一定要知道的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

字號(hào):

1. 形容詞的位置:
     代名形容詞+數(shù)量形容詞+性狀形容詞+名詞
     再細(xì)分如下:
     1放在冠詞前的形容詞(all, both, such……)+2冠詞、指示形容詞、所有形容詞、不定形容詞(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any……)+3序數(shù)(first, second……)+4基數(shù)(one, two……)+5性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)(kind, fine, good……)+6大小、長(zhǎng)短、形狀(large, small, big……)+7新舊、溫度(old, new, hot……)+8顏色(red, blue……)+9國(guó)籍(Chinese, English, Japanese……)+10材料(iron, brick, stone……)+11名詞、動(dòng)名詞(boy, house……)
     2. some和any的用法:
     (1)兩者修飾可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞,表某一個(gè);任何一個(gè); 修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,表一些;有些。
     〔2)一般的用法:some用于肯定句;any用于疑問(wèn)句,否定句或條件句。
     I am looking for some matches.
     Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.
     〔3)特殊的用法:
     (A) 在期望對(duì)方肯定的回答時(shí),問(wèn)句也用some.
     Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.)
     (B) any表任何或任何一個(gè)時(shí),也可用于肯定句。
     Come any day you like.
     (4)some和any后沒(méi)有名詞時(shí),當(dāng)做代名詞, 此外兩者也可做副詞。
     Some of them are my students.〔代名詞)
     Is your mother any better?(副詞)
     3. many和much的用法:
     〔1)many修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,表許多; much修飾不可數(shù)名詞,表量或程度。
     He has many friends, but few true ones.
     There hasn't been much good weather recently.
     (2)many a:
     many a和many同義,但語(yǔ)氣比較強(qiáng),并且要與單數(shù)名詞及單數(shù)形動(dòng)詞連用。
     Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)
     〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of. 前有as, like時(shí), 只用so many.
     These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.
     They worked like so many ants.
     (4)as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。
     He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量)
     I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情)
     (5)many和much之后不接名詞時(shí),作為代名詞;另外much也可用副詞。
     Many of them were very tired.
     I don't eat much for lunch. 〔代名詞)
     He is much taller than I. (副詞〕
     4. (a) few和(a) little的用法:
     (1) (a) few用在復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前,(a) little用在不可數(shù)名詞之前。
     He took a few biscuits. (=several)
     He took few biscuits(=not many)
     He took a little butter. (=some)
     He took little butter. (=not much)
     (2) few可由bardly any或almost no所取代,含否定的意味。
     The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.
     Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.
     (3) a few相當(dāng)于some, several, 含肯定的意味。
     He has a few (=some or several) friends.
     (4) a little和little之間的差別,就和a few和few的差別一樣,只是(a) little須修飾不可數(shù)名詞,表量或程度。
     He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.
     He is not much better, but there is a little hope.
     5. 其他的數(shù)量形容詞:
     (1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表許多,修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。
     The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.(復(fù)數(shù)名詞)
     The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.(不可數(shù)名詞)
     (2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表(量), 修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
     The room contained a great deal of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
     The room contained a good deal of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
     The room contained a large quantity of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
     The room contained a large amount of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
     The room contained a small quantity of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
     The room contained a small amount of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
     (3) a number of “許多;一些”;a great (large, good) number of “許多”,修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,并且要與復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞連用。
     A number of books are missing from the library.
     The number of books from the library is large.
     (the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞←→單數(shù)動(dòng)詞)
     The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.(復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)
     (4) enough的用法:
     (A) 可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
     There are enough chairs. (可數(shù))
     There is enough furniture. (不可數(shù))
     (B) 可放在年修飾名詞的前后。
     We don't have enough time. =We don't have time enough.
