「芝麻開門」
正如我們在第7天和第8天所介紹的，謀篇布局的方法有很多種，今天我們就這方面所學(xué)的知識加以操練。
「活動教室」
Passage 1.
請用一支彩筆把下面文章中首段和末段中的背景內(nèi)容劃出來，找出這兩段的中心思想。
Zoo Animals
Human beings have always wanted to hunt wild animals， not only for food or sport， but also to keep in captivity. Many cities have zoos with a large collection of animals on show. Some zoos such as the Singapore Zoo and Taronga Park in Sydney are famous tourist attractions. Zoos have both positive and negative aspects. Sometimes keeping animals in captivity benefits the humans and sometimes the animals benefit； but， at times， the animals suffer as a result of their confinement.
Zoos give most people in the world their only opportunity to study wild animals at close quarters. Even people who are lucky enough to go on a wildlife safari in Africa are not able to see animals at such close range. In some zoos in Australia it is possible for visitors to wander among animals such as kangaroos and deer and feed them by hand. For urban children it is a delight to actually see the animals which they have seen on television. Zoos also provide scientists with the opportunity to study animals over a period to time.
Scientific research conducted on zoo animals adds to human knowledge， and it benefits animals too. Treatments for diseases which have been developed for animals in captivity can be made available for all animals. Another advantage of having zoos is the possibility they provide for captive breeding programs. Animals species which are endangered or on the edge of extinction can be encouraged to breed within a controlled， protective environment. This is crucial for such animals as white rhino， pandas and tigers.
However， some animals in zoos are not treated well. Sometimes their living quarters are cramped and unnatural. It is common to see tigers and panthers pacing the floors of their cages for hours bang their heads against the walls of their enclosure. Their plight can be much worse in countries where economic hardship causes their food to be rationed and their health neglected. In some parts of the former Soviet Union keepers struggle to look after the animals with little funding even for their own wages.
This is no doubt that people will continue to want to be able to see wild animals in captivity. However， people should make sure that the animals that live in a zoo and give us so much pleasure have a good life themselves.
答案與解析：
Background information in the introduction paragraph：
答案：Human beings have always wanted to hunt wild animals， not only for food or sport， but also to keep in captivity. Many cities have zoos with a large collection of animals on show. Some zoos such as the Singapore Zoo and Taronga Park in Sydney are famous tourist attractions.
解析：通常介紹性材料的內(nèi)容多出現(xiàn)在文章的第一段，這篇文章也不例外。本文主要討論的是人與動物園中動物的關(guān)系，文章的導(dǎo)入部分為第一段的前三句。介紹了人類對于動物的一貫做法，即除食用、運(yùn)動等目的之外，人類喜歡狩獵，并把動物囚禁起來。這樣一來很多城市中的動物園的存在就變得合理化了，有些甚至成了當(dāng)?shù)氐穆糜蚊麆俚?。以上?nèi)容就可看作本文的背景內(nèi)容，主題句出現(xiàn)在這部分之后。Background information in the conclusion paragraph：
答案：This is no doubt that people will continue to want to be able to see wild animals in captivity.
解析：這句話是出現(xiàn)在最后一段，往往也是結(jié)論段的對客觀事實(shí)的陳述，屬于基本情況范疇，故為本題的答案。它揭示了人們對于動物園中動物的依賴之情，在文章的正文部分作者已將動物園存在的利弊一一列舉出來，那么要想延續(xù)人們囚禁野生動物的愿望關(guān)鍵在何處呢，這就要看本段的主題句了。The main idea in the introduction paragraph：
答案：Zoos have both positive and negative aspects.
