一、大綱解讀
語(yǔ)段排序題是在一篇長(zhǎng)度約為500~600詞的文章中，各段落的原有順序已被打亂。要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)將所列段落(7~8個(gè))重新排序，其中2~3個(gè)段落在文章中的位置已給出。
這就要求考生在閱讀各個(gè)段落時(shí)要把握它們的中心大意，并且將各段的段落大意整合，理清它們之間的邏輯順序。這類(lèi)題的命題思路與上一節(jié)的語(yǔ)段選搭題的命題思路有很好的承接性，考生要用心體會(huì)。
二、基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)必備
英語(yǔ)好文章，一般都單刀直入、一貫到底，思想脈絡(luò)分明，論理清晰明確。英語(yǔ)文章有這樣的特點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵在于段落是構(gòu)建在一個(gè)以"主題"(IC)為核心的基礎(chǔ)上。全段以此為中心，進(jìn)行邏輯發(fā)展，結(jié)果自然是內(nèi)容"單一"，也"連貫"了。閱讀文章時(shí)，必須通過(guò)分辨主題句、找關(guān)鍵詞等捕捉文章的主題意義。必須明確文章的單一性，以便自己在讀的過(guò)程中去思考、去分析，歸納、總結(jié)段落所涉及到的各個(gè)信息如何為文章的主題服務(wù)，使文章的主題更明了、更突出。段落的主題明確了，那么闡述說(shuō)明主題的細(xì)節(jié)在段落中是如何銜接在一起的，使之成為一段連貫的、有意義的文字。作者一方面運(yùn)用一些具體的連續(xù)手段，使句與句之間像鏈索一樣銜接在一起，同時(shí)作者也運(yùn)用邏輯關(guān)系使其所有的思想有邏輯而清楚的互相關(guān)聯(lián)。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，一個(gè)段落中的細(xì)節(jié)，1)可以依其重要性，由輕而重的安排；2)可以依其時(shí)間發(fā)生的順序，由先而后的陳述；3)可以依其空間的位置，順次交待；4)可以用演繹的方式，由結(jié)論而至細(xì)節(jié)性逐一證明；5)可以以歸納的方法，由諸多細(xì)節(jié)的陳述，而得出統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論。另一方面，了解細(xì)節(jié)的邏輯安排方法，有助于我們了解段落內(nèi)的句與句之間的關(guān)系，了解段落之間的關(guān)系，這樣在文章主題思想的指導(dǎo)下，就可以很容易的追蹤到作者的思想脈絡(luò)，從而迅速有效地判斷各段落間的內(nèi)容。段落細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的安排方式除了有上面提到過(guò)的時(shí)序發(fā)展方式、空間發(fā)展方式以外，還有分析發(fā)展方式。這里重點(diǎn)介紹分析發(fā)展方式中發(fā)展段落的各種手段，熟悉各種手段，以便在閱讀時(shí)，快速判斷，理清思路，抓住要點(diǎn)。
經(jīng)由分析發(fā)展方式安排寫(xiě)出的段落，其目的有二，一是論證某一觀點(diǎn)；另一目的是列舉事實(shí)或有關(guān)想法以說(shuō)明事項(xiàng)。要達(dá)到這兩種目的，作者一般采用以下幾種技巧中的一種或幾種來(lái)列舉論證、說(shuō)明意圖。這幾種常用技巧是：列舉例證，定義說(shuō)明，因果說(shuō)明，比較說(shuō)明，對(duì)比說(shuō)明，分類(lèi)說(shuō)明等。
這里再細(xì)講一下不同文體(記敘文、描寫(xiě)文、說(shuō)明文和議論文)的基本特征，以使考生更好地掌握文章行文結(jié)構(gòu)的知識(shí)：
1記敘文
事件的敘述連貫并符合邏輯，通常按照時(shí)間順序展開(kāi)。事件之間通常使用一些過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)來(lái)連接。文中細(xì)節(jié)逐漸引向事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展的高潮部分。
2描寫(xiě)文
描寫(xiě)文強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人的感受，人的視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、味覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)的幾大感官感受。人物描寫(xiě)通過(guò)他或她所說(shuō)的或所做的反映人的性格、思想和感情；地點(diǎn)描寫(xiě)應(yīng)該按照一定的順序展開(kāi)，由遠(yuǎn)到近或由近到遠(yuǎn)，由左至右或由右至左，由上到下或由下到上。這些能夠給我們提供一定線索，快速捕獲答案；景物描寫(xiě)通常包括三個(gè)主要部分：背景、人物和行為。
3說(shuō)明文
說(shuō)明文闡述事物的原理、起因和可能的后果。說(shuō)明文的行文中常出現(xiàn)下列規(guī)律：舉例說(shuō)明，分析過(guò)程，比較和對(duì)比，分類(lèi)以及因果分析等。說(shuō)明文的基本模塊是：引言部分，文章主體，結(jié)束段。結(jié)束段的行文多以下列方式展現(xiàn)：用立意新穎的句式重述主題，或總結(jié)文章的要點(diǎn)，或者重述加總結(jié)。
