一、大綱解讀
語(yǔ)段論據(jù)匹配題主要考查考生區(qū)分論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)，把握論點(diǎn)論據(jù)一致性的能力。如樣題所示，該
題型要求考生根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，從多個(gè)選項(xiàng)中找到能支持相應(yīng)論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)。
這就要求考生理解各個(gè)論點(diǎn)/觀點(diǎn)的重點(diǎn)和含義，并能找出與論點(diǎn)一致的論據(jù)。
二、基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)必備
在某一標(biāo)題或主題的限定下面展開(kāi)論述，一般情況下可以采用的方法如下：
1分類(lèi)法：這種方法常用于闡述某一概念。它通過(guò)對(duì)概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門(mén)別類(lèi)，分別加以敘述，使考生對(duì)于這一概念獲得更為清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。如：標(biāo)題中有"various forms of communication"等詞，那么，作者就可能將其分為oral speech, sign language, body language 或other forms of nonlinguistic language來(lái)加以闡述。
2例證法：即舉例法，指用典型、具體而生動(dòng)的事例來(lái)說(shuō)明、闡述一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，支持文章標(biāo)題。此種方法通常用于主題比較抽象的文章中，通過(guò)使抽象意義具體化而使文章通俗易懂并有說(shuō)服力。如：講如何學(xué)習(xí)，就可能舉幾個(gè)類(lèi)似于如何記單詞的例子來(lái)使文章更加生動(dòng)、具體。
3列舉法：就是在文章中用一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)對(duì)標(biāo)題所體現(xiàn)的主題思想進(jìn)行說(shuō)明的方法。列舉法的使用會(huì)使文章顯得思路清晰，有條有理。
4因果法：即通過(guò)分析事物發(fā)展的原因和結(jié)果將文章標(biāo)題闡述清楚的一種方法。因果法有兩種；先因后果法和先果后因法。顧名思義，就是原因和結(jié)果在段落中出現(xiàn)的順序不同。
5比較、對(duì)比法：即在文章中找出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同種類(lèi)的事物之間的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行闡述的方法 。比較對(duì)比法有兩種具體寫(xiě)作方法：一是進(jìn)行整體的比較和對(duì)比，二是進(jìn)行逐項(xiàng)的比較和對(duì)比。
三、 解題思路指引
考生閱讀時(shí)可按照卷面排列的自然順序先看六個(gè)試題選項(xiàng)后讀短文，因?yàn)樵囶}選項(xiàng)中的六分之五是正確答案，可以通過(guò)試題選項(xiàng)迅速理解文章大意，從而準(zhǔn)確建立宏觀主旨觀念，進(jìn)而有效的做到"抓大放小"?？忌x后可以首先了解試題的內(nèi)容，這樣在
閱讀時(shí)可以做到目標(biāo)明確，有的放矢，盡量減少盲目閱讀對(duì)時(shí)間的耗費(fèi)。具體做法可
分為以下幾步進(jìn)行：
1仔細(xì)閱讀六個(gè)試題選項(xiàng)，正確理解每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思。對(duì)于談?wù)撓嗨浦黧w的選項(xiàng)，需區(qū)別內(nèi)容的相同處和不同處，并牢記體現(xiàn)不同處的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)。
2快速瀏覽短文，依靠標(biāo)題迅速抓住每篇短文的主題。瀏覽過(guò)程中若發(fā)現(xiàn)答題所需的
具體信息，在詞語(yǔ)或句子下面劃線(xiàn)并標(biāo)上所答的題號(hào)，以初步敲定。對(duì)那些暫時(shí)無(wú)法肯
定的可暫且放置一邊，留待第二次閱讀時(shí)解決。
提示：在快速瀏覽短文時(shí)，要特別注意所給的標(biāo)題或黑體字，這無(wú)疑是把握各篇短文主題的途徑，它們猶如門(mén)牌號(hào)碼，可使我們?cè)诓檎倚畔r(shí)直入大門(mén)，避免走彎路。最
后，閱讀問(wèn)題部分的六個(gè)選項(xiàng)時(shí)，要抓住每選項(xiàng)的核心意義，這樣有利于我們?cè)诓殚啎r(shí)迅速對(duì)號(hào)入座，減少誤差。
3第二次閱讀短文時(shí)必須有針對(duì)性，主要為了解決兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：一是仔細(xì)檢查已初步認(rèn)定的內(nèi)容與單句是否匹配；二是找到第一遍瀏覽時(shí)尚未找到的信息。
4為確保準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤，若有時(shí)間可再次將選項(xiàng)從短文中已選擇的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行比較，檢查有無(wú)謬誤或疏漏之處。
四、 大綱樣題解析
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45).There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar"tombstone"that lists where you went to school and where you've worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the"functional"resume－descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It's handy to have a "tombstone"for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested "tombstone"lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read－a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.