     (5) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
     冠詞或數(shù)詞(one, two……) + (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
     (6) the rest of “其余的”, 可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞,作主詞時(shí),接可數(shù)名詞則用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞,接不可數(shù)名詞則用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
     The rest of the students are absent. (復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)
     The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可數(shù)名詞)
     注:the rest作代名詞, 等于 the others, 和復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞連用。
     6. 不可名詞量的表示語(yǔ):
     (1) 不可數(shù)名詞可加表單位的形容片語(yǔ),表示數(shù)的觀念。其公式為:
     數(shù)詞+單位詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞
     (2) 各類表單位的形容詞片語(yǔ)。
     (A) 物質(zhì)名詞:
     a piece (suit) of armour;
     a piece (slice) of cake;
     a piece (an article) of furniture;
     a piece of jewelry;
     a piece (sheet) of paper;
     a cake of soap;
     a piece (slice) of bacon;
     a piece (stick) of chalk;
     a bit (blade) of grass;
     a piece (strip) of land;
     a bit (grain) of rice;
     a bowl of soup;
     (B) 抽象名詞
     a word of abuse;
     an item (a bit) of business;
     an attack of fever;
     a bit (an amount) of interest;
     a fit of passion;
     a piece (word) of advice;
     a piece of evidence;
     a piece (an item) of information;
     a piece (an item) of news;
     (C) 自然現(xiàn)象:
     a flash of lightening;
     a bolt of thunder;
     7. 名詞種類的表示語(yǔ):kind of, sort of, type of,
     (1) 三者都可接可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞,其后的冠詞a (an)常被省略。
     What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?
     I don't like that sort of game.
     (2) kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.
     I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.
     (3) 比較下列用法:(加*表非正式用法)
     I don't like this (*those) kind of person.
     I don't like many (or these) kinds of roses.
     I like this kind of flower.
     I like flowers of this kind.
     I like *these kind of flowers.
     I like this kind of roses.
     I like roses of this kind. (置名詞后更強(qiáng)調(diào)種類)
     I like roses of these kinds.(置名詞后更強(qiáng)調(diào)種類)
     8. 數(shù)詞:
     (1) 基數(shù)(Cardinal numerals):one, two, three……
     (A) 除one接單數(shù)名詞外,其余均接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
     He has one sister and three brothers.
     (B) hundred的后面須加and(但可以省略)。
     12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;
     (2) 序數(shù)(Ordinal mumerals):first, second, third……
     (A) 序數(shù)前面必須附以定冠詞。而a second, a third等,則是another的意思。
     (B) 日期多用序數(shù)。
     It's on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th)。
     (C) 序數(shù)的簡(jiǎn)體。
     9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;
     (3) 分?jǐn)?shù):
     (A) 分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法:第一,分子用基數(shù),分母用序數(shù)。第二,分子大于2時(shí),分母須加“s”以形成復(fù)數(shù)。
     1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;
     (B) 分?jǐn)?shù)可接與不可數(shù)名詞;所接的名詞是單數(shù),則與單數(shù)動(dòng)詞連用,是復(fù)數(shù)則與復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞連用。
     A third of the peach was bad.
     A third of the bananas were bad.
     (4) 倍數(shù)詞:常用的有half, double, treble(三倍)等。
     (A) half a, a half, half the +名詞,表(一半的)。
     He ran a half mile in half an hour.
     He ran half a mile in half an hour.
     I have read half the book.
     (B) half還可作名詞,代名詞及副詞。
     Two halves make a whole. (名詞)
     This is half as much again as that. (副詞)
     (C) 倍數(shù)常用的表達(dá)法:
     (half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times……) +定冠詞或所有形容詞+名詞或所有代名詞
     I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.
     That window is three times the size of this.
     9. “數(shù)詞+名詞”結(jié)合而成的形容詞:
     (1) 數(shù)詞+名詞=形容詞
     a five-dollar bill;
     two three-hour periods;
     the Three-power Conference(三強(qiáng)會(huì)議);
     (2) 數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞=形容詞
     a six-year-old boy;
     a three-hundred-year-old tree;
     注:上述的復(fù)合字是以hyphen(-)連結(jié),而且其中的名詞要用單數(shù)形式。
     (3) 名詞(無(wú)冠詞)+基數(shù)=the +序數(shù)+名詞
     World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War;
     Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume;
     Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;
     Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;
     Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;
     Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;
     cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;
     (這幾種用法,非專有名詞,可不用大寫(xiě),但等號(hào)兩邊須一致?!?BR>     (4) “數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主詞,雖為復(fù)數(shù)形,但強(qiáng)調(diào)單一性,則用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。若強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)一個(gè)的個(gè)別數(shù),則用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
     Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.
     Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes, but is nothing to him.
     cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.
     10. 各種數(shù)字的讀法:
     (1) 年號(hào)的讀法:
     1979←→nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;
     (2) 電話號(hào)碼;貨幣的讀法:
     1023←→one o two three; 1227←→one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);
     (3) 小數(shù)點(diǎn)的讀法:
     13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three;
     (4) 算術(shù)式的讀法:
     2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five.
     5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.
     3×2=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.
     9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three.
     形容詞(二〕:
     1. 限定用法:形容詞緊靠著〔代)名詞,直接修飾該〔代)名詞。
     (1) 前位修飾:
     (A) 字尾為en或表比較的形容詞,大多只能作限定用法,放在名詞的前面。
     a wooden leg; earthen ware; his elder sister; the upper room, etc.
     (B) 下列這些形容詞只有限定用法,沒(méi)有敘述用法。
     upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utmost; mere; only; utter; main; certain; very; live; spare;
     (C) 形容詞前有so; no; too; how等字時(shí),不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后。
     He could not do it in so short a time.
     He is no less remarkable a man than his elder brother (is)。
     (2) 后位修飾:
     (A) 名詞之后的數(shù)詞+名詞+old; long; high; wide; deep; etc.
     a man eighty-five years old; a river two hundred miles long;
     (B) 為加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣或音調(diào)美,而將限定形容詞放在后面。
     He had a face thin and worn, but eager and resolute.
     (C) something; anything; everyone; anybody…… + 形容詞。
     I'll tell you something very important.
     That's nothing new.
     (D) 由形容詞子句省略主詞和動(dòng)詞而不的過(guò)去(或現(xiàn)在)分詞或形容詞片語(yǔ)。
     I have answered all the letters (which were) received (by me)。
     Alfred was a king anxious for his people's welfare.
     2. 敘述用法:形容詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),間接地修飾〔代)名詞。
     He was awake all the night. 〔主詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
     The noise kept me awake. 〔受詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
     注:可作限定用法和敘述用法的形容詞。
     I have many trustworthy friends. 和 All of my friends are trustworthy.
     It was a hot and sultry day. 和 The weather became hot and sultry.
     3. 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的形容詞:
     (1) be+形容詞+介系詞:由此結(jié)合而成的片語(yǔ),有些等于及物動(dòng)詞。
     I am fond of skiing. = I like skiing.
     He is afraid of it. = He fears it.
     注:其他如:be capable of; be concerned with; be (un)familiar with (to); be late for; be subject to; be worthy of; etc.
     (2) 某些已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞的過(guò)去分詞,其后通常接at; about; with; in; of等介詞。
     John is interested in English grammar.
     He was surprised at her behaviour.
     (3) be+形容詞+介系詞:可接〔代)名詞,動(dòng)名詞,或名詞子句,但名詞子句若是that子句須省略介詞,因that子句不可直接作介詞的受詞。
     She was not aware of the facts.
     She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned.
     She was not aware that there is danger.
     (4) It+ be +形容詞+that子句
     It is true that she never came.
     此類形容詞有:certain; likely; obvious; plain; possible; true; etc.
     (A) that子句中的假設(shè)法。
     It is appropriate that he (should) get the post. (should可省略〕
     (B) 人稱形容詞亦可接其他連接詞引導(dǎo)的子句。
     I'm not sure why he came.
     I'm not clear where she went.
