主謂一致是指:1)語(yǔ)法形式上要一致,即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語(yǔ)要一致;2)意義上要一致,即主語(yǔ)意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致;3)就近原則,即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ)。
一般來(lái)說(shuō),不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。
例:There is much water in the thermos.熱水瓶里有很多水。
但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.去年產(chǎn)碳1萬(wàn)噸。
1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)
例:Reading and writing are very important.讀和寫(xiě)非常重要。注意:主語(yǔ)由and連結(jié)時(shí),如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),and此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。例:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.鐵和鋼對(duì)我們的生活非常重要。
2.主謂一致中的靠近原則
1)當(dāng)there be句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。例:a) There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有一只筆,一把刀和幾本書(shū)。b) There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有20個(gè)男生,23個(gè)女生。
2)當(dāng)either… or…與neither… nor,連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo),而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。例:a) Either you or she is to go.你或她會(huì)去。b) Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.這兒有一只筆,一些信封和給你的幾張紙。
3.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等詞引起的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致。例:
a) The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.老師正在和一些學(xué)生參觀工廠。
b) He as well as I wants to go boating.我和他都想去劃船。
4.謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)
1)代詞each和由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語(yǔ),或主語(yǔ)中含有each, every,謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)。例:
a) Each of us has a tape-recorder.我們每個(gè)人都有一臺(tái)錄音機(jī)。
b) There is something wrong with my watch.我的表出了點(diǎn)兒?jiǎn)栴}。
2) 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是一本書(shū)或一條格言時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例: The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. <<天方夜譚>>是英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者熟悉的一本好書(shū)。
3)表示金錢(qián),時(shí)間,價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。(用復(fù)數(shù)也可,意思不變。)例:
a) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.有三周的時(shí)間來(lái)做必要的準(zhǔn)備。
b) Ten yuan is enough. 10元錢(qián)就夠了。
5.指代意義決定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)
1)在代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例:
a) All is right.一切順利。
b) All are present.所有人都到齊了。
2)集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的意思來(lái)決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí),意為這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員,用單數(shù)時(shí)表示該個(gè)集體。例:
a) His family isn't very large.他家不是一個(gè)大家庭。
b) His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者。
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Are there any police around?周圍有警察嗎?
3)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有時(shí)看作單數(shù),有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。例:a) A number of books have lent out.許多書(shū)已經(jīng)借出去了。b) The majority of the students like English.大多數(shù)學(xué)生都喜歡英語(yǔ)
6.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致
1)用half of, part of, most of, a portion of等詞引起主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞,代詞保持一致。例:a) Most of his money is spent on books.他的大多數(shù)錢(qián)都用來(lái)買(mǎi)書(shū)了。b) Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大多數(shù)學(xué)生都積極參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。
2)在一些短語(yǔ),如many a 或more than one所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than… of作主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例:
a) Many a person has read the novel.許多人都讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。
b) More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生都來(lái)自這個(gè)城市。
一般來(lái)說(shuō),不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。
例:There is much water in the thermos.熱水瓶里有很多水。
但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.去年產(chǎn)碳1萬(wàn)噸。
1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)
例:Reading and writing are very important.讀和寫(xiě)非常重要。注意:主語(yǔ)由and連結(jié)時(shí),如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),and此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。例:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.鐵和鋼對(duì)我們的生活非常重要。
2.主謂一致中的靠近原則
1)當(dāng)there be句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。例:a) There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有一只筆,一把刀和幾本書(shū)。b) There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有20個(gè)男生,23個(gè)女生。
2)當(dāng)either… or…與neither… nor,連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo),而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。例:a) Either you or she is to go.你或她會(huì)去。b) Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.這兒有一只筆,一些信封和給你的幾張紙。
3.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as等詞引起的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致。例:
a) The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.老師正在和一些學(xué)生參觀工廠。
b) He as well as I wants to go boating.我和他都想去劃船。
4.謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)
1)代詞each和由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語(yǔ),或主語(yǔ)中含有each, every,謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)。例:
a) Each of us has a tape-recorder.我們每個(gè)人都有一臺(tái)錄音機(jī)。
b) There is something wrong with my watch.我的表出了點(diǎn)兒?jiǎn)栴}。
2) 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是一本書(shū)或一條格言時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例: The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. <<天方夜譚>>是英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者熟悉的一本好書(shū)。
3)表示金錢(qián),時(shí)間,價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。(用復(fù)數(shù)也可,意思不變。)例:
a) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.有三周的時(shí)間來(lái)做必要的準(zhǔn)備。
b) Ten yuan is enough. 10元錢(qián)就夠了。
5.指代意義決定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)
1)在代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例:
a) All is right.一切順利。
b) All are present.所有人都到齊了。
2)集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的意思來(lái)決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí),意為這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員,用單數(shù)時(shí)表示該個(gè)集體。例:
a) His family isn't very large.他家不是一個(gè)大家庭。
b) His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者。
但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Are there any police around?周圍有警察嗎?
3)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有時(shí)看作單數(shù),有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。例:a) A number of books have lent out.許多書(shū)已經(jīng)借出去了。b) The majority of the students like English.大多數(shù)學(xué)生都喜歡英語(yǔ)
6.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致
1)用half of, part of, most of, a portion of等詞引起主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞,代詞保持一致。例:a) Most of his money is spent on books.他的大多數(shù)錢(qián)都用來(lái)買(mǎi)書(shū)了。b) Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.大多數(shù)學(xué)生都積極參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。
2)在一些短語(yǔ),如many a 或more than one所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than… of作主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例:
a) Many a person has read the novel.許多人都讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。
b) More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生都來(lái)自這個(gè)城市。