英語翻譯中的詞匯辨析

字號:

“閃光”之說:
    1、shine: 照耀,指光穩(wěn)定發(fā)射;
    2、glitter: 閃光,指光不穩(wěn)定發(fā)射;
    3、glare: 耀眼,表示光的強度;
    4、sparkle:閃爍,指發(fā)射微細的光度。
    “打破”之說:
    1、break: 一般用語,經打擊或施加壓力而破碎;
    2、crack:出現了裂縫,但還沒有變成碎片;
    3、crush: 指從外面用力向內或從上向下壓而致碎;
    4、demolish: 破壞,鏟平或削平(如土壤,建筑物,城堡等);
    5、destroy: 在肉體上、精神上或道義上徹底摧毀,使之無法復原;
    6、shatter:突然使一個物體粉碎;
    7、smash: 指由于突如其來的一陣暴力帶一聲響而徹底粉碎。
    有關“死”之說:
    1、去世,與世長辭:to pass away;
    2、壽終: to close (end) one's day;
    3、咽氣,斷氣: to breathe one's last;
    4、歸西: to go west;
    5、了解塵緣: to pay the debt of nature;
    6、命歸黃泉: to depart to the world of shadows;
    7、見閻王: to give up the gost;
    8、翹辮子: to kick the bucket;
    9、蹬腿: to kick up one's heels;
    10、不吃飯: to lay down one's knife and fork.
    有關“懷孕”(pregnant)之說:
    1、she is having baby;
    2、she is expecting;
    3、she is in a family way;
    4、she is in a deliacate condition;
    5、she is in an interesting condition;
    6、she is knitting little booties.
    “broken”涵義種種:
    1、a broken man: 一個絕望的人;
    2、a broken soldier: 一個殘廢的軍人;
    3、broken money: 零花錢;
    4、a broken promise: 背棄的諾言;
    5、broken English: 蹩腳的英語;
    6、a broken spirit: 消沉的意志;
    7、a broken heart: 破碎的心。
    準確理解“kill”(后面附詞義):
    1、he killed the man.殺;
    2、he killed the dog,宰;
    3、he killed time down at the park,消磨;
    4、he killed his chance of success,斷送;
    5、he killed the motion when it came from the committee,否決;
    6、he killed himself by overwork,致死;
    7、he killed the spirit of the group,抹殺;
    8、he killed three bottles of whiskey in a week,喝光;
    9、kill the peace,扼殺;
    10、kill the friendship,終止;
    11、kill a marriage,解除。
    “聲譽”種種:
    1、fame:褒義,指關于一個人的人格、行為、才能等方面的優(yōu)點;
    2、reputation和repute差不多,可褒義可貶義,指對人或物的評價、看法,詞義較窄;
    3、distinction,褒義,指因職銜、地位或人格所造成的,通常包含“優(yōu)越于人,與眾不同”;
    4、renown,褒義,指顯赫的聲譽或應該得到的榮譽;
    5、notoriety,貶義,與fame相對應。
    “空空如也”:
    1、hollow,表示“空洞的,虛的,不實的,下陷的',可以和tree, voice, sound, cheeks等連用;
    2、vacant,表示“沒人占用的,出缺的”,常和position, room, house, seat等連用;
    3、empty,表示“空的,一無所有的”,可以和house, room, cup, box, stomatch, head, words等連用.
    你能理解“or”嗎?
    1、連接兩個對等的事物或人,可譯為“或”,“或者”;
    2、前后為同一個事物時,應譯為“即”,“或稱”,“或作”
    The exact mechanism of Yutin, or vitamin P as is sometimes called, on the capillary wall is not understood.
    附譯文:路丁,即有時所稱的維生素P,其對毛細血管壁的確切作用(機理)還不了解。
    3、連接兩組數字,代表不同單位的同一數量時,一般譯為“合”,“等于”;
    Normal temperature in man is 98.6F or 37C(遺憾的時表溫度上標我不會)。
    4、從or中導致方面結果時,應譯為“否則”;
    Hurry up, or you will be late.
    5、“or so ”左右;"or more"以上;"or rather"甚至
    "general"涵義種種:
    1、全身麻醉 general anesthesia
    2、普查,集體檢查 general check-up
    3、一般健康情況 general health condition
    4、綜合性醫(yī)院 general hospital
    5、總路線 genegral line
    6、大綱 general outline
    7、彌漫性腹膜炎 general peritonitis
    8、普通醫(yī)師 general practitioner
    9、總查(?。┓?general purpose
    10、秘書長 general secretary
    你能“定”下來嗎?