     4. 有關(guān)worth; worth while; worthy的句型 如下:
     (A) 主詞(含it) + be worth + (動(dòng))名詞
     (B) It(虛主詞) + be worth while + 不定詞或動(dòng)名詞
     (C) 主詞 + be worthy + of + (動(dòng))名詞
     主詞 + be worthy + 不定詞
     This book is worth reading. (= It is worth while to read this book. = This book is worthy of reading. = This book is worthy to be read.)
     5. like和as: like只能作介詞不能作連接詞; as則兩者都可。
     I hoped to succeed as you have (succeeded)。
     I hoped to succeed like you.
     I hope to succeed *like you have. (like作連詞是非正式的用法)
     冠詞 (三)
     1. 不定冠詞的用法:
     (1) a用在子音前; an用在母音前。
     An hour
     (2) 表同種類的全體, 此時(shí)a帶有any的意味。
     A dog is a faithful animal. (=Dogs are faithful animals.)
     (3) 等于one.
     I have a sister and two brothers.
     (4) 等于the same.
     Birds of a feather flock together.
     (5) 等于per“每一……”。
     We work eight hours a day. Ninety miles an hour;
     (6) a = a certain, 表說(shuō)話者不認(rèn)識(shí)此人。
     Do you know a Mr. Smith?
     (7) 物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞加a (an)即成普通名詞,
     Asparagus is a grass. (a = a kind of) ;
     This is a good cloth for summer.
     (8) “have (or take) + a + 抽象名詞”,與抽象名詞的動(dòng)詞形同義。
     Let us take a swim. = Let us swim.
     2. 定冠詞的用法:
     (1) 由于上下文的關(guān)系, 某名詞所指的東西已非常明顯, 或已有一定的范圍, 該名詞應(yīng)加the.
     Shut the door.
     Please pass me the caster.
     (2) 表該名詞的總稱。
     The cow is a useful animal. (= Cows are useful animals.)
     (3) 前面已提過(guò)的名詞,再度提到時(shí)前面加the.
     Once upon a time there was a little boy who lived in a cottage.
     The cottage was in the country, and the boy lived there all his life.
     (4) 用于為片語(yǔ)或子句所修飾的名詞之前。
     This is the book that I promised to lend you.
     (5) 用在宇宙(獨(dú)一無(wú)二)的天體名詞之前。
     The sun; the moon; the sky; the earth;
     (6) 用在方位,方向等名詞之前。
     The sun rises in the east and set in the west.
     (7) 樂(lè)器的名稱前要加the.
     To play the piano (violin, guitar, flute, etc.)
     (8) 表示單位的名詞前要加the.
     Gasoline is sold by the gallon.
     Meat is sold by the catty.
     (9) 在級(jí)的形容詞或序數(shù)(the first……)之前要加the.
     Taiwan is the best place to live in.
     (10)專有名詞在下列情況可加the.
     (A)海、河、運(yùn)河的名稱:The Thames; the Bahamas;
     (B) 復(fù)數(shù)形的專有名詞: The West Indies; the Bahamas;
     (C)船泊的名稱: The Queen Mary; the Flying Scotsman; the Comet;
     (D) 書(shū)報(bào)、雜志、經(jīng)典的名稱: the Times; the Central Daily News; the Koran;
     (E) 公共建筑、機(jī)關(guān)的名稱: The Ritz Hotel; the Ministry of Education;
     (F) 國(guó)民的總稱: the French; the Japanese; the Chinese;
     (G) 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)前指其全家人: The Chens will move to the country.
     3. 冠詞的省略:
     (1) 稱呼語(yǔ)之前不加冠詞。
     Waiter, bring my bill, please.
     (2) 家庭稱謂如父母兄弟前不加冠詞,甚至傭人也都不需加冠詞。
     Father is out, but Mother is at home.
     Cook has made mince-pies for Christmas.
     (3) 三餐名稱前不加冠詞。
     Come to dinner (breakfast, lunch) with me.
     (4) 運(yùn)動(dòng)、游戲、顏色、感官的名詞前不加冠詞。
     He likes basketball.
     White is a beautiful color.
     Do you play bridge?
     Sight is one of the five senses.