41P(pán)ut yourself first:
In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.
42Sell what you can do, not who you are:
Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.
Toot your own horn!
Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch－if only you show it.
43Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Remember that "brevity is the best policy."
44Turn bad news into good:
Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.
45Never apologize:
If you've returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph(summary of background)in place of a chronology of experience. Don't apologize for working at being a mother; it's the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don't mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don't worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership skills,
budget management skills, child development skills etc.)Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you're ready to show it to a stranger(friends are usually too kind)for a reaction. When you've satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.
Isn't that the kind of person you'd want working for you?
[A] A woman who lost her job as a teacher's aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote:"Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher's aide she would rehire if government funds became available."
[B] One resume I received included the following:"invited by my superior to straighten out our organization's accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion."Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward－all in 34 words.
[C] For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.
[D] An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement"Ready to learn though not so well educated".
[E] One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote three resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.
[F] A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She'd agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn't in her resume. She answered,"It wasn't important."What she was really saying of course was"I'm not important."
文章導(dǎo)讀
這篇文章就如何寫(xiě)好個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷提出了自己的看法。文章用黑體小標(biāo)題給出了具體的建議，要求考生選出相應(yīng)的例子。
首先，我們要通讀全文，了解大意。作者在文中強(qiáng)調(diào)的簡(jiǎn)歷應(yīng)該是"functional"，應(yīng)該是讀起來(lái)有趣，具有個(gè)性的。在文章中，作者給出了具體的招數(shù)。每個(gè)招數(shù)都有小標(biāo)題，解釋和舉例。在這兒，考生應(yīng)該明白的是，英語(yǔ)文章中的小標(biāo)題不一定等同于論點(diǎn)或段落總結(jié)句。小標(biāo)題一般都較短，較簡(jiǎn)潔，有些小標(biāo)題為了吸引讀者的注意力，用詞較夸張，或者只突出文章的一方面。所以考生在做題時(shí)，不能慌慌張張地看了小標(biāo)題就去找答案。應(yīng)該結(jié)合正文理解觀點(diǎn)的含義。
答案與解析
41【答案】F
【解析】"Put yourself first"。字面意思是把自己往前放。什么意思呢？下面的句子進(jìn)行了解釋?zhuān)?要想讓自己的簡(jiǎn)歷使讀的人充滿(mǎn)熱情，那么你首先就要覺(jué)得自己是個(gè)
人物"。選項(xiàng)中哪個(gè)能進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn)呢？論證方法是這樣的。作者舉例說(shuō)明時(shí)，可
能從正面角度，也可能從反面角度。F就是從反面說(shuō)明了第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。作者通過(guò)例
子說(shuō)明，不要認(rèn)為自己做過(guò)的事情不值一提，瞧不起自己的人別人又怎么會(huì)重視呢？
42【答案】C
【解析】"Sell what you can do, not who you are"。要強(qiáng)調(diào)能力而不是性格。下面的文字進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明了。"要學(xué)會(huì)把自己的個(gè)性和成就詮釋成具體的技能，世界上有至
少5000種技能"(意思是，你總能找出一種自己擁有的技能)。文后的例子中只有C項(xiàng)最貼切，"例如，如果你有節(jié)約、投資、管理錢(qián)財(cái)?shù)奶旆?，那么你擁有理?cái)?shù)哪芰Α?
43【答案】B
【解析】"Be specific, be concrete, and briefly!"一言以蔽之：簡(jiǎn)潔。哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)呢？B項(xiàng)這一個(gè)成功的例子說(shuō)明了這點(diǎn)，一位女士?jī)H用了34個(gè)詞就把重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明白了。
44【答案】A
【解析】"Turn bad news into good"(將壞消息變成好消息)。這不是要讓人顛倒黑白，下面解釋道："每個(gè)人在工作中總有不盡如人意的地方。如果要提到這些事，那么
從積極、正面的角度去看。"A選項(xiàng)就是一個(gè)正面的例子。一個(gè)女助教因?yàn)檎s減資金而被解雇了。這似乎不大光彩，但是這位女士談起此事時(shí)卻用了另一個(gè)角度，
"校長(zhǎng)說(shuō)了，如果政府的資金夠的話(huà)，她第一個(gè)重聘的就是我"，字里行間洋溢著自信。
45【答案】D
【解析】"Never apologize"(不要道歉)。下面的文字舉例說(shuō)明了，要揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短。每
個(gè)人都有短處，沒(méi)有必要為自己的短處羞愧。求職就是要讓雇主看到自己的閃光點(diǎn)，個(gè)
人簡(jiǎn)歷不是進(jìn)行道歉的地方。D項(xiàng)以一個(gè)失敗的例子說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)：作者的一位朋友說(shuō)他求職時(shí)遭到了歧視，因?yàn)樗暮?jiǎn)歷中寫(xiě)了"好學(xué)，但教育程度不高"。
五、 語(yǔ)段論據(jù)匹配題專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破練習(xí)
Exercise 1
Part B
Directions :
You are going to read a text about money, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)
Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, summed up four chief qualities of money some 2,000 year ago. It must be lasting and easy to recognize, to divide, and to carry about. In other words it must be, durable, distinct, divisible and portable. When we think of money today, we picture it either as round, fiat pieces of metal which we call coins, or as printed paper notes.