    1、set a date: 決定日期
    2、set an example:樹立榜樣
    3、set fruit:結果子
    4、set a fire: 點火
    5、set a severed limb:斷肢再接
    6、set sail:開航,起航
    7、set the camera lens:調整(相機)鏡頭
    8、set a pen to paper::動筆,下筆
    9、set a new task:提出新任務
    10、set down all items:記下所有項目
    11、set oneself to learn from:決心向……學習
    你知道這有多“重”?
    1、heavy applause:熱烈的鼓掌
    2、heavy gait:沉重的步態(tài)
    3、heavy chemicals大量生產的化學藥品
    4、heavy sea 波濤洶涌的海面
    5、heavy sleep:熟睡
    6、heavy smoker:煙癮大的人
    7、heavy current:強電流
    8、heavy eater:食量大的人
    9、heavy task:繁重的任務
    10、heavy food:油膩而難消化的食物
    11、heavy traffic:擁擠的交通
    12、heavy weather:惡劣的天氣
    13、heavy road:泥濘的路
    14、heavy rain:大雨
    15、heavy clouds:厚云
    16、heavy crops:豐收
    17、heavy frost:濃霜
    18、heavy wine:烈酒
    19、heavy news:悲痛的消息
    20、heavy heart:憂愁的心
    21、heavy fire:猛烈的炮火
    22、heavy bread:沒有發(fā)酵好的面包
    23、heavy wire:粗線
    24、heavy load:重載
    25、heavy storm:暴風雨
    26、heavy reader:沉悶冗長的讀物
    “強度”怎么說?
    1、intensity:指強烈的程度,多用于磁、電、熱、光、聲、火、勞動等抽象或非(易于觸摸到的)實體。
    例:colour intensity intensity of light
    2、strength:指堅強的程度,用于可觸摸到的具體實物抗拒能力的大小。
    strength of cement(水泥標號) engine strength
    working strength
    你打牢“基礎”了嗎?
    1、base:指有形、具體的基礎、基地。
    base line 基線 base plate 底座
    cotton base 產棉區(qū) data base 數據庫
    paint base 底漆 raw material base 原料基地
    2、basic:基本的,堿性的
    basic Bessemer steel 底吹堿性轉爐鋼
    basic hole 基孔 basic industry 基礎工業(yè)
    basic material 堿性材料
    3、basis:無形、抽象的基礎、根據
    econimic basis 經濟基礎
    hole basis 基孔制
    scientific basis 科學根據
    4、foundation:指大廈建筑物的地基,引申為“根據”
    foundation bolt 地腳螺栓
    material foundation of society社會物質基礎
    reinforced concrete foundation鋼筋混凝土基礎
    The rumour has no foundation這傳聞毫無根據
    你了解這些“組織”嗎?
    1、construction:指“構造”(將零部件裝配,組合在一起成為整體的方式):“結構”(各組成部分的搭配和排列,建筑物上承擔重力部分的構造)
    aircraft construction飛機構造
    welded construction焊接結構
    This machine is simple in construction這種機器構造簡單
    body construction車身(機身、彈體)構造
    capital construction基本建設
    physical construction機械構造
    prefabricated construction預制構造
    ships of similiar construction結構類似的船
    2、structure:“結構、組織”
    age structure年齡構成
    atomic structure原子結構
    steel stucture鋼結構
    shell stucture薄層結構
    brick stucture磚建筑物
    geological stucture地質構造
    market stucture市場結構
    microscopic stucture顯微組織
    The human body is a wonderful stucture人體是個奇妙的構造物
    the stucture of a plant一種植物的構造
    "charge"涵義知多少?
    1、費用:service charge服務費;
    2、責任:in charge of 負責;
    3、裝料:furnace charge爐料;
    4、電荷:induced charge感應電荷;
    5、裝藥:shaped charge錐孔炸藥
    再解“develop”
    1、發(fā)展:
    agriculture develpopment
    social development
    industrial develpopment
    development in foreign affairs
    2、開發(fā)
    water-power development
    oil-field development
    development of natural resouerces
    interllectual development
    3、研制
    advanced development遠景產品研制,樣機試制
    under development
    engineering development
    operatinal development產品改進性研制
    exploratory development探索性研制
    4、開拓
    ore development
    lateral development水平開拓
    5、展開(用于數學)
    series development級數展開
    development of function函數的展開
    6、顯影
    chemical development化學顯影
    over development顯影過度
    time development定時顯影
    The shade meaning of "power":
    「數學」乘方、冪
    The sixth power of two is sixty-four.