     (5) 表官職、身份或親屬關(guān)系的名詞當(dāng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),或作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)不加冠詞。
     He was elected president.
     George Ⅵ, King of England.
     (6) School; church; hospital等字,指原有的用途時(shí)不加冠詞,若指建筑物本身或場(chǎng)所時(shí),則要加冠詞。
     School begins at eight. (school作抽象名詞用)
     The school stands on the hill. (school指建筑物)
     (7) 兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)不加冠詞。
     Arm in arm; day by day; man to man; young and old;
     副詞 (四)(Red修飾Blue)
     1. 副詞的用法:
     (1) 修飾動(dòng)詞: He works hard. He speaks slowly.
     (2) 修飾形容詞: The flower is very beautiful.
     (3) 修飾其他副詞: He works very hard.
     (4) 修飾名詞: Even a child (or Even he) can do it.
     (5) 修飾全句: Probably he will come back.
     (6) 修飾副詞片語(yǔ): He came exactly at two o‘clock.
     (7) 修飾副詞子句: He started soon after we came.
     2. 副詞的位置
     (1) 副詞修飾形容詞、副詞(片語(yǔ)或子句)時(shí),通常放在前面。
     The mountain is very beautiful.
     He came long before the appointed time.
     (2) 修飾動(dòng)詞的副詞
     不及物動(dòng)詞 + 副詞 She speaks well.
     及物動(dòng)詞 + 受詞 + 副詞 She speaks English well.
     (3) 表確定時(shí)間或場(chǎng)所的副詞, 通常放在句首或句末, 放在句首時(shí)語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)。
     She was born in Taipei in 1948.
     (4) always, never, often, sometimes, usually等頻率副詞的位置。
     (A) 在一般動(dòng)詞前: They always say so.
     (B) 有動(dòng)詞be時(shí),在be動(dòng)詞后: I am always busy.
     (C) 有助動(dòng)詞時(shí), 在助動(dòng)詞和本動(dòng)詞間: This job will never be finished.
     (5) 置于句首修飾全句: Fortunately he succeeded in the examination.
     (6) 同類兩個(gè)以上的副詞須依 (單位較小者 + 單位較大者) 的順序排列。
     He lives at Taichung, in Taiwan, Republic of China.
     (7) 有兩個(gè)以上不同種類的副詞修飾語(yǔ)時(shí), 其順序?yàn)椋?地點(diǎn)+狀態(tài)+次數(shù)+時(shí)間。
     She arrived there safely the other day.
     3. 時(shí)間副詞
     (1) Time“時(shí)候”: 可以用作when的答語(yǔ), 如: late ( = at a late time), now ( = at this time), presently (= at the present time), then ( = at that time), just, nowadays, today, etc.
     I‘ve just heard that you are leaving us. ( = at this very moment)
     Nowadays, many teenagers have long hair. ( = at the present time)
     注: 兩個(gè)以上表時(shí)間的副詞須依“單位小的時(shí)間+單位大的時(shí)間”排列。
     I‘ll see you at nine on Monday.
     (2) Duration“期間” : 用來(lái)作how long的答語(yǔ),如:
     momentarily, temporarily, for many weeks, long, from May till August, etc.
     Has he been ill long? Yes, he has been ill since the end of May.
     He was away from school (for) four or five weeks.
     (3) Frequency“頻率”: 用來(lái)作how often的答語(yǔ),可分兩種:
     (A) 非限定頻率:always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, ever, etc.
     The sun always rises in the east. My brother rarely writes to me.
     (B) 限定頻率:daily, hourly, monthly, annually, twice, everyday, once, etc.
     I have been in Singapore once.
     We have English lessons every other day.
     注:以上三種時(shí)間副詞在一起時(shí),其順序?yàn)椤捌陂g+頻率+時(shí)間”。
     I was there for a day or so every year during my childhood.
     注: Seldom, rarely, never等有否定意義的頻率副詞置于句首,要將助動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞放在主詞之前。
     Seldom do we hear such fine singing from school choirs.
