We have already described client/server computing and the revolution in computing architecture brought about by client/server computing. You already know that a server is a computer attached to a network that stores files, controls peripheral devices, interfaces with the outside world—including the Internet—and does some processing for other computers on the network.
我們已經(jīng)描述了客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器計算技術(shù)及其在計算機(jī)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)中引起的革命。你已經(jīng)知道服務(wù)器是一臺聯(lián)接到網(wǎng)絡(luò)的計算機(jī)，用于儲存文件、控制外設(shè)、與外界——包括因特網(wǎng)接口，且為網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的其他計算機(jī)進(jìn)行一些處理。
But what is a Web server? Web server software refers to the software that enables a computer to deliver Web pages written in HTML to client machines on a network that request this service by sending an HTTP request. The two leading brands of Web server software are Apache, which is free Web server shareware that accounts for about 60% of the market, and Microsoft’s NT Server software, which accounts for about 20% of the market.
但什么是網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器？網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器軟件是一種使計算機(jī)能夠向網(wǎng)上客戶機(jī)傳遞HTML網(wǎng)頁的軟件，而客戶機(jī)通過發(fā)出HTTP請求申請這種服務(wù)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器軟件的兩種主要品牌是Apache和微軟的NT服務(wù)器軟件,前者是一種免費(fèi)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器共享軟件，約占有60%的市場；后者約占有20%的市場。
Aside from responding to requests for Web pages, all Web servers provide some additional basic capabilities such as the following:
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)—This protocol allows users to transfer files to and from the server. Some sites limit file uploads to the Web server, while others restrict downloads, depending on the user’s identity.
除了回應(yīng)網(wǎng)頁請求之外，所有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器還提供一些附加的基本能力，例如下列各項:
文件傳輸協(xié)議(FTP)——這個協(xié)議允許使用者從服務(wù)器來回移動文件。根據(jù)使用者的身份不同，一些網(wǎng)站限制文件上傳到網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器,而其他網(wǎng)站限制下載。
Security services—These consist mainly of authentication services that verify that the person trying to access the site is authorized to do so. For Web sites that process payment transactions, the Web server also supports Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), the Internet protocol for transmitting and receiving information securely over the Internet. When private information such as names, phone numbers, addresses, and credit card data need to be provided to a Web site, the Web server uses SSL to ensure that the data passing back and forth from the browser to the server is not compromised.
安全服務(wù)——主要由認(rèn)證服務(wù)組成，確認(rèn)人們試圖對網(wǎng)站進(jìn)行的訪問是經(jīng)過授權(quán)的。對于處理支付交易的網(wǎng)站，網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器也支持加密套接字協(xié)議層(SSL)——用于在因特網(wǎng)上安全地傳輸與接收信息的因特網(wǎng)協(xié)議。當(dāng)私人信息如姓名、電話號碼、地址和信用卡數(shù)據(jù)等需要向一個網(wǎng)站提供時，網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器使用SSL確保從瀏覽器到服務(wù)器來回傳遞的數(shù)據(jù)不被損害。
Search engine—Just as search engine sites enable users to search the entire Web for particular documents, search engine modules within the basic Web server software package enable indexing of the site’s Web pages and content, and permit easy keyword searching of the site’s content. When conducting a search, a search engine makes use of an index, which is a list of all the documents on the server. The search term is compared to the index to identify likely matches.
搜索引擎——正如搜索引擎網(wǎng)站使用戶能夠為特殊的文件搜尋整個萬維網(wǎng),基本網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器軟件包中的搜尋引擎模塊允許對網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)頁和內(nèi)容進(jìn)行索引,并允許網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵詞搜索。當(dāng)進(jìn)行搜尋時,搜索引擎使用索引, 索引是服務(wù)器上所有文件的列表。將搜尋項與索引進(jìn)行比較，確定可能的匹配。
Data capture—Web servers are also helpful at monitoring site traffic, capturing information on who has visited a site, how long the user stayed there, the date and time of each visit, and which specific pages on the server were accessed. This information is compiled and saved in a log file, which can then be analyzed by a user log file. By analyzing a log file, a site manager can find out the total number of visitors, average length of each visit, and the most popular destinations, or Web pages.