    「力學」
    力:horse power
    功率:rated power額定功率
    「電學」
    電力:power network
    電源:power switch
    功率:power export
    「化學」
    能:chemical power
    本領:catalytic power催化本領
    化合價:Aluminium has a conmbining power of three.
    「機械」
    動力:power shaft傳動軸
    力:brake power
    「社會」
    力量:knowlege is power
    權力:politica power
    強國:superpower
    The shade meaning of "system":
    「機電」
    系統:electric light system電照明系統
    lubricating system潤滑系統
    電力網:system fault電力網故障
    裝置:tierod-crank system連桿曲柄裝置
    top charging system爐頂裝料裝置
    設備:loading system轉載設備
    制:basic hole(shaft) system基孔(軸)制
    「數學」組:system of equations
    「力學」系:system of forces
    「化學」法:acid system酸法
    「社會」
    體系:industrial system
    制度:social system
    方法:a new system of teaching foreign language
    The shade meaning of "work":
    工作:work experience
    工件:stamp work模鍛工件
    工廠: Motor Vehical Works
    工事:defence works
    著作:new works on acupuncture針刺療法新書
    功:mechanical work
    運轉:The machine works well.
    加工:The wood works easily.
    起作用:The medicine works.
    造成:work wonders(miracles)創(chuàng)造奇跡
    The shade meaning of "sound":
    「聲音」sound wave
    「聽起來」The plan sounds reasonable.
    「發(fā)音」sound every syllable!每個音節(jié)都要發(fā)音。
    The ship moved slowly forward sounding as she went.航船慢速前進,一路錘測水深。
    「完好的」sound metal優(yōu)質金屬
    「牢固的」sound casting 堅實的鑄件
    The meaning of "sound":
    「圓的」round plate
    「整的」a round ton
    「環(huán)形」a round trip往還一次
    「圓角」fillet and round內圓角和外圓角
    「彈」guided round (missile)導彈
    「圍繞」The moon moves round the earth.
    「到處」show sb round
    「使圓」round the corners
    「舍入」3.14159 rounded to four decimals becomes 3.1416
    "廢物"之說:
    1、litter:并不是真正意義上的廢物,而是用后散置的“雜物”,相當于odds and ends,或索性說是殘余物(leavings)
    Always pick up your litter after a picnic.
    2、waste:真正的廢物,美國人常用trash,此字還有“殘屑”、或“垃圾”之意。
    垃圾簍美國人用trash can;英國用dustbin.美國人把南方的窮苦白人叫the (poor) white trash;可見,此詞又可作“無價值的人或物”解釋。
    That book is mere trash.
    3、rubbish:范圍廣,真正的廢物。也可表驚嘆“Rubbish(胡說!)”
    英國人常說:That book is all rubbish.
    4、廚房殘屑:kitchen refuse或refuse:此詞做廢物或無用之物講,但一般指固體廢物,不指可排泄的垃圾。
    5、到垃圾的地方:a dumping ground; a dumping-place for rubbish; a rubbish dump.
    6、junk:垃圾、廢物。原意是“破爛貨”。
    His writing is all junk.
    7、廢人、社會渣滓:human waste; debris; dregs of population; off-scourings of humanity; dross of mankind; hobo
    He is now a "has-been"(他現成了廢物)=He outlived his usefulness.
    Commitment譯法:
    動詞commit在字典中涵義:
    1、 犯、行、作:commit a crime; commit a blunder; commit murder; commit suicide
    2、 委托、付諸:commit some funds to the care of trustees(委托資金與保管委員會);commit a bill(議會將議案交付委員審查);commit thoughts to writing(將想法寫出來);commit something to memory(暗記某事);
    3、 承擔:If you agreed to give a number of lectures, help to pay your brother's school expenses, and give $ 500 a year for clothes, you have quite a lot of commitments.
    4、 (束縛身體之意轉為)牽累,陷入,獻身:Do not commit yourself(勿自限累);commit oneself to a promise;
    例析:
    1、 In the last decade, however, we have sought to fulfill the goal with greater zeal, greater commitment, and greater success than at any period in our history.
    在過去十年中,我們比歷任何時期都力求更加熱心地、更加獻身地、更加成功地來達到這個目標(獻身)。
    2、(李光耀對新加坡人的定義)A Singaporean is a person who feels committed to upholding society as it is—multi-racial, tolerant, accommodating, forward-looking——and who is prepared to stake his life for the community.