41But there are still parts of the world, today where coins and notes are of no use.
42Among isolated peoples, who are not often reached by traders from outside, commerce usually meant barter.
This is a direct exchange of goods. Perhaps it is fish for vegetables, meat for grain, or various kinds of food in exchange for pots, baskets, or other manufactured goods.
43.Salt may seem rather a strange substance to use as money, but in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an absolute necessity.
44.Cowrie sea shells have been used as money at some time or another over the greater part of the Old World. These were collected mainly from the beaches of the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean, and were traded to India and China.
45.Metal, valued by weight, preceded coins in many parts of the world.
Iron, in lumps, bars or rings is still used in many countries instead of money. It can either be exchanged for goods, or made into tools, weapons or ornaments. The early money of China, apart from shells, was of bronze, often in fiat, round pieces with a hole in the middle, called "cash".
Nowadays, coins and notes have supplanted nearly all the more picturesque forms of money, and although in one or two of the more remote countries people still hoard it for future use on ceremonial occasions such as weddings and funerals, examples of primitive money will soon be found only in museums.
[A] For this kind of simple trading, money is not needed, but there is often some-tiling that everyone wants and everybody can use, such as salt to flavor, food, shell for ornaments, or iron and copper to make into tools and vessels. These things-salt, shells or metals-are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today.
[B] They will buy nothing, and a traveler might starve if he had none of the particular local- money to exchange for food.
[C] Cakes of salt, stamped to show their value, were used as money in Tibet until recent times, and cakes of salt will still buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa.
[D] The earliest evolution of these paper notes and coins made of copper had developed rapidly in the western Mediterranean.
[E] In Africa, cowries were traded right across the continent from East to West Four or five thousand went for one Maria Theresa dollar, an Austrian silver coin which was once accepted as currency in many parts of Africa.
[F] The earliest of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old-older than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean.
答案與解析
41【答案】B
【解析】文章中指出當(dāng)今世界的局部地方，硬幣和紙幣毫無(wú)用處了，選項(xiàng)B舉例如果旅游者沒(méi)有當(dāng)?shù)靥厥獾?貨幣"換取食物，就有可能餓死，為上文的很好例證，故選擇B。
42【答案】A
【解析】原文指出"there is a direct exchange of goods"即直接用貨物交換，選項(xiàng)A"for this kind simple trading"承接上文，指出交易不用貨幣，進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)蔄為正確答案。
43【答案】C
【解析】標(biāo)題指出食鹽作為貨幣使用，唯有選項(xiàng)C提到食鹽在一部分地區(qū)的重要作用，為正確答案。
44【答案】E
【解析】這個(gè)題目很容易選出正確答案，選項(xiàng)E中"cowries"與文章中"cowrie sea shells"相照應(yīng)，為正確答案。
45【答案】F
【解析】本題選項(xiàng)D有很強(qiáng)的迷惑性，它仔細(xì)分析了金屬貨幣的悠久歷史而沒(méi)有談到紙幣，故選F更符合文意，為正確答案。
Exercise 2
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a text about stupidity for dummies, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Sternberg, an expert in intelligence testing, contends that, contrary to public belief, stupidness is not the opposite of smartness. He points out that many of the singularly idiotic acts that come to public attention are the work of people who are, in fact, highly intelligent. He argues instead that stupidity is more properly viewed as the opposite of wisdom-which he sees as the ability to apply knowledge to achieve a common good.His "imbalance theory of foolishness" suggests that there are aspects of life as a smart person that actually foster stupidity. Which is to say, it sometimes takes a really smart person to do something truly stupid. Sternberg recently took the time to answer some of our stupid questions.
41What attracted you to the study of stupidity?
The roots of the book were in my wondering about what's up with people who have very high intelligence in the traditional sense, but seem to be out to lunch in another sense.
