一、疊詞的形態(tài)格式
疊詞(reduplicated word)是治語的一種特殊詞匯現(xiàn)象,使用非常普遍。漢語的名詞、數(shù)詞、量詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞以及象聲詞都有重疊變化,其主要的形態(tài)格式有以下十類。
1、AA式 天天 看看 樣樣 紅紅
2、AAB式 毛毛雨 洗洗手 刷刷牙 寫寫字
3、ABB式 眼巴巴 水汪汪 涼絲絲 亮堂堂
4、AABB式 高高興興 認認真真 三三兩兩 滴滴答答
5、ABAB式 一個一個 雪白雪白 飛快飛快 漆黑漆黑
6、A-A式 看一看 試一試 熱一熱 猜一猜
7、A了(一)A式 看了看 試了試 摸了摸 拍了拍(看了一看) (試了一試) (摸了一摸) (拍了一拍)
8、A呀/呵A式 唱呀唱 游呀游 走呀走 讀啊讀
9、A著A著式 說著說著 數(shù)著數(shù)著 跳著跳著 器著器著
10、A里AB式 糊里糊涂 傻里傻氣 嬌里嬌氣 羅里羅嗦
此外,還有AABC式(楚楚動人)、BCAA式(風雪茫茫)、ABAC(一舉一動)和A都A不式(爬都爬不)等格式,因使用率不高,未收集歸類。
二、疊詞的詞性變化和詞義變化
漢語詞匯重疊后,一般無詞性變化。但是,動詞以AABB格式重疊后,往往的人很多。商商量量地辦事。形容詞以ABAB格式重疊后,往往轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞。例如:過新年了,大家痛快痛快一番!
漢語詞匯重疊后,詞義大都發(fā)生變化。這種詞義變化命名得疊詞除了具備信息功能外,還具備表情功能與美感功能,命名語言生動活潑,更富有感染力。疊詞詞義變化可歸納為三種情況。
1、"增義",即增加語意。名詞、數(shù)詞、量詞等重疊后,往往增加"每一"和"很多"的意義。例
如:事事、斤斤、一群群,等等。
2、"強義"即加強語意。形容詞、副詞重疊后,數(shù)量詞不達意重疊后起副詞作用時,動詞以A呀/啊A、A著A著、A里AB等格式重疊后,以及動詞以AABB格式重疊后起形容詞或副詞作用時,都使詞義程度加重和強調(diào)。例如:輕輕(的)、剛剛、一口一口(地)、跑呀跑、跳著跳著、糊里糊涂、跑跑顛顛,等等。
3、"弱義",即減緩語意。動詞重疊后和形容詞以ABAB格式重疊后起動詞作用時,都使詞義程度減弱、緩和、委婉,表示的動作往往是一次體或嘗試體。例如:試試、看一看、考慮考慮、進屋來暖和暖和,等等。
三、疊詞的翻譯 雖然英語有重疊元音或輔音而形成的詞匯,有類似于重疊的單詞連續(xù)反復,以及象聲詞重疊的現(xiàn)象。
但是,與漢語的重疊變化來說相去甚遠,它們遠不足以翻譯漢語的疊詞。因此,大多數(shù)情況下,只能舍棄其形式而譯其意義,用比較切近、自然的譯文表達出原文的語意和體現(xiàn)重疊后詞的詞義變化。盡管如此,我們還是可以從中找出一基本的翻譯方法。
借助eveey(wcwey-)、all、each等詞語,以表達"增義"的語意。例如:
①這些戰(zhàn)士個個都很漂亮。
Each and every one of these soldiers has proved his met?tle.
②件件衣服都很漂亮。
All of these suits of clothes are beautiful.
③綠化祖國,人人有責。
It.'s everybody's duty to make our motherland green.
④不要斤斤計較。
Do not haggle over every ounce.
⑤地里的活她樣樣都會。
She knows how to do every kind of farm work.