    一個新加坡人就是一個對現存的多元種族、容忍互助而又高瞻遠矚的社會,以獻身精神來支持它,并裝備為它付出生命的人(獻身的)。
    3、I believe that both candidates should make it absolutely clear that they share a basic commitment to the success of the negotiations now taking place in Paris.
    我相信兩黨的總統候選人,都應絕對明確地表示,他們對于促成現在巴黎舉行的商談成功,具有基本的言語約束(言約)。
    4、 he second imperative of our policy for peace is that we must meet our commitment and keep our promises to use our strength to oppose aggression.
    我們和平政策的第二條誡命,就是我們必須盡我們的義務,守住我們的諾言,竭盡所能,反抗侵略(諾言)。
    5、 Vietnam may be a bitter hoax or it may be a major commitment in the defense of freedom, but it will go away because we yell “foul”; it will not fade because we blow retreat.
    越南可能是一種痛苦的玩笑,也可能是在保衛(wèi)自由中的一個大的牽累,它不會因為我們大叫討厭而走開,也不會因為我們鳴金收兵而消失(牽累)
    6、 The report said that new commitments of US$50.7 million during fiscal year 1968 raised total investments of the International Finance Corporation in private enterprises in its member countries to US$271.8 million in 39 countries.
    1968年會計年度新的投資計有5070萬美元,使得國際金融公司在其他會員國的私人企業(yè)總投資,39個國家共達27180萬美元(投資)。
    7、 The Japanese have faithfully observed their commitments.日本人忠實地遵守了投降條件(條件)。
    其他:
    an all-around commitment(全面的約束)
    to give a precipitate commitment(給以輕率的
    保險種種:
    accident insurance
    意外保險
    accident death insurance
    意外死亡保險
    accounts receivable insurance
    應收帳款保險
    additional insurance
    加保
    agricultural insurance
    農業(yè)保險
    air transport insurance
    空運保險
    air transportation cargo insurance
    空運貨物保險
    aircraft hull insurance
    飛機機身保險
    aircraft passenger insurance
    飛機乘客保險
    all risks insurance
    綜合保險
    annuity insurance
    年金保險
    automobile insurance
    汽車保險
    aviation insurance
    航空保險
    aviation liability insurance
    航空責任保險
    aviation personal accident insurance
    航空人身意外保險
    bad debt insurance
    壞帳保險
    baggage insurance
    行李保險
    bailee's customers insurance
    受托人代客保險
    basic insurance
    基本保險
    blanket insurance
    總括保險
    block insurance
    船舶保險
    boiler explosion insurance
    鍋爐爆炸保險
    bond insurance
    債券保險
    bonding insurance
    保證保險
    broker insurance
    保險掮客
    building insurance
    建筑物保險
    burglary insurance
    盜竊保險
    business interruption insurance
    業(yè)務中斷保險
    business liability insurance
    營業(yè)責任保險
    capital insurance
    資本保險
    cargo insurance
    貨物保險
    cargo marine insurance
    海洋貨運保險
    cargo transportation insurance
    貨物運輸保險
    carrier's liability insurance
    承運人責任保險
    cash messenger insurance
    現金運送保險
    casualty insurance
    不幸事故保險, 災害保險
    cattle insurance
    家畜保險
    cede insurance
    分保
    child's insurance
    兒童保險
    civilliability insurance
    民事責任保險
    civil responsibility insurance
    責任保險
    collective insurance
    集體保險
    collective accident insurance
    集體災害保險
    collision insurance
    碰撞保險
    commercial credit insurance
    商業(yè)信用保險
    commission insurance
    傭金保險
    compensation insurance
    職工賠償保險
    comprehensive insurance
    綜合保險, 全程保險
    compulsory insurance
    強制保險
    concurrent insurance
    同時保險
    consequential damage insurance
    間接損害保險
    consequential loss insurance
    間接損失保險
    consignment export insurance
    寄售輸出保險
    consignment sale export insurance
    寄銷出口保險
    consignment stock insurance
    寄銷貨物保險
    continued insurance
    繼續(xù)保險
    convertible insurance
    轉換保險
    cost and insurance
    成本加 保險價
    credit insurance
    信用保險
    credit life insurance
    信用人壽保險(借款人死亡時, 應將賠償金付給放款人)
    crop insurance
    作物保險
    damage insurance
    損失保險
    death insurance
    死亡保險
    deferred insurance
    擱置保險
    deposit insurance
    存款保險