4議論文
議論文是人們交流思想的一種重要形式，其最終目的是說(shuō)服聽(tīng)眾或讀者接受某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。議論文要用邏輯和論據(jù)來(lái)影響別人的看法或行動(dòng)，而不是僅僅依靠動(dòng)之以情，據(jù)理力爭(zhēng)。其行文規(guī)則為：提出論點(diǎn)，充分和恰當(dāng)?shù)靥岢稣摀?jù)并論證論點(diǎn)，得出結(jié)論。
三、 解題思路指引
1從已知段落出發(fā)，提煉全文主線。不管給出的段落是文章中的第幾自然段，考生都應(yīng)該認(rèn)真研究，準(zhǔn)確把握這些段落的文意，因?yàn)檫@是考生可以著力的地方。段落中一般都會(huì)有主題句，而這些主題句的位置又經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾，所以，考生一定要重點(diǎn)閱讀已知段落的首尾句。即使沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，考生也應(yīng)該自己概括，因?yàn)檫@是非常重要的。
2仔細(xì)觀察，細(xì)致分析，弄清段落之間的關(guān)系。此類(lèi)文章內(nèi)部都有非常嚴(yán)密的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系，只要能把握住這一點(diǎn)，對(duì)段落進(jìn)行排序就迎刃而解了。不同的問(wèn)題有不同的敘述和展開(kāi)方式，如按時(shí)間順序、邏輯順序展開(kāi)；或按不同的論證角度，如事例論證，因果分析、對(duì)比比較等展開(kāi)；或按不同的說(shuō)明方式，如定義法，引述法，列舉法等展開(kāi)。展開(kāi)的方式?jīng)Q定了文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)和層次。同時(shí)還要注意一些關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)和句子，關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)和句子一般位于段首位置。如：on the other hand, first of all, next, in conclusion, in addition, moreover, on the contrary, at the same time, for example, as a consequence 等等，這些詞語(yǔ)(可參見(jiàn)第一節(jié)中"表示邏輯關(guān)系以及起承轉(zhuǎn)合的標(biāo)志詞語(yǔ)和線索提示語(yǔ)分類(lèi)歸綱一覽表"的內(nèi)容)都向考生暗示了文章各段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系，有助于考生作出正確的排列?？忌环矫嬖谄綍r(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中要注意此方面知識(shí)的積累，另一方面考試過(guò)程當(dāng)中對(duì)此類(lèi)詞語(yǔ)給予足夠的重視。
3以確定位置的段落為軸心，尋找相鄰段落，并重新整合文章，確定排序是否正確。各段主題思想確定，全文的主題也明確后，集中分析題中給出的已經(jīng)被確定位置的段落，考慮其可能承接或被承接的段落，依次確定鄰近的段落。根據(jù)前兩個(gè)步驟，大體確定各段順序后，再次回過(guò)頭來(lái)按照已排好的順序快速閱讀文章，體會(huì)全文的脈絡(luò)是否通暢，檢查各個(gè)段落之間是否有脫節(jié)現(xiàn)象。
四、 大綱樣題解析
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A] "I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we'll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't －it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can do about it.
[B] "Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge on the
excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and intervetions that get noticed.
[C] "I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as
young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.
[D] "Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair－too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.
[E] "The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.
[F] "So I just don't know What to do. I've been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work."