⑥他們的戰(zhàn)術(shù)是步步為營、穩(wěn)所穩(wěn)打。
Their tactics is to go ahead steadily and entrench them-selves at every step,and then strike sure blows.
2、用"同詞連續(xù)反復"方法翻譯
英漢中,同一個詞用介詞(after,,in,to,upon,with等)連續(xù)起來使用,用and連接起來連續(xù)使用,用連字符(hyphen)連接起來使用,或者用逗號(,)隔開重疊使用。這種方法被稱之為同詞連續(xù)反復,它類似于漢語重疊現(xiàn)象。此方法可表達?quot;增義"或"強義"的語意。例如:
①一天一天、一年一年,他們頑強地生活和戰(zhàn)斗在荒山野林里。
Day after day and year after year,fought and lived stubbornly in the wild mountains and forests.
②洪水慢慢地退了。
Little by little the flood water receded.
③要么就一點也不相信我,要么就完完全全相信我。
And trust me not at all or all in all.
④農(nóng)民犁田只能一塊一塊地犁。
Peasants can only plough the land plot by plot.
⑤他讀啊讀,讀了整整一天,終于把這本書讀完了。
He read and read,and finally got the book through after a whole day.
⑥走呀走,走了很久,孩子們才走到目的地。
The children walked on and on.It was after a long walk that they arrived at the destination.
⑦醫(yī)生仔仔細細給病人作了檢查。
The doctor examined the patient very,very carefully.
⑧我們有許許多多有趣的游戲。
We have many,many interesting games.
⑨街上除了他們沉重的軍用靴子的通通聲外,一切都是靜悄悄的。
The streets were silent except for the clop-clop of their heavy military boots.
⑩行行過太行,迢迢赴延安。
細細問故舊,星星數(shù)鬢斑。(陳毅:《赴延安留別華中諸同志》)
On and on post Taihang we walk,
By and by to Yanan we make our way.
Again and again with old friends we talk,
One by one we count our hairs grey.(許淵沖譯)
3、用復數(shù)形式翻譯,表達疊詞的"增義"或"強義"語意。例如:
①學生們?nèi)齼蓛傻刈诮淌依铩?BR> The students their seats in the classroom by twos and threes.
②假日里,青年人雙雙對對漫步在公園內(nèi)。
The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.
③山林炊煙縷縷上升。
Wisps of smoke rose continuously from the mountain vil-lage chimneys.
④一群一群的人蜂擁而進大廳。
Crowds of people swarmed into the hall.
⑤大批大批的物資被立即送往地震災(zāi)區(qū)。
Thousands of goods and materials are immediately sent to the earthquake-stricken area.
⑥成群成群的蝗蟲毀滅了大片大片的稻田莊稼。
Hordes of locusts the crops in tracts rice field.
4、用語義相符的英語表達方式或語法結(jié)構(gòu)表達疊詞的"嫌義"或"強義"語意。例如:
①他們聽著聽著不覺哈哈大笑起來。
As they listened they burst into laughter.
②數(shù)著數(shù)著,兩只兔子快到對岸了。
As they counted(the turtles)the two found themselves quite near the other side of the river.
③我們的事情太多了,做都做不完。
There are too many things for me to attend to.
④他思緒滾滾,早已忘卻約會一事。
He had been so busy with her own emotion that he had forgotten about the appointment.
⑤他很聽話,我們的話句句聽。
He was very obedient and always did as we told him.
⑥我們應(yīng)扎扎實實地把這個問題解決好。
We must work in a down-to-earth way.
5、用have(or make,take,give,etc)+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯漢語動詞重疊形式,所表達的作多為一次體或嘗試體。此結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞大多與動作動詞有詞源關(guān)系。例如:
①你們只可以嚇一嚇他,可別把他打傷了。
You may well give him a fright,but be sure not wound him.
②讓敵人嘗嘗我們炮彈的味道。
Give the enemy a taste of our shells.