42The difference between stupidity, foolishness, dumbness and, say, plain boneheadedness
The book is really about foolishness, which is the opposite of wisdom. There are many smart people who are unwise.
43Do you see stupidity as an objective behavior or, as one of your contributors does, a subjective judgment that reflects more on the observer?
Stupidity is not in the behavior, nor in the eyes of the observer. It is in the interaction between the person and the situation. Different kinds of situations elicit different behavior from people.
44"The best way to avoid stupidity is not to be afraid of looking stupid"
People often fail to learn because they do not want to look stupid. As a result, hey make or repeat mistakes they could have avoided.
45 Of course, some would suggest that certain stupid behaviors are categorizable as something else. Some would say philandering or shoplifting, for example, are products of something other than stupidity.
I think it is a combination of the fallacies I mentioned: Egocentrism, omniscience, omnipotence and invulnerability. Many smart people are philanderers.
Everyone has weaknesses. The issue in terms of the book is what they do about these weaknesses-whether they find ways to make up for them or whether they allow them to destroy their lives.
[A] The foolish part is in the belief that one need only consider one's own feelings about the matter and not the feelings of others, especially the partner (egocentrism);that it is not okay for others but that one knows all about these things so it is all right for oneself (omniscience);that one can basically do whatever one wants because of who one is (omnipotence);and that, unlike others suckers, one never will get caught (invulnerability).
[B] How did Richard Nixon ever get involved in Watergate and the subsequent cover up? What was Bill Clinton thinking when he kept repeating the same mistakes in his personal life? More recently, how did the intelligent people who ran Enron think they would get away with a shell game? There are lots of examples. And the truth is, some of them are in my own life, too. None of us is immune.
[C] For example, Clinton was very smart in most domains of his life, but in some kinds of interpersonal situations with women, he appears not to have been. The Enron bloodsuckers may have been perfectly fine in their home lives, but given the chance to rip off a corporation, they went for it. Problem is, we may see how sensibly we behave, on average, so that we are not alert for the kinds of situations where we act foolishly.
[D] Unfortunately, no. It usually takes others to point it out to us. Or, looking back, we often marvel at how we could have been oblivious to our stupidity. But the problem is that smart people often use their intelligence to find ways to immunize themselves or isolate themselves from feedback. For example, they may hire toadies who just tell them what they want to hear.
[E] Also, sometimes when they make mistakes, people try to cover them up so as not to appear to have been stupid and then look even stupider when the cover up comes to light. That, of course, is what happened to Nixon and Clinton, and to many, many others, such as currency traders who have tried to cover up losses or high-level executives at soft-ware companies who have tried to cover up improprieties.
[F] The book is not about stupidity in the classical sense, which is usually thought of as a very low IQ. So I would distinguish the "mental retardation"kind of stupidity from the kind of foolishness this book discusses. The problem is that smart people often do not realize how susceptible they are to being foolish, as any number of world leaders have gone out of their way to show.
答案與解析
41【答案】B
