英語講義【144】效益良好的句法

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曾經(jīng)有朋友問我:“I look forward to hear from you soon” 對,還是“I look forward to hearing from you soon” 對。我說后者對,前者錯。他說,為什么“to”后面的動詞可以有“-ing”呢?
    這問題很有意思,相信其他人也會這樣問。
    這問題就是今天的話題了。
    大家知道,“to”是不定式動詞(Infinitives)的標(biāo)志,如:to come, to go, to eat, to sleep, to play, to work, to sing, to take等等。
    不定式動詞是英語三種無限定動詞(Non-finite verbs)中的一種。它的主要功能包括協(xié)助組成動詞句型。例如:
    1. 主語+動詞+不定式動詞/短語
    (1) Helen likes to sing.
    (2) The man wants to see you.
    2. 主語+動詞+賓語+不定式動詞/短語
    (3) Jack advised me to come.
    (4) She asked the boy to go out with his brother.
    3. 主語+動詞+賓語+不帶“to”不定式動詞/短語
    (5) We all heard them laugh.
    (6) They saw the leaves fall down.
    (7) Did you notice the old man rush to the bus stop?
    (5)-(7)里的“l(fā)angh, fall, rush”都是不帶“to”的不定式動詞或短語。
    此外,當(dāng)不定式動詞在助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面時,也是不帶“to”的。例如:
    (8) John will come soon.
    (9) Shall I go with them?
    (10) You may quit whenever you wish.
    (11) We must not eat too much meat.
    (12) Tony wished his friends could help him.
    不管帶“to”與否,不定式動詞的性質(zhì)是不變的。
    “To”的另一個功能是當(dāng)介詞,性質(zhì)和“at, in, on, for, with”等一樣,只是形式和不定式動詞的標(biāo)志一樣而已。正因為樣貌相似,介詞“to”在某些句式中常被誤以為是不定式動詞中的“to”而引起用法上的錯訛。文章開頭提到的“hear”和“hearing”之爭,便是的例子。
    須知“l(fā)ook forward to” 是個片語動詞,這里的“to”是個介詞,后面要帶賓語(object)(即名詞、代詞或動名詞),如“I look forward to your reply. / …… it. / …… hearing from you.”
    下面這句情況一樣,所以(13) a 錯,(13) b對:
    (13) a. Are you used to live in a hot country like Singapore?
    (13) b. Are you used to living in a hot country like Singapore?
    根據(jù)這原理,下列這些慣用語中的“to” 都是介詞,不是不定式動詞的標(biāo)志。既然是介詞,就要有賓語:
    (14) Do you object to(反對)picnicking on every weekend?
    (15) Many people learn English with a view to(目的是)getting a good job.
    (16) A good government often devotes itself to(致力于) giving the people a good life.
    (17) You must not confine yourself to(局限于)talking about your own achievements.
    (18) Jason prefers working hard to(喜歡) doing nothing.
    (19) Kelvin is addicted to(沉溺于) smoking.
    (20) Qi is much given to(熱衷)playing outdoor games.