[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation－h(huán)ow we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
G41.42.43.44.45.F
文章導(dǎo)讀
首段說(shuō)的是：一個(gè)大都市的市政府召開(kāi)各部門(mén)管理人員研討會(huì)。有一個(gè)研討會(huì)討論的話題是如何激勵(lì)公務(wù)員做好工作。在討論中，一位警察局警長(zhǎng)遇到的難題成了談?wù)摰慕裹c(diǎn)。除了這段話，其他段的話都有引號(hào)，表明是某人說(shuō)的話。尾段說(shuō)到："所以我不知道如何是好。多年來(lái)我一直在黑暗中探索。我希望這次研討會(huì)能給我的難題帶來(lái)啟示，能幫我應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)的工作。"很明顯，這是發(fā)言的總結(jié)句。結(jié)合第一段的內(nèi)容，我們可以知道，引號(hào)里的話是警察局警長(zhǎng)的話，而整篇文章主要講的是他面臨的難題。
答案與解析
41【答案】C
【解析】A到E段，哪一段像發(fā)言的起始段呢？這就要看是哪一段把討論的話題引入。這里可以主要看每段的第一句話。會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)C段第一句話直截了當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)出話題："Ive got a real problem with my officers"，而且與首段的最后一句連接自然，所以可以判定41題空中應(yīng)該填C。
42【答案】E
【解析】C段的第一句話后，警長(zhǎng)開(kāi)始評(píng)價(jià)他的隊(duì)員。這一段的內(nèi)容較為正面。因?yàn)榫L(zhǎng)說(shuō)"有一個(gè)難題"，按邏輯順序，下一段落應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折，提出職員中存在的問(wèn)題。依照這樣的思路，我們?cè)谑Ｏ碌亩温渲袑ふ?，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)下一段選E連接最自然。
43【答案】A
【解析】本文的主題是警長(zhǎng)遇到的"難題"，既然第二題已經(jīng)知道了警長(zhǎng)遇到的難題是They hate to do the paperwork.(他們不喜歡寫(xiě)公文)，那么，如果進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)耐评恚挛木蛻?yīng)該以"I"做主語(yǔ)，來(lái)具體闡述警長(zhǎng)自己的困惑之所在了。選項(xiàng)A以第一人稱(chēng)"I"開(kāi)頭，在邏輯上非常合適。
44【答案】B
【解析】
段落之間的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)非常重要，選項(xiàng)B中的第一個(gè)詞Finally就是一個(gè)非常重要的線索詞。其實(shí)，選項(xiàng)A是警長(zhǎng)遇到的第一個(gè)困惑，而選項(xiàng)B是他遇到的第二個(gè)困惑。因?yàn)楸疚氖且黄l(fā)言，所以，在連接詞上可以相對(duì)隨意些，無(wú)論是Second也好還是Finally也好，都能表示出先后順序來(lái)。
45【答案】D
【解析】警長(zhǎng)是毫無(wú)辦法。難道就一點(diǎn)辦法都沒(méi)有嗎？其他人是怎么看的？在D段中，警長(zhǎng)提到有人建議通過(guò)勝訴記錄來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)，他們也進(jìn)行過(guò)小組之間的比賽，但是沒(méi)有什么效果。所以，警長(zhǎng)殷切地希望能在研討會(huì)上得到啟發(fā)和幫助。按照這樣的思路，這些段落就組成了一篇通順、完整的文章。
提示：考生在做這樣的題型時(shí)，如果沒(méi)有把握，可以多列出幾種可能的順序，然后根據(jù)這些順序重讀文章，看是否思路順暢。完成此類(lèi)題目關(guān)鍵是把握文章的主要話題和基本的邏輯順序。
答案:
G 41.C 42.E 43.A 44.B 45.D F
五、 語(yǔ)段排序題專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破練習(xí)
Exercise 1
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A] Foremost on every potential buyer's list of concerns is debt. The average South
Korean Company is leveraged four times over its equity, which is why so many are desperate to liquidate assets. But because Korea's currency lost half its value last year, many Korean executives believe-mistakenly-that foreign buyers will find their wares attractive in spite of their debts, analysts says.
[B] Despite such aversion to foreign ownership, some deals are going through. Directors of Bank of Asia are believed to have approved the sale of a stake in their mid-sized bank to Dutch bank ABN-Amro. For the Bank of Thailand, the central bank, the ABN-Amro deal will send a much-needed signal that the country is welcoming foreign capital.
[C] "The attitude of Koreans is that only foreigners will pay the price they are as king," says Daniel Harwood of ABN-Amro Asia in Seoul. But foreigners are looking at these business and saying "How can I make a profit," not "Oh, it's cheap, and I'll buy it." No one will take over these companies unless they can restructure.
[D] Survival is usually uppermost in the minds of companies with their backs to the wall, even if that entails being reduced to a minority stake. In Thailand, however, most ailing companies seem loathe to admit that their conditions may be fatal. "They aren't realistic," says Henry Conell, Goldman Sachs' Hong Kong-based partner in charge of direct investment in Asia. "Nobody is about to say to them, you will be gone."
[E] In south Korea, interest from foreigners has focused more on the country's manufacturers. But, the number of actual purchases, like those in Thailand, is small. In any event, big-ticket crossborder mergers and acquisitions are bound to take time. Indeed, analysts say the main reason for the dearth of deals so far is due to diligence: foreign investors must thoroughly familiarize themselves with companies they might buy. "You can't do this stuff overnight," says a senior official at a large Western bank in Seoul.
[F] Still, the number of deals is growing by the day. On February 19, Samsung Heavy Industries simultaneously sold its excavator division to Sweden's Volvo Construction Equipment and its forklift operation to the United States-Clark Martirial Handling. Earlier, the chemical giant Hanwha group sold two affiliates to its Japanese and German partners. Despite the slow start, no one doubts that the bargains at Korea Inc. are for real.