【解析】該段指出一些人智力很高，但從另一種意義上看卻似乎在發(fā)瘋，這到底是什么原因。選項(xiàng)B列舉了尼克松、克林頓、安然公司的那些智力很高的但不明智的人來(lái)說(shuō)明研究愚蠢的原因，為正確答案。
42【答案】F
【解析】選項(xiàng)F指出本書(shū)不是討論傳說(shuō)意義上的愚鈍，很好地解釋本書(shū)所討論紙的愚鈍的含義及愚鈍、愚蠢、愚笨和傻之間的區(qū)別，為正確答案。
43【答案】C
【解析】文章指出愚鈍在于人與客觀形勢(shì)之間的相互作用，選項(xiàng)C應(yīng)用上文例子著重強(qiáng)調(diào)不同形勢(shì)下克林頓、安然的盤(pán)剝者們的聰明與愚鈍行為的對(duì)比，故答案選C。
44【答案】E
【解析】小標(biāo)題指出避免干蠢事的方法是不要害怕顯得愚蠢。選項(xiàng)D指出一些聰明者利用自己的智慧或聽(tīng)取他人意見(jiàn)來(lái)避免顯得愚蠢 ，看似正確，有很強(qiáng)的干擾性。選項(xiàng)E指出一些人犯錯(cuò)誤后為了顯得沒(méi)干過(guò)蠢事而千方百計(jì)加以掩蓋，并再次提到尼克松、克林頓等因掩蓋錯(cuò)誤而顯得更愚蠢，很好地解釋了上文。所以E更符合題意。
45【答案】A
【解析】選項(xiàng)A對(duì)應(yīng)文中"Egolentnim omniscience, omnipotene invulnerability"并分別加以解釋。為正確答案。
語(yǔ)段論據(jù)匹配題主要考查考生區(qū)分論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)，把握論點(diǎn)論據(jù)一致性的能力。如樣題所示，該
題型要求考生根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，從多個(gè)選項(xiàng)中找到能支持相應(yīng)論點(diǎn)的論據(jù)。
這就要求考生理解各個(gè)論點(diǎn)/觀點(diǎn)的重點(diǎn)和含義，并能找出與論點(diǎn)一致的論據(jù)。
二、基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)必備
在某一標(biāo)題或主題的限定下面展開(kāi)論述，一般情況下可以采用的方法如下：
1分類(lèi)法：這種方法常用于闡述某一概念。它通過(guò)對(duì)概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門(mén)別類(lèi)，分別加以敘述，使考生對(duì)于這一概念獲得更為清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。如：標(biāo)題中有"various forms of communication"等詞，那么，作者就可能將其分為oral speech, sign language, body language 或other forms of nonlinguistic language來(lái)加以闡述。
2例證法：即舉例法，指用典型、具體而生動(dòng)的事例來(lái)說(shuō)明、闡述一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，支持文章標(biāo)題。此種方法通常用于主題比較抽象的文章中，通過(guò)使抽象意義具體化而使文章通俗易懂并有說(shuō)服力。如：講如何學(xué)習(xí)，就可能舉幾個(gè)類(lèi)似于如何記單詞的例子來(lái)使文章更加生動(dòng)、具體。
3列舉法：就是在文章中用一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)對(duì)標(biāo)題所體現(xiàn)的主題思想進(jìn)行說(shuō)明的方法。列舉法的使用會(huì)使文章顯得思路清晰，有條有理。
4因果法：即通過(guò)分析事物發(fā)展的原因和結(jié)果將文章標(biāo)題闡述清楚的一種方法。因果法有兩種；先因后果法和先果后因法。顧名思義，就是原因和結(jié)果在段落中出現(xiàn)的順序不同。
5比較、對(duì)比法：即在文章中找出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同種類(lèi)的事物之間的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行闡述的方法 。比較對(duì)比法有兩種具體寫(xiě)作方法：一是進(jìn)行整體的比較和對(duì)比，二是進(jìn)行逐項(xiàng)的比較和對(duì)比。
三、 解題思路指引
考生閱讀時(shí)可按照卷面排列的自然順序先看六個(gè)試題選項(xiàng)后讀短文，因?yàn)樵囶}選項(xiàng)中的六分之五是正確答案，可以通過(guò)試題選項(xiàng)迅速理解文章大意，從而準(zhǔn)確建立宏觀主旨觀念，進(jìn)而有效的做到"抓大放小"?？忌x后可以首先了解試題的內(nèi)容，這樣在
閱讀時(shí)可以做到目標(biāo)明確，有的放矢，盡量減少盲目閱讀對(duì)時(shí)間的耗費(fèi)。具體做法可
分為以下幾步進(jìn)行：
1仔細(xì)閱讀六個(gè)試題選項(xiàng)，正確理解每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思。對(duì)于談?wù)撓嗨浦黧w的選項(xiàng)，需區(qū)別內(nèi)容的相同處和不同處，并牢記體現(xiàn)不同處的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)。
2快速瀏覽短文，依靠標(biāo)題迅速抓住每篇短文的主題。瀏覽過(guò)程中若發(fā)現(xiàn)答題所需的
具體信息，在詞語(yǔ)或句子下面劃線(xiàn)并標(biāo)上所答的題號(hào)，以初步敲定。對(duì)那些暫時(shí)無(wú)法肯
定的可暫且放置一邊，留待第二次閱讀時(shí)解決。
提示：在快速瀏覽短文時(shí)，要特別注意所給的標(biāo)題或黑體字，這無(wú)疑是把握各篇短文主題的途徑，它們猶如門(mén)牌號(hào)碼，可使我們?cè)诓檎倚畔r(shí)直入大門(mén)，避免走彎路。最
后，閱讀問(wèn)題部分的六個(gè)選項(xiàng)時(shí)，要抓住每選項(xiàng)的核心意義，這樣有利于我們?cè)诓殚啎r(shí)迅速對(duì)號(hào)入座，減少誤差。
3第二次閱讀短文時(shí)必須有針對(duì)性，主要為了解決兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：一是仔細(xì)檢查已初步認(rèn)定的內(nèi)容與單句是否匹配；二是找到第一遍瀏覽時(shí)尚未找到的信息。
4為確保準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤，若有時(shí)間可再次將選項(xiàng)從短文中已選擇的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行比較，檢查有無(wú)謬誤或疏漏之處。
四、 大綱樣題解析
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45).There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar"tombstone"that lists where you went to school and where you've worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the"functional"resume－descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It's handy to have a "tombstone"for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested "tombstone"lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read－a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.