     4.地方副詞: 表示where?的副詞,也包括“動(dòng)態(tài)方向”的副詞,如:
     below, by, down, elsewhere, far, here, home, in, locally, near, off, opposite, out, around, away, back, outward(s), right, sideway(s), upward(s), etc.
     (1) 地方副詞通常置于句尾,加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣時(shí)可放在句首。
     He lives in a small village. They are not there.
     (2) 兩個(gè)地放副詞并列時(shí),地方確定的副詞在后面,地方不確定的副詞在前面。
     The children running around upstairs.
     (3) 兩個(gè)以上的地方副詞須依“小地方+大地方”的順序排列。
     Many people eat in restaurants in London.
     5. 幾個(gè)特殊副詞的用法:
     (1) enough, too,
     (A) enough放在所修飾的形容詞和副詞后面; too放在形容詞和副詞前面。
     She‘s old enough to do some work.
     She‘s too old to do any work.
     (B) too……to + 動(dòng)詞“太…而不能”, enough to + 動(dòng)詞“足夠可以”(= so……that)
     I am too poor to afford such extravagance.
     = I am so poor that I cannot afford such extravagance.
     You are rich enough to keep a maid.
     = You are so rich that you can keep a maid.
     (2) very, much,
     (A) very修飾形容詞,副詞; much (或very much)修飾動(dòng)詞。
     He spoke very carefully.
     It is much talked about these days.
     (B) Very修飾原級(jí)形容詞及副詞;much修飾比較級(jí),級(jí)的形容詞及副詞。
     Your work is very good.
     This is much better.
     This is much (by far) the best.
     (3) already, yet, still,
     (A) Already用于肯定句,作“已經(jīng)”解; yet用于否定句,作“還”解,用于疑問(wèn)句作“已經(jīng)”解。
     I already like him. (= I have by this time come to like him.)
     He can‘t drive yet. (= He can’t drive up to this time.)
     注:Already用在疑問(wèn)句或否定句時(shí),表驚訝。
     Have you already seen him? (= That was quick.)
     (B) Still表動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的持續(xù),作“仍然”解。
     I still like him. (= I continue to like him.)
     注:Still放在動(dòng)詞前后,有時(shí)句意不同。
     He is still standing. (continue to stand)
     He is standing still. (= standing motionless)
     (4)only和 also常隨句中位置的變動(dòng),句意和語(yǔ)氣也會(huì)改變。
     Only John phoned Mary today.
     John phoned only Mary today.
     John phoned Mary only today (today only)。
     (5) just, merely, purely, simply等字放在所修飾的詞語(yǔ)之前; alone則放在其后。
     You can get a B grade just (merely, purely, simply) for that answer.
     You can get a B grade for that answer alone.
     6.副詞應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng):
     (1) 有些字可當(dāng)形容詞又可當(dāng)副詞, 例如: early; past; half; long; straight; fast; hard; quick; deep; slow; pretty; awful; wrong; right; high; late; hourly; early; weekly; etc.
     We had an early breakfast. (形容詞)
     We went by a fast train. (形容詞)
     We had breakfast early. (副詞)
     Don‘t speak so fast. (副詞)
     (2) above; then; after; up; down; away; home等地方或時(shí)間副詞亦可作形容詞。
     The above statement (= the statement which is above)
     (3) 有些形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~, 可在字尾加ly, 也可以不加, 不過(guò)在字義上不同。
     (A) easy“安適地”; easily“容易地”;
     Stand easy!
     He‘s not easily satisfied.
     (B) clear ( = completely“完全地”; clearly“顯然地”)
     The bullet went clear through the door.
     The thieves got clearly away.
     (C) high“高”; highly“很; 非常”
     The birds are flying high.
     He was highly praised for his work.
     (D) Slow和slowly當(dāng)副詞時(shí)同義, 但slow比slowly語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)。
     I told the driver to go slow(er)。
     Drive slowly round these bends in the road.
     (E) hard“辛苦地”; hardly“幾乎不”
     He works hard. (= He is a hard worker.)
