經(jīng)典之作:楊鵬GRE閱讀難句解讀

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由于本人長(zhǎng)期接觸GRE的閱讀文章,親身經(jīng)歷過艱苦的學(xué)習(xí)過程,而且體驗(yàn)過考場(chǎng)上的緊張氣氛,現(xiàn)在又從事GRE閱讀的教學(xué)工作,除了對(duì)GRE有比較多的感受之外,更有著對(duì)GRE閱讀的一些規(guī)律性的認(rèn)識(shí)。
    GRE閱讀,包括數(shù)學(xué)和邏輯中的一些題干的一大特點(diǎn),也就是一大難點(diǎn),就是充斥著一些或很長(zhǎng)、或很怪異的句子,我們稱之為GRE難救。句子,作為任何閱讀文章基本的閱讀單位,其重要性不言而喻。換句話說,句子讀不懂,想要讀懂文章,有如癡人說夢(mèng)??墒笹RE閱讀中的句子之繁難,超出其他所有的英語考試的范疇,其長(zhǎng)度更立人瞠目,往往讀到句末,已經(jīng)忘了前面在說些什么,令很多初學(xué)者困惑不已,不得不放棄真正讀懂文章的想法。
    然而,GRE難句絕非不可攻克,只要訓(xùn)練方法得當(dāng),并且能更每天半小時(shí)左右進(jìn)行練習(xí),GRE難句完全可以在一個(gè)月甚至幾周內(nèi)被攻破,而做到這點(diǎn),對(duì)我們GRE考生的意義是偉大的:第一,所有的長(zhǎng)句子之讀一遍就懂,避免了反復(fù)閱讀趙成的時(shí)間浪費(fèi),可以大大的提高大家的閱讀速度;第二,可以順利地作出幾考中的高分題,因?yàn)榕c難句對(duì)應(yīng)的閱讀題,包括數(shù)學(xué)和邏輯中毒起來較難的題目,一定對(duì)應(yīng)較高的分值;第三,可以增加閱讀文章時(shí)的理解力,提高對(duì)文章整體的把握能力;第四,可以增加我們的自信心,產(chǎn)生一種閱讀中的順暢的愉快感,使我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)GRE中不再沉浸在一種煩躁的情緒之中,真正的與文章的內(nèi)容和作者的的思路打交道。
    GRE難句的由來:我們知道,GRE文章都摘自美國(guó)的科學(xué)雜志或?qū)W術(shù)論文。我曾經(jīng)到網(wǎng)上去看過那些東西,往往結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,句子流暢,絕不難讀。然而經(jīng)過ETS改編和壓縮之后,GRE句子變得句子冗長(zhǎng)、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、信息量大,趙成讀者的困難;因此GRE的難句完全是人為的東西。
    GRE難句與文章內(nèi)容的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系:我經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),GRE的各種文章中,句子的難度與文章的內(nèi)容右移種對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,也就是文章的內(nèi)容越簡(jiǎn)單,句子就越難;如生命科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)題材的文章,由于其內(nèi)容較難,細(xì)節(jié)較多,因此句子較短,較容易,以降低難度;而文學(xué)評(píng)論和社會(huì)科學(xué)的文章,引起內(nèi)容較少,作者態(tài)度較為明確,因而難句既多有南;我們很多考生因?yàn)闊o法讀懂這些句子,反而認(rèn)為這兩種文章比生物、吳立文章更難。因此,對(duì)文學(xué)評(píng)論性文章比較害怕的同學(xué)們下一番功夫攻克GRE難句,就顯得更為重要了。
    第一部分、GRE難句分析
    分為四大類:
    第一類:句子本不難,但是修飾成分多且長(zhǎng)。1、從句(定語、狀語、同位語從句等等);2、介詞短語修飾;3、分詞修飾。經(jīng)常是在同一個(gè)句子里既有從句又有介詞短語,且都不止一個(gè)。例:The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.翻譯:一個(gè)社會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)出來保存自己的方法得以形成來保持那個(gè)社會(huì)認(rèn)為重要的一些方面。讀法:初級(jí):讀出主謂賓來。分析:主語:The methods; 謂語:com into being;不定式to引導(dǎo)表示目的狀語。高級(jí):直接讀,見后??疾槟芰Γ嚎疾榭忌拇竽X容量。
    第二類:大段的插入與或同位語,大段讀者的思路,割裂前后之間的語義,造成理解的困難。我們稱之為“打岔”。例:Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.(LSAT)讀法:初級(jí):跳過插入語 高級(jí):直接讀查查能力:大腦容量 抗干擾能力
    第三類:倒裝:由于應(yīng)該放在句首的成分太長(zhǎng),因此倒裝到句末。也是一種人為現(xiàn)象。例:That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.讀法:需要經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練后才能按正常語序讀。正常語序:That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants that and individual will have and hence the sex retion which maximize the number of gene copies transmitted will be favered.高級(jí)讀法:直接讀,見后:考查能力:大腦的排序能力
    第四類:省略:相對(duì)以上三種來講比較簡(jiǎn)單,在短句中大家一般都可以看出。但是如果在場(chǎng)句中出現(xiàn),特別是如果與以上三種之一甚至幾種同時(shí)出現(xiàn),也會(huì)給同學(xué)們帶來很大的困難。如上例原句中的省略,在第二個(gè)the number of 前省略了"sex ration which maximizes".