    disability insurance
    殘廢保險
    disbursements insurance
    船舶費用保險
    domestic insurance
    家計保險
    domestic animal transportation insurance
    家畜運輸保險
    double insurance
    雙重保險
    duty insurance
    關稅保險
    earthquake insurance
    地震保險
    economic policy insurance
    經濟政策保險
    education insurance
    教育保險
    elevator liability insurance
    電梯責任保險
    employee's pension insurance
    職工退休養(yǎng)老保險
    employer's liability insurance
    雇主責任保險; 職工傷害保險
    employment insurance
    就業(yè)保險
    endowment insurance
    人壽定期保險, 養(yǎng)老保險, 儲蓄保險
    endowment life insurance
    人壽定期保險
    engineering insurance
    工程保險
    erection insurance
    機器安裝保險
    excess insurance
    超額保險
    exchange risk insurance
    外匯風險保險
    exhibition insurance
    展覽保險
    expected profit insurance
    預期利潤保險
    explosion insurance
    爆炸保險
    export insurance
    出口保險, 輸出保險
    extended terms insurance
    延期保險
    external investment principal insurance
    國外投資本金保險
    facultative insurance
    臨時保險
    family income insurance
    家庭收入保險
    farm insurance
    農業(yè)保險
    fermentation insurance
    發(fā)酵保險
    fidelity insurance
    職工忠誠保險
    fire insurance
    火災保險, 火險
    fiscal insurance
    租稅保險
    fixed term insurance
    定期保險
    flood insurance
    洪水保險
    forced insurance
    強制保險
    foreign exchange fluctuation insurance
    外匯波動保險
    fraternal insurance
    互助救濟保險
    freight insurance
    運費保險
    frost insurance
    霜害保險
    full value insurance
    全值保險
    general average disbursement insurance
    共同海損費用保險
    general export insurance
    普通輸出保險
    government employee insurance
    公務人員保險
    group insurance
    團體保險
    group life insurance
    團體人身保險
    guarantee insurance
    保證保險, 盜竊意外保險
    hail insurance
    雹害保險
    harvest insurance
    收獲保險
    hazardous insurance
    危險物品保險
    health insurance
    健康保險
    hire purchase credit insurance
    租賃信用保險
    homeowner's insurance
    房主保險
    hospitalization insurance
    醫(yī)療保險
    hull insurance
    船舶保險, 運輸工具保險
    hypothecation insurance
    抵押保險
    imaginary profit insurance
    預期利益保險
    immovable insurance
    不動產保險
    inconvertibility insurance
    國外投資本利不能兌換匯回保險
    long life insurance
    長壽保險
    straight life insurance
    終身保險
    strike expenses insurance
    罷工追加費用保險
    subsidiary insurance
    附屬保險
    supplementary insurance
    追加保險
    survivorship insurance
    共有財產中歸后死者所得的聯合保險
    term insurance
    定期保險
    theft insurance
    盜竊保險
    time insurance
    定期保險
    time hull insurance
    船舶定期保險
    title insurance
    產權保證保險
    insurance for adult
    成人保險
    insurance for medical care
    醫(yī)療保險
    insurance of export-import goods
    進出口貨物保險
    insurance of valuables
    貴重物品保險
    insurance or guarantee of private loans
    私人貸款保險或擔保
    “群”的表達
    觀眾a crowd of spectators
    一群人a crowd of people
    一群人a throng of people
    一群影迷a throng of film fans
    一群女學生a group of girl students
    一群旁觀者a group of onlookers
    一群歡迎者a troop of welcomers
    一群*者a troop of demonstrators
    注:
    CROWD:無組織或者無秩序的人群;
    THRONG: 為數眾多的擠在一處或向前涌去的群;
    GROUP:有一定組織的;
    TROOP:正常行進中的群
    一群才子a galaxy of talents
    一群美女a galaxy of beauties
    一群匪徒a band of gangsters
    一群劫匪a gang of robbers
    一群建筑物a cluster of buildings
    一群海島a cluster of islands
    注:
    GALAXY:出色或的人物群;
    BAND/GANG:有明顯在輕蔑色彩,強盜、匪徒等的群(幫、伙);
    CLUSTER:集結物體的群(簇、堆)。
    一群羊a flock of sheep
    一群鴨a flock of ducks
    一群牛a herd of cattle
    一群馬a herd of horses
    一群豺狼a pack of wolves
    一群獵犬a pack of hounds
    一群猴子a host of monkeys
    一群蜜蜂a swarm of bees
    注:
    FLOCK: 飛鳥家禽、牲畜等的群,尤指羊群;
    HERD:大動物的群;
    PACK:野獸、獵犬等的群