     He hardly does anything nowadays. (= He does very little nowadays.)
     (F) just“剛才; 僅”; justly“公正地”
     I‘ve just seen him.
     He was justly punished.
     (G) late“遲”; lately (= recently)“最近地”
     He went to bed late.
     I haven‘t seen Mr. Green lately.
     (H) Pretty (= fairly, moderately)“十分, 頗”; prettily (= in a pretty way, attractively)“漂亮地”
     The situation seems pretty hopeless.
     She was prettily dressed.
     (I) near“接近地”; nearly“幾乎”
     The time for the examination is drawing near.
     I nearly missed my train.
     注:formally和formerly是分別由形容詞formal“正式的”, former“以前的”加ly形成的副詞。
     比較(五)
     1. 比較分三種: 一原級(jí);二比較級(jí);三級(jí);
     2. 比較級(jí)和級(jí)的構(gòu)成:
     (1) 規(guī)則變化:
     (A) 單音節(jié)和雙音節(jié)字在字尾加-er和-est.
     原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
     small smaller smallest
     wise wiser wisest
     dry drier driest
     hot hotter hottest
     后三組注意加-er和-est的變化。
     (A) 三音節(jié)以上的字和部分兩音節(jié)以上的字, 在原級(jí)前面加more和most.
     原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
     useful more useful most useful
     diligent more diligent most diligent
     (2) 不規(guī)則變化:
     good(好的)和well(健康的)的比較級(jí)都是better; 級(jí)都是best;
     bad(壞的)和ill(生病的)的比較級(jí)都是worse; 級(jí)都是worst;
     many(很多的)和much(作形容詞是大量的; 作副詞是非常地)比較級(jí)都是more; 級(jí)都是most;
     little(作形容詞是小的; 作副詞是一點(diǎn)地)有兩個(gè)比較級(jí)是little, smaller less; 兩級(jí)是littlest, smallest least;
     far(作副詞是遠(yuǎn)地)的兩個(gè)比較級(jí)是farther(更遠(yuǎn), 表距離), further(更進(jìn)步, 表程度); 兩個(gè)級(jí)是farthest, furthest;
     old的兩個(gè)比較級(jí)是older(表年齡或新舊), elder(表長(zhǎng)幼順序); 兩個(gè)級(jí)是oldest, eldest;
     late的兩個(gè)比較級(jí)是later(表時(shí)間), latter(表順序); 兩個(gè)級(jí)是latest(最近的), last(最后的);
     3. 比較的方式:
     (1) 相等比較: ……as + 原級(jí) + as…… 和 ……as + 原級(jí) + 名詞 + as……;
     William is as poor as John. ( = William‘s poverty is equal to John’s.)
     She has as much money as I (have)。
     (2) 劣等比較: ……less + 原級(jí) + than……( = not so or as + 原級(jí) + as……;)
     She is less careful than her. = She is not so (or as) careful as her.
     (3) 優(yōu)等比較: ……比較級(jí) + than…… 和 ……the + 比較級(jí) + of the two;
     He is more careful than her.
     Jim is the more stupid of the two boys.
     4. 級(jí)的表達(dá)方式:
     (1) 優(yōu)等比較: (最…)
     ……the + 級(jí)( + 單數(shù)名詞或one) + of (or among) + 人或物(復(fù)數(shù))
     ……the + 級(jí)( + 單數(shù)名詞或one) + in + 場(chǎng)所(單數(shù))
     A giraffe is the tallest of (or among) all animals.
     A giraffe is the tallest in the animal kingdom.
     (2) 劣等比較: (最不…)
     ……the + least + 原級(jí)( + 單數(shù)名詞或one) + of (or among) + 人或物(復(fù)數(shù))
     ……the + least + 原級(jí)( + 單數(shù)名詞或one) + in + 場(chǎng)合(單數(shù))
     Grammar is the least interesting of (or among) all the subjects.
     Jack is the least diligent boy in his class.