41P(pán)ut yourself first:
In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.
42Sell what you can do, not who you are:
Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.
Toot your own horn!
Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch－if only you show it.
43Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Remember that "brevity is the best policy."
44Turn bad news into good:
Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.
45Never apologize:
If you've returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph(summary of background)in place of a chronology of experience. Don't apologize for working at being a mother; it's the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don't mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don't worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership skills,
budget management skills, child development skills etc.)Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you're ready to show it to a stranger(friends are usually too kind)for a reaction. When you've satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.
Isn't that the kind of person you'd want working for you?
[A] A woman who lost her job as a teacher's aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote:"Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher's aide she would rehire if government funds became available."
[B] One resume I received included the following:"invited by my superior to straighten out our organization's accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion."Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward－all in 34 words.
[C] For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.
[D] An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement"Ready to learn though not so well educated".
[E] One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote three resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.
[F] A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She'd agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn't in her resume. She answered,"It wasn't important."What she was really saying of course was"I'm not important."
文章導(dǎo)讀
這篇文章就如何寫(xiě)好個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷提出了自己的看法。文章用黑體小標(biāo)題給出了具體的建議，要求考生選出相應(yīng)的例子。
首先，我們要通讀全文，了解大意。作者在文中強(qiáng)調(diào)的簡(jiǎn)歷應(yīng)該是"functional"，應(yīng)該是讀起來(lái)有趣，具有個(gè)性的。在文章中，作者給出了具體的招數(shù)。每個(gè)招數(shù)都有小標(biāo)題，解釋和舉例。在這兒，考生應(yīng)該明白的是，英語(yǔ)文章中的小標(biāo)題不一定等同于論點(diǎn)或段落總結(jié)句。小標(biāo)題一般都較短，較簡(jiǎn)潔，有些小標(biāo)題為了吸引讀者的注意力，用詞較夸張，或者只突出文章的一方面。所以考生在做題時(shí)，不能慌慌張張地看了小標(biāo)題就去找答案。應(yīng)該結(jié)合正文理解觀點(diǎn)的含義。
答案與解析
41【答案】F
【解析】"Put yourself first"。字面意思是把自己往前放。什么意思呢？下面的句子進(jìn)行了解釋?zhuān)?要想讓自己的簡(jiǎn)歷使讀的人充滿(mǎn)熱情，那么你首先就要覺(jué)得自己是個(gè)
人物"。選項(xiàng)中哪個(gè)能進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn)呢？論證方法是這樣的。作者舉例說(shuō)明時(shí)，可
能從正面角度，也可能從反面角度。F就是從反面說(shuō)明了第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。作者通過(guò)例
子說(shuō)明，不要認(rèn)為自己做過(guò)的事情不值一提，瞧不起自己的人別人又怎么會(huì)重視呢？
42【答案】C
【解析】"Sell what you can do, not who you are"。要強(qiáng)調(diào)能力而不是性格。下面的文字進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明了。"要學(xué)會(huì)把自己的個(gè)性和成就詮釋成具體的技能，世界上有至
少5000種技能"(意思是，你總能找出一種自己擁有的技能)。文后的例子中只有C項(xiàng)最貼切，"例如，如果你有節(jié)約、投資、管理錢(qián)財(cái)?shù)奶旆?，那么你擁有理?cái)?shù)哪芰Α?
43【答案】B
【解析】"Be specific, be concrete, and briefly!"一言以蔽之：簡(jiǎn)潔。哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)呢？B項(xiàng)這一個(gè)成功的例子說(shuō)明了這點(diǎn)，一位女士?jī)H用了34個(gè)詞就把重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明白了。
44【答案】A
【解析】"Turn bad news into good"(將壞消息變成好消息)。這不是要讓人顛倒黑白，下面解釋道："每個(gè)人在工作中總有不盡如人意的地方。如果要提到這些事，那么
從積極、正面的角度去看。"A選項(xiàng)就是一個(gè)正面的例子。一個(gè)女助教因?yàn)檎s減資金而被解雇了。這似乎不大光彩，但是這位女士談起此事時(shí)卻用了另一個(gè)角度，
"校長(zhǎng)說(shuō)了，如果政府的資金夠的話(huà)，她第一個(gè)重聘的就是我"，字里行間洋溢著自信。
45【答案】D
【解析】"Never apologize"(不要道歉)。下面的文字舉例說(shuō)明了，要揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短。每
個(gè)人都有短處，沒(méi)有必要為自己的短處羞愧。求職就是要讓雇主看到自己的閃光點(diǎn)，個(gè)
人簡(jiǎn)歷不是進(jìn)行道歉的地方。D項(xiàng)以一個(gè)失敗的例子說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)：作者的一位朋友說(shuō)他求職時(shí)遭到了歧視，因?yàn)樗暮?jiǎn)歷中寫(xiě)了"好學(xué)，但教育程度不高"。
五、 語(yǔ)段論據(jù)匹配題專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破練習(xí)
Exercise 1
Part B
Directions :
You are going to read a text about money, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)
Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, summed up four chief qualities of money some 2,000 year ago. It must be lasting and easy to recognize, to divide, and to carry about. In other words it must be, durable, distinct, divisible and portable. When we think of money today, we picture it either as round, fiat pieces of metal which we call coins, or as printed paper notes.