數(shù)據(jù)捕獲——網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器還有助于監(jiān)測網(wǎng)站訪問量，捕獲有關(guān)誰訪問某個網(wǎng)站、用戶在那里停留多久、每次訪問的日期和時間、和服務(wù)器上哪個特定網(wǎng)頁被存取等信息。這個信息被匯編并保存在一個日志文件中,然后能通過用戶日志文件進(jìn)行分析。通過分析一個日志文件，網(wǎng)站管理員能找出訪客總數(shù)、平均訪問時間長度和最流行的目的地或網(wǎng)頁。
我們已經(jīng)描述了客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器計算技術(shù)及其在計算機(jī)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)中引起的革命。你已經(jīng)知道服務(wù)器是一臺聯(lián)接到網(wǎng)絡(luò)的計算機(jī)，用于儲存文件、控制外設(shè)、與外界——包括因特網(wǎng)接口，且為網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的其他計算機(jī)進(jìn)行一些處理。
But what is a Web server? Web server software refers to the software that enables a computer to deliver Web pages written in HTML to client machines on a network that request this service by sending an HTTP request. The two leading brands of Web server software are Apache, which is free Web server shareware that accounts for about 60% of the market, and Microsoft’s NT Server software, which accounts for about 20% of the market.
但什么是網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器？網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器軟件是一種使計算機(jī)能夠向網(wǎng)上客戶機(jī)傳遞HTML網(wǎng)頁的軟件，而客戶機(jī)通過發(fā)出HTTP請求申請這種服務(wù)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器軟件的兩種主要品牌是Apache和微軟的NT服務(wù)器軟件,前者是一種免費(fèi)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器共享軟件，約占有60%的市場；后者約占有20%的市場。
Aside from responding to requests for Web pages, all Web servers provide some additional basic capabilities such as the following:
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)—This protocol allows users to transfer files to and from the server. Some sites limit file uploads to the Web server, while others restrict downloads, depending on the user’s identity.
除了回應(yīng)網(wǎng)頁請求之外，所有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器還提供一些附加的基本能力，例如下列各項:
文件傳輸協(xié)議(FTP)——這個協(xié)議允許使用者從服務(wù)器來回移動文件。根據(jù)使用者的身份不同，一些網(wǎng)站限制文件上傳到網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器,而其他網(wǎng)站限制下載。
Security services—These consist mainly of authentication services that verify that the person trying to access the site is authorized to do so. For Web sites that process payment transactions, the Web server also supports Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), the Internet protocol for transmitting and receiving information securely over the Internet. When private information such as names, phone numbers, addresses, and credit card data need to be provided to a Web site, the Web server uses SSL to ensure that the data passing back and forth from the browser to the server is not compromised.
安全服務(wù)——主要由認(rèn)證服務(wù)組成，確認(rèn)人們試圖對網(wǎng)站進(jìn)行的訪問是經(jīng)過授權(quán)的。對于處理支付交易的網(wǎng)站，網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器也支持加密套接字協(xié)議層(SSL)——用于在因特網(wǎng)上安全地傳輸與接收信息的因特網(wǎng)協(xié)議。當(dāng)私人信息如姓名、電話號碼、地址和信用卡數(shù)據(jù)等需要向一個網(wǎng)站提供時，網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器使用SSL確保從瀏覽器到服務(wù)器來回傳遞的數(shù)據(jù)不被損害。
Search engine—Just as search engine sites enable users to search the entire Web for particular documents, search engine modules within the basic Web server software package enable indexing of the site’s Web pages and content, and permit easy keyword searching of the site’s content. When conducting a search, a search engine makes use of an index, which is a list of all the documents on the server. The search term is compared to the index to identify likely matches.
搜索引擎——正如搜索引擎網(wǎng)站使用戶能夠為特殊的文件搜尋整個萬維網(wǎng),基本網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器軟件包中的搜尋引擎模塊允許對網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)頁和內(nèi)容進(jìn)行索引,并允許網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵詞搜索。當(dāng)進(jìn)行搜尋時,搜索引擎使用索引, 索引是服務(wù)器上所有文件的列表。將搜尋項與索引進(jìn)行比較，確定可能的匹配。
Data capture—Web servers are also helpful at monitoring site traffic, capturing information on who has visited a site, how long the user stayed there, the date and time of each visit, and which specific pages on the server were accessed. This information is compiled and saved in a log file, which can then be analyzed by a user log file. By analyzing a log file, a site manager can find out the total number of visitors, average length of each visit, and the most popular destinations, or Web pages.
數(shù)據(jù)捕獲——網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器還有助于監(jiān)測網(wǎng)站訪問量，捕獲有關(guān)誰訪問某個網(wǎng)站、用戶在那里停留多久、每次訪問的日期和時間、和服務(wù)器上哪個特定網(wǎng)頁被存取等信息。這個信息被匯編并保存在一個日志文件中,然后能通過用戶日志文件進(jìn)行分析。通過分析一個日志文件，網(wǎng)站管理員能找出訪客總數(shù)、平均訪問時間長度和最流行的目的地或網(wǎng)頁。