英語講義【14】主動(dòng)語態(tài)之形,被動(dòng)語態(tài)之意

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在《語態(tài):主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的關(guān)系》一文里,提到有些動(dòng)詞有主動(dòng)語態(tài)之形,但卻有被動(dòng)語態(tài)之意。
    這些動(dòng)詞包括及物的(transitive verbs)、不及物的( intransitive verbs)、動(dòng)名詞(gerunds)和不定式動(dòng)詞( infinitives)。這些動(dòng)詞很特別,但數(shù)目不多。例如:
    Ⅰ及物動(dòng)詞 ?、?That house is building (= being built).
    ② The trumpets are sounding ( = being sounded).
    ③ The film is showing now (= being shown now).
    ④ The guns are firing (= being fired).
    ⑤ The drums are beating ( = being beaten).
    Ⅱ不及物動(dòng)詞  ⑥ The middle house won't let.
    ⑦ Porcelain sinks clean easily.
    ⑧ Such potatoes peel well.
    ⑥-⑧中的“出租”、“清洗”和“削”都有“被”的意思。
    Ⅲ動(dòng)名詞 ?、?Your office needs cleaning (= to be cleaned).
    ⑩ The computer wants servicing (= to be serviced).
    11. This watch requires winding up ( = to be wound up).
    12. That good point bears repeating (= to be repeated).
    Ⅳ不定式動(dòng)詞  13. This is an apartment to let.
    14. Give him a chair to sit down.
    15. There is nothing to do for the time being.
    16. You are to blame.
    13-16中的不定式動(dòng)詞都有被動(dòng)之意,情況和⑥-⑧中的不及物動(dòng)詞類似,都是具有主動(dòng)語態(tài)之形,含有被動(dòng)語態(tài)之意。然而,這種用法雖很特殊,卻不普遍。當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞回到本來的性質(zhì)時(shí),還是有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的, 只是含義有些不同。例如17和18中的(a)和(b)的含義便有些不同:
    17.a) His books sell well.
    b) His books are sold well.
    18.a) Your shoes have worn well.
    b) Your shoes have been worn well.
    (a)的句子表示“書的銷路好”和“鞋子耐穿”,都是因?yàn)橹髡Z有內(nèi)在的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。至于(b)的句子,它們只把事實(shí)反映出來,沒有別的含義。
    最后,當(dāng)感官動(dòng)詞當(dāng)接系動(dòng)詞用時(shí),它們也是有主動(dòng)語態(tài)之形,被動(dòng)語態(tài)之意:
    19.Honey tastes sweet.
    20.Glass feels smooth.
    21.Perfume smells good.
    22.The sky seems to appear dark.
    23.The weather has turned hot.