解析：這句帶有評論性的語言很顯然就是這部分的主要內(nèi)容，甚至可以看作是本文的中心內(nèi)容。在此之后的內(nèi)容是對這句話的解釋說明。The main idea in the conclusion paragraph：
答案：However， people should make sure that the animals that live in a zoo and give us so much pleasure have a good life themselves. Truth needs no color.真理不需要打扮。
解析：最后一段的最后部分作者帶有很大的主觀性，這也是多數(shù)文章在之前提出問題、分析問題，之后解決問題并用以結(jié)束文章的方法。在此作者給出了建設(shè)性建議，在繼續(xù)讓動物們生活在動物園的同時，人類應(yīng)保證享受動物樂趣的同時使動物們有良好的生存條件。
這是一篇思路清晰、敘述簡潔的文章。在文中作者分別闡述了動物園對人類及動物的利弊，我們應(yīng)通過閱讀這篇文章學(xué)會對一事物進(jìn)行正、反兩方面對比的寫法。
Passage 2.
請閱讀以下筆記，然后寫一篇有關(guān)澳大利亞和新西蘭這兩個國家的比較和對比的文章。
Aspects Australia New Zealand Land form two islands， two islands Location South Pacific South PacificLinks with Britain Colony & British Commonwealth. Colony & British Commonwealth Language-English ， EnglishWar experience， fight as ANZACS in WWI and WWII， fight as ANZACS in WWI and WWIISheep industry， large sheep population and wool industry large sheep population and wool industryPopulation about 20，000，000 about 4，500，000area large， not as large as Australiasdesert large no
答案與解析：
Australia and New Zealand are alike in many ways. They both consist of two islands， and are similarly located in the South Pacific. Britain made colonies of both countries， and they have membership of the British Commonwealth in common. English is the official language of the two countries. Australian and New Zealand soldiers fought together as the ANZACS （Australia and New Zealand Army Corps） in World War I and II. Both countries have large sheep populations， and the wool industry is very important to the economies of each.
However， there are also some differences between the two countries. Australias population of about twenty million is considerably larger than that of New Zealand which is approximately four and a half million. Australias land area is also much greater than New Zealands. A large part of Australias interior is desert but that is not the case in New Zealand.
分析：文章分為兩部分，其中第一部分在給出材料的基礎(chǔ)上把兩個地區(qū)相同的地方集中起來進(jìn)行描述。用“A and B are alike in many ways.” 總領(lǐng)全段，在行文之中使用similarly， both之類的詞語將兩個地區(qū)自然地聯(lián)系起來進(jìn)行比較，這樣一來即表達(dá)了準(zhǔn)確的意思，又做到句式簡潔、多變化。在第二部分中，即文章的第二段，集中描述了兩地的不同之處。用However作為承上啟下的連接，首句中的also更顯得文章不失連貫性。不同點(diǎn)方面的比較也可通過不同句式表達(dá)，例如文中出現(xiàn)的比較句，和最后一句——前面肯定而后面使用否定語氣的句式等。
美文賞析
Book Knowledge vs. Personal Experience？
On the cartoon， we can see a man with glasses sitting beside a well. He is fishing while reading a book in which it is said that fish can not live without water. Therefore he thinks he might get fish from the well where there is water. But can he get fish？ The answer goes without saying.
Like the man on the picture， some people argue that book knowledge is more important than practical experiences. According to them， books are sources of knowledge because books record the experience of many other people， and human beings can not have made so much progress without the help of books.
Unlike these people， some others regard personal experiences as more valuable. They think that without practical experience one can never change book knowledge into his own， and that is why todays schools are paying much attention to social practice.
In my opinion， both book knowledge and personal experiences are of importance. On the one hand， we can learn from other peoples experience so that we will not waste our time. On the other hand， we need to put book knowledge into use to make it part of our own knowledge. It is a good idea to relate the former to the latter.
本文以一幅漫畫引出，第一段先描述漫畫；第二段提出一些人的觀點(diǎn)：認(rèn)為書本知識比個人經(jīng)驗(yàn)更重要；接著第三段指出了另外一些人的觀點(diǎn)：認(rèn)為個人經(jīng)驗(yàn)比書本知識更有價值；在最后一段中表明了作者自己的觀點(diǎn)，即兩者都重要。文章思路清晰，選詞用句準(zhǔn)確而富有變化，使人讀起來不會感覺乏味。
正如我們在第7天和第8天所介紹的，謀篇布局的方法有很多種，今天我們就這方面所學(xué)的知識加以操練。
「活動教室」
Passage 1.