41But there are still parts of the world, today where coins and notes are of no use.
42Among isolated peoples, who are not often reached by traders from outside, commerce usually meant barter.
This is a direct exchange of goods. Perhaps it is fish for vegetables, meat for grain, or various kinds of food in exchange for pots, baskets, or other manufactured goods.
43.Salt may seem rather a strange substance to use as money, but in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an absolute necessity.
44.Cowrie sea shells have been used as money at some time or another over the greater part of the Old World. These were collected mainly from the beaches of the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean, and were traded to India and China.
45.Metal, valued by weight, preceded coins in many parts of the world.
Iron, in lumps, bars or rings is still used in many countries instead of money. It can either be exchanged for goods, or made into tools, weapons or ornaments. The early money of China, apart from shells, was of bronze, often in fiat, round pieces with a hole in the middle, called "cash".
Nowadays, coins and notes have supplanted nearly all the more picturesque forms of money, and although in one or two of the more remote countries people still hoard it for future use on ceremonial occasions such as weddings and funerals, examples of primitive money will soon be found only in museums.
[A] For this kind of simple trading, money is not needed, but there is often some-tiling that everyone wants and everybody can use, such as salt to flavor, food, shell for ornaments, or iron and copper to make into tools and vessels. These things-salt, shells or metals-are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today.
[B] They will buy nothing, and a traveler might starve if he had none of the particular local- money to exchange for food.
[C] Cakes of salt, stamped to show their value, were used as money in Tibet until recent times, and cakes of salt will still buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa.
[D] The earliest evolution of these paper notes and coins made of copper had developed rapidly in the western Mediterranean.
[E] In Africa, cowries were traded right across the continent from East to West Four or five thousand went for one Maria Theresa dollar, an Austrian silver coin which was once accepted as currency in many parts of Africa.
[F] The earliest of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old-older than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean.
答案與解析
41【答案】B
【解析】文章中指出當(dāng)今世界的局部地方，硬幣和紙幣毫無(wú)用處了，選項(xiàng)B舉例如果旅游者沒(méi)有當(dāng)?shù)靥厥獾?貨幣"換取食物，就有可能餓死，為上文的很好例證，故選擇B。
42【答案】A
【解析】原文指出"there is a direct exchange of goods"即直接用貨物交換，選項(xiàng)A"for this kind simple trading"承接上文，指出交易不用貨幣，進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)蔄為正確答案。
43【答案】C
【解析】標(biāo)題指出食鹽作為貨幣使用，唯有選項(xiàng)C提到食鹽在一部分地區(qū)的重要作用，為正確答案。
44【答案】E
【解析】這個(gè)題目很容易選出正確答案，選項(xiàng)E中"cowries"與文章中"cowrie sea shells"相照應(yīng)，為正確答案。
45【答案】F
【解析】本題選項(xiàng)D有很強(qiáng)的迷惑性，它仔細(xì)分析了金屬貨幣的悠久歷史而沒(méi)有談到紙幣，故選F更符合文意，為正確答案。
Exercise 2
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a text about stupidity for dummies, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Sternberg, an expert in intelligence testing, contends that, contrary to public belief, stupidness is not the opposite of smartness. He points out that many of the singularly idiotic acts that come to public attention are the work of people who are, in fact, highly intelligent. He argues instead that stupidity is more properly viewed as the opposite of wisdom-which he sees as the ability to apply knowledge to achieve a common good.His "imbalance theory of foolishness" suggests that there are aspects of life as a smart person that actually foster stupidity. Which is to say, it sometimes takes a really smart person to do something truly stupid. Sternberg recently took the time to answer some of our stupid questions.
41What attracted you to the study of stupidity?
The roots of the book were in my wondering about what's up with people who have very high intelligence in the traditional sense, but seem to be out to lunch in another sense.