③這東西需要檢查檢查。
It's necessary to have a check-up.
④你們倆交換交換意見。
You two have an exchange of views.
⑤讓他試試那件上衣。
Lethim have a try on the coat.
⑥請聞一聞牛奶的氣味。
Please take a smell at the milk.
6、用英語的回聲詞(echo-word)翻譯漢語的疊詞?;芈曉~通過間接摹聲來象征語義、與漢語的一疊詞頗類似,有很好的修辭效果,可表達疊詞的"增義"或"強義"語意。
愛情在他們心里噗噗地跳。
Love pit-patted in their heart.
②她是那么圓滾滾、矮墩墩的,我感到奇怪她怎么能動作迅速地捉到小鳥。
She was so round and rolly-l used to wonder how she ever moved fast enough to catch hold of a bird.
③表演場地上讓比賽車塞得滿滿的。
Exhibition floors were chock-a-block with racing and sports cars.
④我們不得不零零星星的償付。
We have to pay in dribs and drabs.
⑤我們要求把事情完全擺在桌面上,而不是鬼鬼崇崇。
We wanted things to be completely above board and no hanky-panky.
⑥那條小徑曲曲折折通向山頂。
The path zigzags up the hill.
7、采用英語頭韻、押韻等來譯,表達疊詞的"增義"或"強義"語意。例如:
1.青青河畔草,郁郁園中柳。(古詩十九首)
Green grows the grass upon the bank,
The willow-shoots are long and lank,(HerbertA.Giles譯)
②尋尋覓覓,冷冷清清,凄凄慘慘戚戚。(李清照:《聲聲慢》)
So dim,so dark,so dense so dull,so damp,so dank,so dead,(林語堂譯)
③祝大家平平安安。
Wish all you safe and sound
④現(xiàn)在我的衣服干干凈凈,但過去我父親卻穿得破破爛爛。
My clothes are neat and clean,but my father's were worn and torn.
⑤兩家生活都被弄得顛顛倒倒,混亂不堪。
The lives two families are turned topsy-turvy.
⑥我們聽到雨夾雪打在冰凍的玻璃上的滴滴答答的聲音。
We heard the tick-tack of sleet on frosted windowpanes.
8、用加強語勢的辦法來翻譯,表達"增義"或"強義"語意。例如:
1.星星之火,可以燎原。
A single spark can start a prairie fire. ②科學是老老實實的學問,來不得半點虛假,需要付出艱巨的勞動。
Science means honest,solid knowledge,allowing not an iota of false-hood,and it involves Herculean efforts and grueling toil.
③他們的房間暖烘烘的。
Their room was good and warm.
④樹陰底下涼涼爽爽。
It was nice and cool under the shade of a tree.
⑤對待同志要滿腔熱忱,不能冷冷清清,漠不關(guān)心。
We should be warm towards our comrades,not ice cold and indifferent.
⑥茲母手中線,游子身上衣。
臨行密密縫,意恐遲遲歸。(孟郊:《游子吟》)
Thread from the hands of a doting mother,
Worked into the clothes of a far-off journeying son.
Before his departure,were the close,fine stitches set,Lest haply his return be long delayed,(Amy Lowell譯)
9、根據(jù)上下文,體味其意思,選擇意義相近的詞語,盡量譯得傳神些。例如:
①土豪劣紳的小姐少奶奶的牙床上,也可以去滾一滾。
They even loll for a minute or two on the ivory-inlaid beds.
②那是萬萬不行的。
That's absolutely out of the question.
③我萬萬沒有想到。
This idea never occurred to me.
④鮮艷的五星紅旗徐徐升起。
The bright Five-Star Red Flag slowly went up the pole
⑤路上的行人漸漸少了。
The number of pedestrians gradually dwindled.
⑥家鄉(xiāng)的景物處處使人想起了往事,許多往事可追溯到幼年時代。
The hometown was full of reminiscence,many going back to early childhood.