請用一支彩筆把下面文章中首段和末段中的背景內(nèi)容劃出來，找出這兩段的中心思想。
Zoo Animals
Human beings have always wanted to hunt wild animals， not only for food or sport， but also to keep in captivity. Many cities have zoos with a large collection of animals on show. Some zoos such as the Singapore Zoo and Taronga Park in Sydney are famous tourist attractions. Zoos have both positive and negative aspects. Sometimes keeping animals in captivity benefits the humans and sometimes the animals benefit； but， at times， the animals suffer as a result of their confinement.
Zoos give most people in the world their only opportunity to study wild animals at close quarters. Even people who are lucky enough to go on a wildlife safari in Africa are not able to see animals at such close range. In some zoos in Australia it is possible for visitors to wander among animals such as kangaroos and deer and feed them by hand. For urban children it is a delight to actually see the animals which they have seen on television. Zoos also provide scientists with the opportunity to study animals over a period to time.
Scientific research conducted on zoo animals adds to human knowledge， and it benefits animals too. Treatments for diseases which have been developed for animals in captivity can be made available for all animals. Another advantage of having zoos is the possibility they provide for captive breeding programs. Animals species which are endangered or on the edge of extinction can be encouraged to breed within a controlled， protective environment. This is crucial for such animals as white rhino， pandas and tigers.
However， some animals in zoos are not treated well. Sometimes their living quarters are cramped and unnatural. It is common to see tigers and panthers pacing the floors of their cages for hours bang their heads against the walls of their enclosure. Their plight can be much worse in countries where economic hardship causes their food to be rationed and their health neglected. In some parts of the former Soviet Union keepers struggle to look after the animals with little funding even for their own wages.
This is no doubt that people will continue to want to be able to see wild animals in captivity. However， people should make sure that the animals that live in a zoo and give us so much pleasure have a good life themselves.
答案與解析：
Background information in the introduction paragraph：
答案：Human beings have always wanted to hunt wild animals， not only for food or sport， but also to keep in captivity. Many cities have zoos with a large collection of animals on show. Some zoos such as the Singapore Zoo and Taronga Park in Sydney are famous tourist attractions.
解析：通常介紹性材料的內(nèi)容多出現(xiàn)在文章的第一段，這篇文章也不例外。本文主要討論的是人與動物園中動物的關(guān)系，文章的導(dǎo)入部分為第一段的前三句。介紹了人類對于動物的一貫做法，即除食用、運(yùn)動等目的之外，人類喜歡狩獵，并把動物囚禁起來。這樣一來很多城市中的動物園的存在就變得合理化了，有些甚至成了當(dāng)?shù)氐穆糜蚊麆俚?。以上?nèi)容就可看作本文的背景內(nèi)容，主題句出現(xiàn)在這部分之后。Background information in the conclusion paragraph：
答案：This is no doubt that people will continue to want to be able to see wild animals in captivity.
解析：這句話是出現(xiàn)在最后一段，往往也是結(jié)論段的對客觀事實(shí)的陳述，屬于基本情況范疇，故為本題的答案。它揭示了人們對于動物園中動物的依賴之情，在文章的正文部分作者已將動物園存在的利弊一一列舉出來，那么要想延續(xù)人們囚禁野生動物的愿望關(guān)鍵在何處呢，這就要看本段的主題句了。The main idea in the introduction paragraph：
答案：Zoos have both positive and negative aspects.