42The difference between stupidity, foolishness, dumbness and, say, plain boneheadedness
The book is really about foolishness, which is the opposite of wisdom. There are many smart people who are unwise.
43Do you see stupidity as an objective behavior or, as one of your contributors does, a subjective judgment that reflects more on the observer?
Stupidity is not in the behavior, nor in the eyes of the observer. It is in the interaction between the person and the situation. Different kinds of situations elicit different behavior from people.
44"The best way to avoid stupidity is not to be afraid of looking stupid"
People often fail to learn because they do not want to look stupid. As a result, hey make or repeat mistakes they could have avoided.
45 Of course, some would suggest that certain stupid behaviors are categorizable as something else. Some would say philandering or shoplifting, for example, are products of something other than stupidity.
I think it is a combination of the fallacies I mentioned: Egocentrism, omniscience, omnipotence and invulnerability. Many smart people are philanderers.
Everyone has weaknesses. The issue in terms of the book is what they do about these weaknesses-whether they find ways to make up for them or whether they allow them to destroy their lives.
[A] The foolish part is in the belief that one need only consider one's own feelings about the matter and not the feelings of others, especially the partner (egocentrism);that it is not okay for others but that one knows all about these things so it is all right for oneself (omniscience);that one can basically do whatever one wants because of who one is (omnipotence);and that, unlike others suckers, one never will get caught (invulnerability).
[B] How did Richard Nixon ever get involved in Watergate and the subsequent cover up? What was Bill Clinton thinking when he kept repeating the same mistakes in his personal life? More recently, how did the intelligent people who ran Enron think they would get away with a shell game? There are lots of examples. And the truth is, some of them are in my own life, too. None of us is immune.
[C] For example, Clinton was very smart in most domains of his life, but in some kinds of interpersonal situations with women, he appears not to have been. The Enron bloodsuckers may have been perfectly fine in their home lives, but given the chance to rip off a corporation, they went for it. Problem is, we may see how sensibly we behave, on average, so that we are not alert for the kinds of situations where we act foolishly.
[D] Unfortunately, no. It usually takes others to point it out to us. Or, looking back, we often marvel at how we could have been oblivious to our stupidity. But the problem is that smart people often use their intelligence to find ways to immunize themselves or isolate themselves from feedback. For example, they may hire toadies who just tell them what they want to hear.
[E] Also, sometimes when they make mistakes, people try to cover them up so as not to appear to have been stupid and then look even stupider when the cover up comes to light. That, of course, is what happened to Nixon and Clinton, and to many, many others, such as currency traders who have tried to cover up losses or high-level executives at soft-ware companies who have tried to cover up improprieties.
[F] The book is not about stupidity in the classical sense, which is usually thought of as a very low IQ. So I would distinguish the "mental retardation"kind of stupidity from the kind of foolishness this book discusses. The problem is that smart people often do not realize how susceptible they are to being foolish, as any number of world leaders have gone out of their way to show.
答案與解析
41【答案】B
【解析】該段指出一些人智力很高，但從另一種意義上看卻似乎在發(fā)瘋，這到底是什么原因。選項(xiàng)B列舉了尼克松、克林頓、安然公司的那些智力很高的但不明智的人來(lái)說(shuō)明研究愚蠢的原因，為正確答案。
42【答案】F
【解析】選項(xiàng)F指出本書(shū)不是討論傳說(shuō)意義上的愚鈍，很好地解釋本書(shū)所討論紙的愚鈍的含義及愚鈍、愚蠢、愚笨和傻之間的區(qū)別，為正確答案。
43【答案】C
【解析】文章指出愚鈍在于人與客觀形勢(shì)之間的相互作用，選項(xiàng)C應(yīng)用上文例子著重強(qiáng)調(diào)不同形勢(shì)下克林頓、安然的盤(pán)剝者們的聰明與愚鈍行為的對(duì)比，故答案選C。
44【答案】E
【解析】小標(biāo)題指出避免干蠢事的方法是不要害怕顯得愚蠢。選項(xiàng)D指出一些聰明者利用自己的智慧或聽(tīng)取他人意見(jiàn)來(lái)避免顯得愚蠢 ，看似正確，有很強(qiáng)的干擾性。選項(xiàng)E指出一些人犯錯(cuò)誤后為了顯得沒(méi)干過(guò)蠢事而千方百計(jì)加以掩蓋，并再次提到尼克松、克林頓等因掩蓋錯(cuò)誤而顯得更愚蠢，很好地解釋了上文。所以E更符合題意。
45【答案】A
【解析】選項(xiàng)A對(duì)應(yīng)文中"Egolentnim omniscience, omnipotene invulnerability"并分別加以解釋。為正確答案。