    第二部分、GRE難句訓(xùn)練法
    訓(xùn)練方法:凡讀過的GRE文章,凡有讀一兩遍不懂的句子,摘下或輸入電腦:每天花半小時(shí)來讀,讀懂讀順為止;開始越窄越多,翟導(dǎo)20句以后,越窄越少,一個(gè)月后幾乎沒有了。這是可以達(dá)到高級(jí)讀法:因?yàn)榇竽X已經(jīng)熟悉了這4種難句的結(jié)構(gòu),因此可以預(yù)判和自動(dòng)整理語序,除了太長(zhǎng)的插入語之外(3行以上),均可以直接讀下來。這里面的道理在于,人的大腦對(duì)于語言的處理方式是高度自動(dòng)化的,一旦大腦熟悉了某種語言的結(jié)構(gòu),他就會(huì)對(duì)以這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)的語句進(jìn)行自動(dòng)的處理,哪怕句子是語序到的,你也能在瞬間知道其意思, 絕無混亂之感。
    令人頭疼的倒裝為例,舉一個(gè)中文的例子,比如“如之奈何”依據(jù),學(xué)過古文的同學(xué)都知道這實(shí)際上是“奈何如之”的倒裝,意思是“如何來對(duì)付他?”然而讀完“如之奈何”再把它恢復(fù)成正常語序“奈何如之”,才能理解其含義。這是初學(xué)古文的人的做法,真正看古文書的人不會(huì)這么讀的。因?yàn)樗焯於甲x這種語言,早已熟悉了這種結(jié)構(gòu),不管怎么看,他都知道這是在問怎么辦的問題。你要問它為什么是這個(gè)意思,語法結(jié)構(gòu)是怎么回事,它還可能真說不明白。 其實(shí)語言本身就是為了云在含義的,只要你明白句子的意思,其語法結(jié)構(gòu)不提也罷。我們訓(xùn)練GRE難救,就是要達(dá)到上面所談的這種高級(jí)讀法的境界,直接讀下來(除了3行以上的插入語),就知道句子的意思。當(dāng)然,這種讀法必須以反復(fù)的、針對(duì)難句的訓(xùn)練為前提。而已彈訓(xùn)練成功,ETS所考察你的種種大腦的能力也就通通無效了。
    GRE學(xué)習(xí)的一大秘訣,就在于把考場(chǎng)上考察你的難點(diǎn)和需要你花大量時(shí)間思考的東西兌換成考場(chǎng)下你的時(shí)間和努力。注意:貴在堅(jiān)持。GRE學(xué)習(xí),當(dāng)然也包括GRE難句的訓(xùn)練,都好比逆水行舟,不進(jìn)則退。想要讀懂GRE難句,必須堅(jiān)持每天讀,把每一個(gè)你再出來的句子徹底讀通,讀到這些句子就像是應(yīng)該這樣寫、如果是你來寫這些句子,你也要寫一樣。特別提一下,經(jīng)過我的調(diào)查,凡是能夠真正堅(jiān)持用這種方法訓(xùn)練的同學(xué),無一例外的都在數(shù)周之內(nèi),閱讀能力和閱讀速度都得到了大幅度的提高,興奮地來找我,告訴我再?zèng)]有完全讀不懂的文章了。而大多數(shù)同學(xué)只練了幾天就放棄了,實(shí)在可惜。其實(shí)如果真的能夠每天都能認(rèn)真地讀上半小時(shí),一個(gè)月之內(nèi),必有突破。而克服GRE難句,對(duì)于提高大家的邏輯單體、填空能力也至關(guān)重要。可以毫不夸張地說,只有克服了GRE難句,你的GRE學(xué)習(xí)才算真正入了門。
    為了節(jié)省同學(xué)們寶貴的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間,我在俞敏洪校長(zhǎng)之鼓勵(lì)下,將GRE NO4-No9 21套題84篇文章及GRE國(guó)內(nèi)題(90-94)14套56篇文章中的所有難句進(jìn)行了摘錄和分類,盡裂于此。由于絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)對(duì)需要留下新體10套模考,過句子沒有收錄,且由于新題閱讀難度下降,其句子收錄價(jià)值也十分有限。余日夜兼程,與完工只是,驚覺凡所錄難句,恰100整。此數(shù)暗合Tofel語法之100難句,此天意也?[fwoods:難句摘抄如下:配上了翻譯,但是分類就費(fèi)事加上去了,反正大家看了都知道屬于哪種難句子,加上去無意義。錄入和整理,我花了一晚上,好多錯(cuò)別字,大家海涵。
    That sex ratio will be
    favored which maximizes the number of
    descendants an individual will have and
    hence the number of gene copies
    transmitted.