解析：這句帶有評論性的語言很顯然就是這部分的主要內(nèi)容，甚至可以看作是本文的中心內(nèi)容。在此之后的內(nèi)容是對這句話的解釋說明。The main idea in the conclusion paragraph：
答案：However， people should make sure that the animals that live in a zoo and give us so much pleasure have a good life themselves. Truth needs no color.真理不需要打扮。
解析：最后一段的最后部分作者帶有很大的主觀性，這也是多數(shù)文章在之前提出問題、分析問題，之后解決問題并用以結(jié)束文章的方法。在此作者給出了建設(shè)性建議，在繼續(xù)讓動物們生活在動物園的同時，人類應(yīng)保證享受動物樂趣的同時使動物們有良好的生存條件。
這是一篇思路清晰、敘述簡潔的文章。在文中作者分別闡述了動物園對人類及動物的利弊，我們應(yīng)通過閱讀這篇文章學(xué)會對一事物進(jìn)行正、反兩方面對比的寫法。
Passage 2.
請閱讀以下筆記，然后寫一篇有關(guān)澳大利亞和新西蘭這兩個國家的比較和對比的文章。
Aspects Australia New Zealand Land form two islands， two islands Location South Pacific South PacificLinks with Britain Colony & British Commonwealth. Colony & British Commonwealth Language-English ， EnglishWar experience， fight as ANZACS in WWI and WWII， fight as ANZACS in WWI and WWIISheep industry， large sheep population and wool industry large sheep population and wool industryPopulation about 20，000，000 about 4，500，000area large， not as large as Australiasdesert large no
答案與解析：
Australia and New Zealand are alike in many ways. They both consist of two islands， and are similarly located in the South Pacific. Britain made colonies of both countries， and they have membership of the British Commonwealth in common. English is the official language of the two countries. Australian and New Zealand soldiers fought together as the ANZACS （Australia and New Zealand Army Corps） in World War I and II. Both countries have large sheep populations， and the wool industry is very important to the economies of each.
However， there are also some differences between the two countries. Australias population of about twenty million is considerably larger than that of New Zealand which is approximately four and a half million. Australias land area is also much greater than New Zealands. A large part of Australias interior is desert but that is not the case in New Zealand.
分析：文章分為兩部分，其中第一部分在給出材料的基礎(chǔ)上把兩個地區(qū)相同的地方集中起來進(jìn)行描述。用“A and B are alike in many ways.” 總領(lǐng)全段，在行文之中使用similarly， both之類的詞語將兩個地區(qū)自然地聯(lián)系起來進(jìn)行比較，這樣一來即表達(dá)了準(zhǔn)確的意思，又做到句式簡潔、多變化。在第二部分中，即文章的第二段，集中描述了兩地的不同之處。用However作為承上啟下的連接，首句中的also更顯得文章不失連貫性。不同點(diǎn)方面的比較也可通過不同句式表達(dá)，例如文中出現(xiàn)的比較句，和最后一句——前面肯定而后面使用否定語氣的句式等。
美文賞析
Book Knowledge vs. Personal Experience？
On the cartoon， we can see a man with glasses sitting beside a well. He is fishing while reading a book in which it is said that fish can not live without water. Therefore he thinks he might get fish from the well where there is water. But can he get fish？ The answer goes without saying.
Like the man on the picture， some people argue that book knowledge is more important than practical experiences. According to them， books are sources of knowledge because books record the experience of many other people， and human beings can not have made so much progress without the help of books.
Unlike these people， some others regard personal experiences as more valuable. They think that without practical experience one can never change book knowledge into his own， and that is why todays schools are paying much attention to social practice.
In my opinion， both book knowledge and personal experiences are of importance. On the one hand， we can learn from other peoples experience so that we will not waste our time. On the other hand， we need to put book knowledge into use to make it part of our own knowledge. It is a good idea to relate the former to the latter.
本文以一幅漫畫引出，第一段先描述漫畫；第二段提出一些人的觀點(diǎn)：認(rèn)為書本知識比個人經(jīng)驗(yàn)更重要；接著第三段指出了另外一些人的觀點(diǎn)：認(rèn)為個人經(jīng)驗(yàn)比書本知識更有價值；在最后一段中表明了作者自己的觀點(diǎn)，即兩者都重要。文章思路清晰，選詞用句準(zhǔn)確而富有變化，使人讀起來不會感覺乏味。