英語講義【172】一字不同,意義有別

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英語的情態(tài)動詞(modal verbs)可以協(xié)助主動詞,表達一句話的語氣;有時,不同的情態(tài)動詞還會多少扭轉(zhuǎn)一句話的含意。例如“Shall I come in?”和“May I come in?”這兩句話的含意一樣嗎?答案是否定的。
    用“May”提問,目的在請求對方同意某事,是種客氣方式,意思是:“我想進來,不知你允許嗎?”
    用“Shall”提問,目的在探聽對方要不要我進來,有點像“Do you want me to come in?”而“你要我進來,我就進來,你不要我進來,我就不進來。”
    現(xiàn)在再比較下列各組,看看語意有何差別:
    (1) a. Shall I read this book now?
    (你現(xiàn)在要我看這本書嗎?)
    b. May I read this book now?
    (我現(xiàn)在可以看這本書嗎?)
    (2) a. Shall I buy the stamps for you?
    (你要我替你買郵票嗎?)
    b. Can I buy the stamps for you?
    (我可以替你買郵票嗎?)
    (3) a. Shall I write the annual report?
    (你要我寫年終報告嗎?)
    b. Might/May/Can I write the annual report?
    (我可以寫年終報告了嗎?)
    最后,再看看另外兩句的差別何在?
    (4) Our basketball team has gone to Malaysia.
    (5) Our basketball team has been to Malaysia.
    第4句子里用“gone”;5里用“been”。一字不同,意思有別。
    前句的含義是:這支隊伍現(xiàn)在已不在這兒到馬來西亞去了。后句的意思是:這支隊伍曾經(jīng)去過馬來西亞,但現(xiàn)在已在這兒。
    同樣的,第6句和第7句的含義差別也和4及5一樣:
    (6) Jade has gone to China.
    (7) Jade has been to China.
    由此可見,“have gone to”和“have been to”盡管樣貌相似,用的都是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),但含意并不相同。
    通過上述例句的對比,可以知道“今天早上,海倫去看過牙醫(yī)了”的英譯句應(yīng)該是8或9:
    (8)  Helen has been to the dentist.
    (9) Helen went to see the dentist this morning.不能說:
    (10) Helen has gone to the dentist this morning.
    還有,針對“Where have you been before?”這句問話,正確的答案是11不是12:
    (11) I have been to London.
    (12) I have gone to London.
    因為人還在說話,怎么可以在倫敦?
    在結(jié)束本文之前,請比較13a和13b,以確定其語意:
    (13) a. The security guard is used to watch the bank.
     b. The security guard is used to watching the bank.
    13a. 是被動句,意思是:“保安人員被用來看守銀行?!敝鲃泳涫牵骸癝omeone uses the security guard to watch the bank.”
    13b. 是“接系動詞+used to + 賓語”
    (linking verb + used to + object),意思是:
    “保安人員習慣于看守銀行?!?BR>    其他例子:
    (14) Are you used to living in a cold counrty?(你習慣住在寒冷國家嗎?)
    (15)  I am quite used to cold weather.(我相當適應(yīng)冷天氣。)