     (3) 其他表示級(jí)的方式:
     (A) 用原級(jí)表示級(jí)。
     He is as happy as he can be. = He is happiest.
     (B) “比較級(jí) + than any other + 單數(shù)名詞”表示級(jí)。
     This is more difficult than any other book here.
     = This is the most difficult of all the books here.
     (C) 否定的比較級(jí)表示級(jí)。
     Nothing can be simpler than this. = This is the simplest thing of all.
     (D) 敘述用法的級(jí)形容詞。
     Summer is hottest in July. She was happiest when she was young.
     1. 不用than的比較:
     (1) than的省略:
     Never before did he work harder (than now)。
     (2) 作限定用法的形容詞, 常接代名詞one.
     I want a better job.
     Bring me a smaller one.
     (3) 作敘述用法的形容詞。
     He is better now.
     It is warmer this morning.
     (4) 接if子句的比較級(jí)。
     You will understand it easier if you consult the dictionary.
     (5) 只作限定用法的形容詞比較級(jí), 如: inner, outer, upper, former, latter, utter, elder, etc.
     The plan was an utter failure.
     My brother will come back from America in the latter part of the year.
     (6) 比較級(jí) + and + 比較級(jí)“越來(lái)……越”
     He became more and more eloquent towards the end of his speech.
     (7) 由拉丁文而來(lái)的比較級(jí)(接to不接than)。
     He is junior to me. (to之后接受格)和 He is younger than I. (than之后接主格)
     其它的例子如下:
     senior(= older)和junior(= younger); superior(= better)和inferior(= worse); major(= more)和minor(= less); prior(= before)和prefer(= like better);
     (1) prefer + (動(dòng))名詞 + to + (動(dòng))名詞= prefer to + 原形… rather than + 原形
     I prefer reading to talking. = I prefer to read rather than talk.
     (2) The + 比較級(jí)…, the + 比較級(jí)… “越…, 越…”
     The more I read, the more intensely interested I became.
     The more he has, the more he wants.
     第一個(gè)the是關(guān)系副詞, 引導(dǎo)副詞子句, 修飾第二個(gè)the(指示副詞)。(紅色修飾黑色)
     The happier a human being is, the longer he lives.
     在句意明確時(shí), 常以省略句的形式出現(xiàn)。
     The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be)。
     5. 含有否定詞的比較級(jí):
     (1) no less than = as much (or many) as“多達(dá)”和not less than = at least“最少”
     I have no less than (= as much as) 10,000 dollars.
     He has not less than (= at least) 5 dollars.
     (2) no less……than = as……as“和……一樣”和not less + 原級(jí) + than“至少不比……差; 也許比……更……”
     She is no less rich than (= as rich as) her sister.
     She is not less rich than her sister.
     (3) no more than = only“只”和not more than = at most“最多”
     He has no more than (= only) 10 dollars.
     He has not more than (= at most) five.
     (4) no more……than = not……any more than“和……一樣不……”和not more……than = not so……as “沒(méi)有到…的程度; 不像……那樣……”
     I am no more mad than you are. (= I am not mad any more than you (are)。 = You are not mad, nor am I)。
     He is not more generous than John. (= He is not so generous as John.)
     7. more than的用法:
     (1) = over“過(guò)多; …以上”
     It takes more than an hour.
     (2) 修飾名詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞或子句,表“遠(yuǎn)超過(guò);何止”。
     The story of the erupted island is more than a story.
     She was dressed more than simply.
     His merits more than offset his demerits.
     It is more than I can understand. (= It is beyond my understanding.)
     8. 有關(guān)比較級(jí)應(yīng)注意事項(xiàng):
     (1) 句義相當(dāng)或同類的東西, 才級(jí)比較。
     Most of the highways in America are wider than Europe. (錯(cuò))
     Most of the highways in America are wider than those in Europe. (對(duì))
     (2) 使用比較級(jí)時(shí), 必須把本身除外, 常于other或else連用。
     This book is more interesting than any other book.
     This book is more interesting than any book else.