疊詞(reduplicated word)是治語的一種特殊詞匯現(xiàn)象,使用非常普遍。漢語的名詞、數(shù)詞、量詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞以及象聲詞都有重疊變化,其主要的形態(tài)格式有以下十類。
1、AA式 天天 看看 樣樣 紅紅
2、AAB式 毛毛雨 洗洗手 刷刷牙 寫寫字
3、ABB式 眼巴巴 水汪汪 涼絲絲 亮堂堂
4、AABB式 高高興興 認認真真 三三兩兩 滴滴答答
5、ABAB式 一個一個 雪白雪白 飛快飛快 漆黑漆黑
6、A-A式 看一看 試一試 熱一熱 猜一猜
7、A了(一)A式 看了看 試了試 摸了摸 拍了拍(看了一看) (試了一試) (摸了一摸) (拍了一拍)
8、A呀/呵A式 唱呀唱 游呀游 走呀走 讀啊讀
9、A著A著式 說著說著 數(shù)著數(shù)著 跳著跳著 器著器著
10、A里AB式 糊里糊涂 傻里傻氣 嬌里嬌氣 羅里羅嗦
此外,還有AABC式(楚楚動人)、BCAA式(風雪茫茫)、ABAC(一舉一動)和A都A不式(爬都爬不)等格式,因使用率不高,未收集歸類。
二、疊詞的詞性變化和詞義變化
漢語詞匯重疊后,一般無詞性變化。但是,動詞以AABB格式重疊后,往往的人很多。商商量量地辦事。形容詞以ABAB格式重疊后,往往轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞。例如:過新年了,大家痛快痛快一番!
漢語詞匯重疊后,詞義大都發(fā)生變化。這種詞義變化命名得疊詞除了具備信息功能外,還具備表情功能與美感功能,命名語言生動活潑,更富有感染力。疊詞詞義變化可歸納為三種情況。
1、"增義",即增加語意。名詞、數(shù)詞、量詞等重疊后,往往增加"每一"和"很多"的意義。例
如:事事、斤斤、一群群,等等。
2、"強義"即加強語意。形容詞、副詞重疊后,數(shù)量詞不達意重疊后起副詞作用時,動詞以A呀/啊A、A著A著、A里AB等格式重疊后,以及動詞以AABB格式重疊后起形容詞或副詞作用時,都使詞義程度加重和強調(diào)。例如:輕輕(的)、剛剛、一口一口(地)、跑呀跑、跳著跳著、糊里糊涂、跑跑顛顛,等等。
3、"弱義",即減緩語意。動詞重疊后和形容詞以ABAB格式重疊后起動詞作用時,都使詞義程度減弱、緩和、委婉,表示的動作往往是一次體或嘗試體。例如:試試、看一看、考慮考慮、進屋來暖和暖和,等等。
三、疊詞的翻譯 雖然英語有重疊元音或輔音而形成的詞匯,有類似于重疊的單詞連續(xù)反復,以及象聲詞重疊的現(xiàn)象。
但是,與漢語的重疊變化來說相去甚遠,它們遠不足以翻譯漢語的疊詞。因此,大多數(shù)情況下,只能舍棄其形式而譯其意義,用比較切近、自然的譯文表達出原文的語意和體現(xiàn)重疊后詞的詞義變化。盡管如此,我們還是可以從中找出一基本的翻譯方法。
借助eveey(wcwey-)、all、each等詞語,以表達"增義"的語意。例如:
①這些戰(zhàn)士個個都很漂亮。
Each and every one of these soldiers has proved his met?tle.
②件件衣服都很漂亮。
All of these suits of clothes are beautiful.
③綠化祖國,人人有責。
It.'s everybody's duty to make our motherland green.
④不要斤斤計較。
Do not haggle over every ounce.
⑤地里的活她樣樣都會。
She knows how to do every kind of farm work.
