英語中表示被動意義的特殊形式 - 四級語法

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??在英語中,句子的被動意義常用動詞的被動語態(tài)來表達(即be+動詞的過去分詞)。但是,在我們使用英語的過程中不難發(fā)現(xiàn)某些句子結構中的動詞形式在表示被動意義時并非局限于常見的由過去分詞組成的被動結構。如下例:
    Her novels sell well.她的小說銷路好。(=Her novels are sold well.)
    No sooner had he entered the room than the door closed.他剛一進屋,屋門就關上了。
    All substances consist of small particles.所有物質(zhì)都是由離子組成。
    The book is printing.書正在螢?(=The book is being printed.)
    The movie is worth watching.這部電影值得一看。(=The movie is worthy to be watched.)
    I have a few words to say.我有幾句話要說。(=I have a few words to be said.)
    ??從以上例句中,我們可以看出英語中表示被動意義的還可以是動詞的主動形式(包括某些動詞,動詞短語,動詞進行體,動詞的 -ing形式及動詞不定式)。
    ??一、動詞的主動形式表示被動意義
    ??常見的這類動詞有:sell,wear,lock, feel,peel,open,close,change,end,burst,increase,act,read,write,wash,taste,smell,etc.例如:
    Nowadays leather shoes won't wear long.如今的皮鞋不耐穿。
    The door locks easily.這門容易鎖上。
    Iron feels very cold in winter.冬天,鐵摸起來很冷。
    The library opens at 7:30.圖書館7:30開門。
    The balloon suddenly burst.氣球突然爆炸了。
    At that time the prices always increased.那時物價總是上漲。
    The food tastes delicious.這吃的嘗起來味道很好。
    二、動詞短語的主動形式表示被動意義
    ??常見的這類動詞短語(有的本身就含有被動意義)有:consist of,add up to,divide into/go into,take place,come into being,run out,etc.例如:
    Great changes have taken place in China recently.近年來,中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
    All the gasoline has run out.所有的汽油都用完了。
    Water consists of Oxygen and Hydrogen.
    The class divides into four groups.這個班分成4組。
    All the single number adds up to a large number.所有這些單個數(shù)加起來就是個大數(shù)。
    ??三、動詞主動形式的進行體表示被動意義
    ??常見的這類動詞(往往不強調(diào)這些動詞動作的發(fā)出者)有:print,bake,bind,cook, owe,etc.例如:
    The breakfast is cooking.正在做早飯。
    The book is binding.書正在裝訂。
    The bread is baking.正在烤面包。
    $100is still owing to me.還欠我$100。
    ??四、動詞的-ing形式表示被動意義
    ??常見動詞如:need,deserve,require,want, be worth等詞后可跟主動語態(tài)的動名詞表示被動意義,相當于"to be +動詞的過去分詞?。例如:
    The classroom needs cleaning.教室需要打掃。(=The classroom needs to be cleaned.) The murderer deserves hanging.殺人犯該絞死。(=The murderer deserves to be hanged.)
    His words require investigating.他的話需要調(diào)查核實。(=His words require to be in- vestigated.)
    The method is worth trying.這個辦法值得一試。(=The method is worthy to be tried.)
    ??五、動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動意義
    ??1.在"subj.+link V.+to V.?結構中,句子主語是不定式動詞動作的承受者。例如:
    The theory of relativity is hard to explain.(=The theory of relativity is hard to be explained.)
    English is difficult to learn.(=English is difficult to be learned.)
    A lot remains to do.(=A lot remains to be done.)
    You are to blame for this.(=You are to be blamed for this.)
    注:并非所有的動詞不定式都可以這樣用。在there be結構中,主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)表達不同的兩種含義。例如:
    There was nothing to see.沒什么值得看的。
    There was nothing to be seen.什么也沒看見。
    ??2.在"subj.+have /has +obj.+to V.?結構中,賓語是動作的承受者。例如:
    I have some words to say.我有幾句話要說。
    We have many problems to solve.我們有許多問題要解決。
    I have a lot of things to do in the evening.我今晚有許多事要做。
    ??3.在"subj.+V.+Oi+Od+toV.?結構中,直接賓語(Od)是動作的承受者。例如:
    She offered me a novel to read.她給我一本小說讀。
    The director assigned us an essay to write.導師給我們布置了一篇文章寫。
    ??4.在"subj.+V.+obj.+comple.+toV.?結構中,賓語是動作的承受者。例如:
    He found the job difficult to finish.他發(fā)現(xiàn)工作很難完成。
    We all consider the teacher easy to get along with.我們都認為這個老師很好相處。
    They made the situation hard to control.他們使得形勢很難控制。