    那種性別比例能在大程度上增加一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量,并因此能在大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。
    Hardy's weakness derived from his
    apparent inability to control the
    (55) comings and goings of these divergent
    impulses and from his unwillingness to
    cultivate and sustain the energetic and
    risky ones.
    哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無能,無法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)的穿梭往來;另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)。
    As my own studies have
    advanced, I have been increasingly
    impressed with the functional
    similarities between insect and
    (10) vertebrate societies and less so with
    the structural differences that seem,
    at first glance, to constitute such an
    immense gulf between them.
    隨著我的研究不斷深入,我對(duì)昆蟲和脊椎動(dòng)物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來愈深刻,而對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異印象愈發(fā)淡漠,雖然這些結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異初看上去似乎構(gòu)成了二者間一條無法愈越的鴻溝。
    Although fiction assuredly springs from
    (15) political circumstances, its authors react
    to those circumstances in ways other than
    ideological, and talking about novels
    and stories primarily as instruments of
    ideology circumvents much of the fictional
    (20) enterprise.
    雖然小說無疑起源于政治情狀,但其作者則是以非意識(shí)形態(tài)的方式對(duì)這些政治情狀 作出反應(yīng)的,而將小說和故事主要地當(dāng)作意識(shí)形態(tài)的工具來探討,會(huì)在相當(dāng)程度上阻礙小說事業(yè)。
    Is
    this a defect, or are the authors working
    out of, or trying to forge, a different
    (60) kind of aesthetic?
    這究竟是一種缺陷呢,或者是否表明,這些作者是在按照一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作,抑或是在試圖創(chuàng)立一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系?
    Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of
    novels, bringing to our attention in the
    process some fascinating and
    (75) little-known works like James Weldon
    Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-
    Colored Man.
    《黑人小說》考察了極為廣泛的一系列小說,在此過程中讓我們注意到了某些引人入勝但卻鮮為人知的作品,如詹姆斯。韋爾登。約翰遜(Jameseldon Johnson)的《一個(gè)曾經(jīng)是有色人的自傳》(Autobiography of an Ex-ColoredMan)。
    Although these molecules
    (5) allow radiation at visible wavelengths,
    where most of the energy of sunlight is
    concentrated, to pass through, they
    absorb some of the longer-wavelength,
    infrared emissions radiated from the
    (10) Earth's surface, radiation that would
    otherwise be transmitted back into
    space.
    雖然這些分子允許可見波長(zhǎng)(visible wavelength)的輻射——陽光的絕大部分能量就匯集于此——不受阻擋地穿透,但它們卻會(huì)吸收某些較長(zhǎng)波長(zhǎng)(longer-wavelength),亦即從地球表面輻射出的紅外發(fā)射(infrared cmission),這種輻射若不是二氧化碳的緣故就會(huì)被重新輸送回太空。
    The role those anthropologists
    (5) ascribe to evolution is not of dictating
    the details of human behavior but one
    of imposing constraints—ways of
    feeling, thinking, and acting that
    "come naturally" in archetypal situations
    (10) in any culture.
    這些人類學(xué)家所歸諸于生物進(jìn)化的作用,不是規(guī)定人類行為的種種細(xì)節(jié),而是將各種限制強(qiáng)加于人類——即在任何文化的典型情景中都會(huì)“自然表露”的情感、思維、以及行動(dòng)方式。
    A low
    number of algal cells in the presence
    (10) of a high number of grazers suggested,
    but did not prove, that the grazers
    had removed most of the algae.