⑥他們的戰(zhàn)術(shù)是步步為營、穩(wěn)所穩(wěn)打。
Their tactics is to go ahead steadily and entrench them-selves at every step,and then strike sure blows.
2、用"同詞連續(xù)反復"方法翻譯
英漢中,同一個詞用介詞(after,,in,to,upon,with等)連續(xù)起來使用,用and連接起來連續(xù)使用,用連字符(hyphen)連接起來使用,或者用逗號(,)隔開重疊使用。這種方法被稱之為同詞連續(xù)反復,它類似于漢語重疊現(xiàn)象。此方法可表達?quot;增義"或"強義"的語意。例如:
①一天一天、一年一年,他們頑強地生活和戰(zhàn)斗在荒山野林里。
Day after day and year after year,fought and lived stubbornly in the wild mountains and forests.
②洪水慢慢地退了。
Little by little the flood water receded.
③要么就一點也不相信我,要么就完完全全相信我。
And trust me not at all or all in all.
④農(nóng)民犁田只能一塊一塊地犁。
Peasants can only plough the land plot by plot.
⑤他讀啊讀,讀了整整一天,終于把這本書讀完了。
He read and read,and finally got the book through after a whole day.
⑥走呀走,走了很久,孩子們才走到目的地。
The children walked on and on.It was after a long walk that they arrived at the destination.
⑦醫(yī)生仔仔細細給病人作了檢查。
The doctor examined the patient very,very carefully.
⑧我們有許許多多有趣的游戲。
We have many,many interesting games.
⑨街上除了他們沉重的軍用靴子的通通聲外,一切都是靜悄悄的。
The streets were silent except for the clop-clop of their heavy military boots.
⑩行行過太行,迢迢赴延安。
細細問故舊,星星數(shù)鬢斑。(陳毅:《赴延安留別華中諸同志》)
On and on post Taihang we walk,
By and by to Yanan we make our way.
Again and again with old friends we talk,
One by one we count our hairs grey.(許淵沖譯)
3、用復數(shù)形式翻譯,表達疊詞的"增義"或"強義"語意。例如:
①學生們?nèi)齼蓛傻刈诮淌依铩?BR> The students their seats in the classroom by twos and threes.
②假日里,青年人雙雙對對漫步在公園內(nèi)。
The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.
③山林炊煙縷縷上升。
Wisps of smoke rose continuously from the mountain vil-lage chimneys.
④一群一群的人蜂擁而進大廳。
Crowds of people swarmed into the hall.
⑤大批大批的物資被立即送往地震災(zāi)區(qū)。
Thousands of goods and materials are immediately sent to the earthquake-stricken area.
⑥成群成群的蝗蟲毀滅了大片大片的稻田莊稼。
Hordes of locusts the crops in tracts rice field.
4、用語義相符的英語表達方式或語法結(jié)構(gòu)表達疊詞的"嫌義"或"強義"語意。例如:
①他們聽著聽著不覺哈哈大笑起來。
As they listened they burst into laughter.
②數(shù)著數(shù)著,兩只兔子快到對岸了。
As they counted(the turtles)the two found themselves quite near the other side of the river.
③我們的事情太多了,做都做不完。
There are too many things for me to attend to.
④他思緒滾滾,早已忘卻約會一事。
He had been so busy with her own emotion that he had forgotten about the appointment.
⑤他很聽話,我們的話句句聽。
He was very obedient and always did as we told him.
⑥我們應(yīng)扎扎實實地把這個問題解決好。
We must work in a down-to-earth way.
5、用have(or make,take,give,etc)+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯漢語動詞重疊形式,所表達的作多為一次體或嘗試體。此結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞大多與動作動詞有詞源關(guān)系。例如:
①你們只可以嚇一嚇他,可別把他打傷了。
You may well give him a fright,but be sure not wound him.
②讓敵人嘗嘗我們炮彈的味道。
Give the enemy a taste of our shells.
