Q
Quantity demanded需求量
The amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase
Quantity equation貨幣數(shù)量方程式
The equation MxV=PxY, which relates the quantity of money, the velocity of money and the dollar value of the economys output of goods and services
Quantity supplied供給量
The amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell
Quantity theory of money貨幣數(shù)量論
A theory that asserts that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the inflation rate; The theory that velocity is constant, so that changes in the money supply lead to proportionale changes in nominal income (which also equals the value of output)
quota rents配額租金
profits that accrue to firms which are allocated the rights to import a good subject to quotas that result from the artificially created scarcity
quotas配額
limits on the amount of foreign goods that can be imported
R
Rational expectations理性預(yù)期
The theory according to which people optimally use all the information they have, including information about government policies, when forecasting the future
Real GDP實(shí)際GDP
The production of goods and services valued at constant prices
Real exchange rate實(shí)際匯率
The rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of another
Real interest rate實(shí)際利率
The interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation
Real variables實(shí)際變量
Variables measured in physical units
Recession衰退
A period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment
Regressive tax累退稅
A tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
Reserve ratio準(zhǔn)備金率
The fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves
Reserve requirements法定準(zhǔn)備金
Regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits
Reserves準(zhǔn)備金
Deposits that banks have received but have not lent out
Rivalness競爭性
The property of a good that one persons use diminishes other peoples use
random walk隨機(jī)行走
a term used to describe the way prices of stock move, where the next movement cannot be predicted on the basis of previous movements
rationing systems配給制
ways of distributing goods that do not rely on prices, such as queues, lotteries, and coupons
real balance effect實(shí)際余額效應(yīng)
as prices fall, the real value of peoples money holdings increases, and they consume more
real business-cycle theorists實(shí)際經(jīng)濟(jì)周期理論家
a school of economists who contend that the economys fluctuations have nothing to do with monetary policy but are determined by real forces
real income實(shí)際收入
income measured by what it can actually buy, rather than by the amount of money
real product wage實(shí)際產(chǎn)品工資
the wage divided by the price of the good being produced
regulatory capture管制俘虜
a term used to describe a situation in which regulators serve the interests of the regulated rather than the interests of consumers
relative performance compensation相對(duì)表現(xiàn)補(bǔ)償
pay (compensation) based on performance on the job relative to others who have similar responsibilities and authority
rent seeking尋租
the name given to behavior that seeks to obtain benefits from favorable government decisions, such as protection from foreign competition
revenue curve收益曲線
the relationship between a firms total output and its revenue
revenues收益
the amount a firm receives for selling its products, equal to the price received multiplied by the quantity sold
right-to-work laws工作權(quán)利法
laws that prevent union membership from being a condition of employment
risk averse / loving / neutral厭惡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)/喜愛風(fēng)險(xiǎn)/中性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
given equal expected returns and different risks risk averse people will choose assets with lower risk, risk loving people will choose assets with higher risk, and risk-neutral individuals will not care about differences in risk
risk premium風(fēng)險(xiǎn)收益
the additional interest required by lenders as compensation for the risk that a borrower may default; more generally, the extra return required to compensate an investor
Quantity demanded需求量
The amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase
Quantity equation貨幣數(shù)量方程式
The equation MxV=PxY, which relates the quantity of money, the velocity of money and the dollar value of the economys output of goods and services
Quantity supplied供給量
The amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell
Quantity theory of money貨幣數(shù)量論
A theory that asserts that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the inflation rate; The theory that velocity is constant, so that changes in the money supply lead to proportionale changes in nominal income (which also equals the value of output)
quota rents配額租金
profits that accrue to firms which are allocated the rights to import a good subject to quotas that result from the artificially created scarcity
quotas配額
limits on the amount of foreign goods that can be imported
R
Rational expectations理性預(yù)期
The theory according to which people optimally use all the information they have, including information about government policies, when forecasting the future
Real GDP實(shí)際GDP
The production of goods and services valued at constant prices
Real exchange rate實(shí)際匯率
The rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of another
Real interest rate實(shí)際利率
The interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation
Real variables實(shí)際變量
Variables measured in physical units
Recession衰退
A period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment
Regressive tax累退稅
A tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
Reserve ratio準(zhǔn)備金率
The fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves
Reserve requirements法定準(zhǔn)備金
Regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits
Reserves準(zhǔn)備金
Deposits that banks have received but have not lent out
Rivalness競爭性
The property of a good that one persons use diminishes other peoples use
random walk隨機(jī)行走
a term used to describe the way prices of stock move, where the next movement cannot be predicted on the basis of previous movements
rationing systems配給制
ways of distributing goods that do not rely on prices, such as queues, lotteries, and coupons
real balance effect實(shí)際余額效應(yīng)
as prices fall, the real value of peoples money holdings increases, and they consume more
real business-cycle theorists實(shí)際經(jīng)濟(jì)周期理論家
a school of economists who contend that the economys fluctuations have nothing to do with monetary policy but are determined by real forces
real income實(shí)際收入
income measured by what it can actually buy, rather than by the amount of money
real product wage實(shí)際產(chǎn)品工資
the wage divided by the price of the good being produced
regulatory capture管制俘虜
a term used to describe a situation in which regulators serve the interests of the regulated rather than the interests of consumers
relative performance compensation相對(duì)表現(xiàn)補(bǔ)償
pay (compensation) based on performance on the job relative to others who have similar responsibilities and authority
rent seeking尋租
the name given to behavior that seeks to obtain benefits from favorable government decisions, such as protection from foreign competition
revenue curve收益曲線
the relationship between a firms total output and its revenue
revenues收益
the amount a firm receives for selling its products, equal to the price received multiplied by the quantity sold
right-to-work laws工作權(quán)利法
laws that prevent union membership from being a condition of employment
risk averse / loving / neutral厭惡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)/喜愛風(fēng)險(xiǎn)/中性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
given equal expected returns and different risks risk averse people will choose assets with lower risk, risk loving people will choose assets with higher risk, and risk-neutral individuals will not care about differences in risk
risk premium風(fēng)險(xiǎn)收益
the additional interest required by lenders as compensation for the risk that a borrower may default; more generally, the extra return required to compensate an investor