    在存在大量食草動(dòng)物的同時(shí)卻只有少量的水藻花粉囊,這暗示出——但沒能證明——食草動(dòng)物已吞噬了大部分水藻。
    Studies by Hargrave and
    Geen estimated natural community graz-
    ing rates by measuring feeding rates of
    individual zooplankton species in the
    laboratory and then computing community
    (55) grazing rates for field conditions
    using the known population density
    of grazers.
    由哈格雷夫(Hargrave)和吉恩(Geen)所進(jìn)行的研究,對(duì)自然條件下的群落食草比例進(jìn)行了估計(jì),其手段是通過測(cè)量出實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)單獨(dú)的浮游動(dòng)物種類的結(jié)食比例,然后利用已知的食草動(dòng)物種群密度,計(jì)算出實(shí)地狀況下的群落食草比例。
    In the periods
    of peak zooplankton abundance, that is,
    in the late spring and in the summer,
    Haney recorded maximum daily com-
    (70) munity grazing rates, for nutrient-poor
    lakes and bog lakes, respectively,
    of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily
    phytoplankton production.
    在浮游動(dòng)物數(shù)量激增的高峰期,亦即在春季后期以及夏季,哈尼記錄了大程度上的每日群落食草比率,對(duì)于營(yíng)養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言,分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
    The
    hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this
    science, is the complete cycle of
    phenomena through which water passes,
    beginning as atmospheric water vapor,
    (10) passing into liquid and solid form as
    precipitation, thence along and into
    the ground surface, and finally again
    returning to the form of atmospheric
    water vapor by means of evaporation and
    (15) transpiration.
    水文循環(huán)(hydrologic cycle),作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題,指的是水所經(jīng)過的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過程,開始時(shí)是作 為大氣中的水蒸氣,轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過液體和固體形態(tài),由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面,終通過蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
    Only when a system possesses natural
    or artificial boundaries that associate
    the water within it with the hydrologic
    cycle may the entire system properly be
    (30) termed hydrogeologic.
    只有當(dāng)某一地質(zhì)系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工的界限,將該系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的水與水文循環(huán)起來,這整個(gè)系統(tǒng)方能被恰當(dāng)?shù)胤Q為與水文地質(zhì)學(xué)相關(guān)。
    The historian Frederick J. Turner
    wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian
    discontent that had been developing
    steadily in the United States since
    (5) about 1870 had been precipitated by the
    closing of the internal frontier——that
    is, the depletion of available new land
    needed for further expansion of the
    American farming system.
    史學(xué)家弗雷德里克。杰。特納(Frederick J.Turner)于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道,美國(guó)約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿,由于國(guó)內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)(internal frontier)的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說,美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
    In the early 1950's, historians who
    studied preindustrial Europe (which we
    may define here as Europe in the period
    from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for
    (5) the first time in large numbers, to
    investigate more of the preindustrial
    European population than the 2 or 3
    percent who comprised the political
    and social elite: the kings, generals,
    (10) judges, nobles, bishops, and local
    magnates who had hitherto usually
    filled history books.
    二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期,研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲(此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時(shí)期的歐洲)的史學(xué)家,首次以眾多的人數(shù),開始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù),而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會(huì)精英階層的百分之二或三的人口,即國(guó)王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴,而正是這部分人一直到那時(shí)為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
    Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie
    have used the documents to extract case
    histories, which have illuminated the
    attitudes of different social groups
    (40) (these attitudes include, but are not
    confined to, attitudes toward crime and
    the law) and have revealed how the
    authorities administered justice.
    象勒羅伊。拉迪里(Le Roy Ladurie)一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個(gè)案史(case history)來,闡明了不同社會(huì)群體的態(tài)度(這些態(tài)度包括,但并非局限于,對(duì)犯罪和法律的態(tài)度),并揭示出*是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
    My point is that its central
    consciousness—its profound
    (20) understanding of class and gender
    as shaping influences on people's
    lives—owes much to that earlier
    literary heritage, a heritage that,
    in general, has not been sufficiently
    (25) valued by most contemporary literary
    critics.
    我的論點(diǎn)是,其作品的中心意識(shí)——它將階級(jí)和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個(gè)早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn),而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評(píng)論家的足夠重視。
    But achieving
    necessary matches in physical properties
    across interfaces between living and
    nonliving matter requires knowledge of
    (20) which molecules control the bonding of
    cells to each other—an area that we
    have not yet explored thoroughly.