③這東西需要檢查檢查。
It's necessary to have a check-up.
④你們倆交換交換意見。
You two have an exchange of views.
⑤讓他試試那件上衣。
Lethim have a try on the coat.
⑥請聞一聞牛奶的氣味。
Please take a smell at the milk.
6、用英語的回聲詞(echo-word)翻譯漢語的疊詞?;芈曉~通過間接摹聲來象征語義、與漢語的一疊詞頗類似,有很好的修辭效果,可表達疊詞的"增義"或"強義"語意。
愛情在他們心里噗噗地跳。
Love pit-patted in their heart.
②她是那么圓滾滾、矮墩墩的,我感到奇怪她怎么能動作迅速地捉到小鳥。
She was so round and rolly-l used to wonder how she ever moved fast enough to catch hold of a bird.
③表演場地上讓比賽車塞得滿滿的。
Exhibition floors were chock-a-block with racing and sports cars.
④我們不得不零零星星的償付。
We have to pay in dribs and drabs.
⑤我們要求把事情完全擺在桌面上,而不是鬼鬼崇崇。
We wanted things to be completely above board and no hanky-panky.
⑥那條小徑曲曲折折通向山頂。
The path zigzags up the hill.
7、采用英語頭韻、押韻等來譯,表達疊詞的"增義"或"強義"語意。例如:
1.青青河畔草,郁郁園中柳。(古詩十九首)
Green grows the grass upon the bank,
The willow-shoots are long and lank,(HerbertA.Giles譯)
②尋尋覓覓,冷冷清清,凄凄慘慘戚戚。(李清照:《聲聲慢》)
So dim,so dark,so dense so dull,so damp,so dank,so dead,(林語堂譯)
③祝大家平平安安。
Wish all you safe and sound
④現(xiàn)在我的衣服干干凈凈,但過去我父親卻穿得破破爛爛。
My clothes are neat and clean,but my father's were worn and torn.
⑤兩家生活都被弄得顛顛倒倒,混亂不堪。
The lives two families are turned topsy-turvy.
⑥我們聽到雨夾雪打在冰凍的玻璃上的滴滴答答的聲音。
We heard the tick-tack of sleet on frosted windowpanes.
8、用加強語勢的辦法來翻譯,表達"增義"或"強義"語意。例如:
1.星星之火,可以燎原。
A single spark can start a prairie fire. ②科學是老老實實的學問,來不得半點虛假,需要付出艱巨的勞動。
Science means honest,solid knowledge,allowing not an iota of false-hood,and it involves Herculean efforts and grueling toil.
③他們的房間暖烘烘的。
Their room was good and warm.
④樹陰底下涼涼爽爽。
It was nice and cool under the shade of a tree.
⑤對待同志要滿腔熱忱,不能冷冷清清,漠不關(guān)心。
We should be warm towards our comrades,not ice cold and indifferent.
⑥茲母手中線,游子身上衣。
臨行密密縫,意恐遲遲歸。(孟郊:《游子吟》)
Thread from the hands of a doting mother,
Worked into the clothes of a far-off journeying son.
Before his departure,were the close,fine stitches set,Lest haply his return be long delayed,(Amy Lowell譯)
9、根據(jù)上下文,體味其意思,選擇意義相近的詞語,盡量譯得傳神些。例如:
①土豪劣紳的小姐少奶奶的牙床上,也可以去滾一滾。
They even loll for a minute or two on the ivory-inlaid beds.
②那是萬萬不行的。
That's absolutely out of the question.
③我萬萬沒有想到。
This idea never occurred to me.
④鮮艷的五星紅旗徐徐升起。
The bright Five-Star Red Flag slowly went up the pole
⑤路上的行人漸漸少了。
The number of pedestrians gradually dwindled.
⑥家鄉(xiāng)的景物處處使人想起了往事,許多往事可追溯到幼年時代。
The hometown was full of reminiscence,many going back to early childhood.