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#十分重要,它位于第一段或第一、二段。通過它點出新聞的主題,這是消息這種新聞文體區(qū)別于其它文體的一個重要特征。五個W和一個H(When?Where?Who?What?Why?和How?)是構成一則完整的消息不可缺少的要素。直接的消息報道或純消息報道一般采用“倒金字塔形式”(the Inverted Pyramid Form),其特點是按新聞報道最重要的五個W和一個H頭重腳輕地安排材料,把新聞的高潮和結論放在最前面的#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#里,然后以事實的重要性遞減的順序來安排(in theorder of descending importance)材料。
    在報紙、廣播、電視等新聞媒體每天刊載和播發(fā)的新聞中,百分之九十是用倒金字塔結構寫成的。對于報紙來說,倒金字塔結構的新聞有自己的優(yōu)勢。主要是可以使讀者很快得到新聞的精華部分;在生活節(jié)奏越來越快的今天,一般讀者很少把一條新聞從頭到尾讀完,他們可能隨時放下報紙,因此,報紙有必要讓讀者首先讀到最重要的新聞內容。
    為了幫助讀者了解這種倒金字塔式結構,請見西方新聞學著作中的圖表說明:
    The Inverted Pyramid Form
    Introduction containing most important or most interesting
     information#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#包括最重要或最吸引人的消息
    more facts 更多的事實材料
    supporting information or background 輔助性消息或背景材料
    quotes or more facts of lesser importance引語或次要的事實材料
    minor details 細節(jié)材料
    least significant information 最不重要的消息
    為了說明“倒金字塔結構”的新聞文體特點,現(xiàn)舉美聯(lián)社2001年11月22日的一篇報道為例:
    NOVEMBER 22,19:43EST,2001
    28 Killed in Colombia Landslide
    By JUAN PABLO TORO
    Associated Press Writer
    FILADELFIA Colom bia(AP)—Rain-softened walls of a condemned strip mine crashed down on
    scores of gold miners in western Colom- bia Thursday,killingat least 28 and leaving 40
    others missing,authorities said.
    The victims were said to be poor people who ignored government warnings that erosion had
    made the mine unsafe.It appeared both the illegal digging and recent heavy rains were to
    blame for the accident.
    Survivors said two separate mudslides occurred at the site in Filadelfia,a small town
    120 miles west of Bogotá.The second avalanche buried miners who were trying to rescue friends who had been engulfed in the first avalanche.
    Rescuers shoveled furiously for hours in hopes of finding som- ebody alive,butonly recovered bodies.
    As night fell Thursday,national disaster chief Eduardo Jose Gonzalez said hopes of finding anyone alive waned as crews prepared to suspend operations.The search was to resume Friday.
    Gonzalez said 28bodies had been recovered,and at least 40 people were missing. Thirty-two miners were reported injured and taken to hospitals.
    Hundreds of people had gathered at the scene,many of them anguished and weepingrelatives.
    Emergency crews from the Red Cross and
    the civil defense forces were using heavy machinery to remove the thick mud spread over
    the site.Complicating therecovery effort,huge pools of water had seeped into the site
    from a river running up to the hillside—used by the miners to rinse gold particles fromdirt.
    Survivors said the earth crashed down without warning on a group of about 200 people trying to scrape gold from the well-worn hill-side.The workers were toiling with shovels
    and picks inside a deep hole they had carved into the hill.The cavern had no structural
    supports.
    Many workers managed to scramble out of the way or crawl out from beneath the mud.
    Others were not so lucky.
    “We heard a very loud sound and the hill suddenly fell down upon us,”said 20-year-old Manuel Loaiza.“I was trapped up to my knees but some of the others dragged me out.”
    Loaiza said he made less than $9a day at the crude mine.His 39-year-old uncle is still missing under the mud.
    According to Julian Arboleda,an aide to Caldas State governor Luis Alfonso Arias,of- ficials ordered the mine closed several months ago.But residents thrown out of workby Colom bia's econom- ic downturn took the risk of working there anyway,Arboleda said.
    Landslides triggered by rains are Colombia's most common natural disaster,killing dozens of people annually.Thursday's accident was the worst such tragedy in recent years.
    According to the government's disaster relief agency,nearly 200 people died in a poor neighborhood in the city of Medellinwhen a 1987 landslide buried their houses.Landslides buried 150 dam workers in 1983 and a rescue team sent on their behalf.
    首先要注意消息報道#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#(第一段)里的“電頭”(dateline)“FILADELFIA,Colombia(AP)”即“美聯(lián)社發(fā)自哥倫比亞費拉達菲亞的
    消息”。美聯(lián)社新聞報道的時間通常置于消息的最前面(NOVEMBER 22,19:43EST),即美國的標準時11月22日19點43分。
    第一段十分簡單明了地告訴讀者:星期四,哥倫比亞西部的一露天金礦由于大雨而發(fā)生坍塌,至少28人死亡,40人失蹤。
    第二段增加了新的新聞事實:金礦坍塌的遇難者是貧民,雖然政府警告說由于侵蝕使采礦危險,但他們置若罔聞;金礦的坍塌可能是由于非法的開采以及近日的大雨造成的。這一段支持并擴展了#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#。
    第三段是背景材料。利用事故的生還者的所見所聞講述當時的情景:共發(fā)生了兩次塌方,第二次的塌方將趕去救援的礦工也吞沒。
    第四、五、六、七以及第八段均是與主要新聞事實有關的次重要材料。第四、五、七、八段講述了來自紅十字、民防組織以及各方救護人員的救援進展情況。第六段也是對#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#的進一步擴展:官方宣布事故中有28人死亡,至少40人失蹤;有32名礦工受傷被送往醫(yī)院。
    第九、十、十一和第十二段也是背景材料,利用目擊者的所見所聞進一步描述了金礦坍塌時的情景。
    第十三、十四和第十五段均是與新聞事實有關的次重要的材料:這個金礦幾個月以前就關閉了,但由于經(jīng)濟衰退人們又重操舊業(yè);山體滑坡是哥倫比亞最常見的自然災害。
    通過分析我們可以看出這篇新聞報道是典型的“倒金字塔”結構,#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#是一段簡單清楚的敘述。隨后的數(shù)段對#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#進行了解釋、補充和擴展,有利地支撐了#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#。在#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#中基本將“五個W,一個H”交代清楚。它所回答的問題分列如下:
    Who—gold miners
    What—were killed
    When—Thursday(Nov.22)
    Where—in western Colombia
    Why—the walls of mine were softened by rain
    How—(were killed)by crash
    應該說明,記者即使采用“倒金字塔結構”,也不一定在#英語資源# #英語新聞的結構特征#中全部都包括五個W和一個H,或許只有三個或四個W,另外一個或兩個W出現(xiàn)在下面的段落里,這也是常見的。