    但是,要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配,需要某種知識(shí),即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域,我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。
    Islamic law is a phenomenon so
    different from all other forms of
    (5) law—notwithstanding, of course, a
    considerable and inevitable number of
    coincidences with one or the other
    of them as far as subject matter and
    positive enactments are concerned—that
    (10) its study is indispensable in order to
    appreciate adequately the full range of
    possible legal phenomena.
    伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑,盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言,與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當(dāng)數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對(duì)它進(jìn)行研究便顯得不可或缺,以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
    Though
    (20) historically there is a discernible
    break between Jewish law of the
    sovereign state of ancient Israel and
    of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish
    people after the conquest of Israel),
    (25) the spirit of the legal matter in later
    parts of the Old Testament is very close
    to that of the Talmud, one of the
    primary codifications of Jewish law in
    the Diaspora.
    盡管從歷史角度來看,在古代以色列作為獨(dú)立主權(quán)國(guó)家的*教法與大流散時(shí)期(Diaspora,即以色列被征服后古代*人被巴比倫人逐出故土)的*教法之間存在著一個(gè)明晰可辨的斷裂,然則,《舊約全書》(Old Testament)后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《*教法典》(Talmud)極為一脈相承,而所謂的《*教法典》,是指大流散時(shí)期*教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
    Islam, on the other hand,
    (30) represented a radical breakaway from the
    Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic
    law is the result of an examination
    from a religious angle, of legal subject
    matter that was far from uniform,
    (35) comprising as it did the various
    components of the laws of pre-Islamic
    Arabia and numerous legal elements
    taken over from the non-Arab peoples
    of the conquered territories.
    另一方面,伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教(Arab paganism)的一種根本上的決裂;伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度,對(duì)各種雜亂無章、絕無共同點(diǎn)的法律內(nèi)容進(jìn)行考察所致的結(jié)果,而這些法律內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國(guó)家(Pre-Islamic Arabia)法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過來的無數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。
    One such novel idea is
    that of inserting into the chromosomes
    (25) of plants discrete genes that are not
    a part of the plants' natural constitution:
    specifically, the idea of inserting into
    nonleguminous plants the genes, if they
    can be identified and isolated, that fit
    (30) the leguminous plants to be hosts for
    nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the
    intensified research on legumes.
    這其中的一個(gè)新穎思想就是,在植物的染色體(chromosome)內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構(gòu)造一個(gè)部分的那些不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基:具體而言,這一思想是,在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因,倘若這些基因可被辨識(shí)出來并被分離開來,而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。由此,對(duì)豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
    It is
    one of nature's great ironies that the
    availability of nitrogen in the soil
    (40) frequently sets an upper limit on plant
    growth even though the plants' leaves
    are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.
    下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個(gè)莫大諷刺:土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)構(gòu)成了一個(gè)上限,雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮?dú)獾暮Q笾小?BR>    Unless they succeed, the
    yield gains of the Green Revolution will
    (70) be largely lost even if the genes in
    legumes that equip those plants to enter
    into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers
    are identified and isolated, and even if
    the transfer of those gene complexes,
    (75) once they are found, becomes possible.
    除非他們能取得成功,不然的話,綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡,即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細(xì)菌共生關(guān)系的基因可被辨識(shí)出來和分離開來的話,且即使這些基因綜合體(gene complex),一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后,其移植得以成為可能的話。
    Its subject
    (to use Maynard Mack's categories) is
    "life-as-spectacle," for readers,
    diverted by its various incidents,
    observe its hero Odysseus primarily
    (10) from without; the tragic Iliad, however,
    presents "life-as-experience": readers
    are asked to identify with the mind of
    Achilles, whose motivations render him
    a not particularly likable hero.
    其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克(Maynard Mack)的兩個(gè)分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”,因?yàn)樽x者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散,主要是從外部來觀察其主人公奧德修斯(Odyssus)的;然而,富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)”:讀者被要求與阿基琉斯(Achilles)的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴,而其行為動(dòng)機(jī)卻致使他變作一個(gè)并非特別惹人喜愛的主人公。
    Most striking among the
    many asymmetries evident in an adult
    flatfish is eye placement: before
    maturity one eye migrates, so that in
    (10) an adult flatfish both eyes are on the
    same side of the head.
    在一條成年比目魚身上顯著存在的諸多不對(duì)稱(asymmetry)特征中,為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位:在成年之前,一只眼睛發(fā)生移動(dòng),因此在成年比目魚身上,兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側(cè)面。