[G] Thai businesses unwillingness to sell hasn't been helped by the government's own ambivalence. While Finance Minister Tarrin Nimmanahaeminda is committed to attracting foreign money to Thailand, Deputy Prime Minister Supachai Panitchpakdi seems less so. "We don't want foreign firms to come and buy out our businesses. We want them to come, buy shares, and operate firms-and sell them after making profits, "he told the local media recently. "This will give Thais a chance to buy them back."
Order:
D41.42.43.44.45.F
答案與解析
41【答案】G
【解析】從本文首段的In Thailand, however, most ailing companies seem loathe to admit that their conditions may be fatal. 可知泰國(guó)許多企業(yè)的一種消極應(yīng)對(duì)困境的態(tài)度。而在五個(gè)備選項(xiàng)中，G項(xiàng)中包含泰國(guó)政府對(duì)于企業(yè)生存的觀點(diǎn)闡釋?zhuān)蛊渑c首段有效銜接，為正確選項(xiàng)。
42【答案】B
【解析】本段首句提到"盡管對(duì)外國(guó)所有權(quán)存在這些厭惡，一些交易仍在進(jìn)行。"這與上段末句所提及的泰國(guó)副首相Supachai對(duì)于"我們不愿外國(guó)公司進(jìn)來(lái)并購(gòu)買(mǎi)我們的企業(yè)……"是同意承接，B項(xiàng)為此題選項(xiàng)。
43【答案】E
【解析】在剩余選項(xiàng)中進(jìn)行比較，可知接下來(lái)的行文應(yīng)是過(guò)渡到韓國(guó)公司被國(guó)外投資者收購(gòu)的一些情況介紹上，而E項(xiàng)的…… like those in Thailand,…… 正好是一關(guān)鍵的文意過(guò)渡表述段落。E項(xiàng)為此題選項(xiàng)。
44【答案】A
【解析】上段闡釋了外國(guó)投資者對(duì)韓國(guó)企業(yè)的跨邊界并購(gòu)交易數(shù)量少的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況，而A段首句闡釋的潛在的購(gòu)買(mǎi)者最擔(dān)心的是債務(wù)正好是交易數(shù)量少的一個(gè)有效說(shuō)明。A項(xiàng)為此題答案。
45【答案】C
【解析】末段具體舉例說(shuō)明了外國(guó)投資者購(gòu)買(mǎi)韓國(guó)企業(yè)的交易數(shù)量與日俱增，上段末說(shuō)明了韓企老總錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為外商會(huì)被其產(chǎn)品吸引而不顧及其債務(wù)。而C項(xiàng)中的Daniel Harwood 的觀點(diǎn)正好把兩個(gè)段落有效聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
答案:
D41.G42.B43.E44.A45.CF
Exercise 2
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the
last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A] See yourself as successful. If I could plug into the minds of my patients and listen to the statements they make to themselves, I am convinced that the majority of them would be negative:"I'm running late again as usual.""My hair looks terrible this morning.""That was a stupid remark I made-she probably thinks I'm a dummy."Since thousands of these messages flash across our brains every day, it is small wonder that the result is a diminished self-image.
[B] Author and editor Norman Cousins wrote:"People are never more insecure than when they become obsessed with their fears at the expense of their dreams."There is no doubt that if we can envision beneficial things happening, they have a way of actually occurring.
[C] Stevens finally had a heart-to-heart talk with herself:"I realized that I simply wasn't a wit or an intellectual and that I could succeed only as myself. I began listening and asking questions at parties instead of trying to impress the guests. When I spoke, I tried to contribute, not to shine. Almost at once I started to feel a new warmth in my social contacts. They liked the real me better." If we are true to our instincts, most of us will find that we naturally develop certain trademarks. The discovery and expression of that uniqueness is one reason we are on this planet. Resisting conformity and developing some small eccentricities are among the steps to independence and self-confidence.
[D] Many of us get interested in a field, but then the going gets tough, we see that other people are more successful, and we become discouraged and quit. But it is of ten the boring, repetitive sharpening of our skills that will ultimately enable us to reach our goal.
[E] Horace Bushnell, the great New England preacher, used to say,"Somewhere under the stars God has a job for you to do, and nobody else can do it."Some of us must find our place by trial and error. It can take time, with dead ends along the way. But we should not get discouraged because others seem more skilled. Usually it is not raw talent but drive that makes the difference.
[F] One daily exercise for building self-confidence is called"imaging"or "visualization".In order to succeed, you must see yourself succeeding. Picture yourself approaching a difficult challenge with poise and confidence. Athletes often visualize a move over and over in their minds; they see themselves hitting the perfect golf or tennis shot. When we burn such positive images into our minds deeply enough, they become a part of the unconscious, and we begin to expect to succeed.
[G] Break away from other people's expectations. It is a liberating step when we decide to stop being what other people want us to be. Although opera singer Rise Stevens performed onstage with great poise, the self-confidence she felt before audiences evaporated in social situation. "My discomfort," she says, "came from trying to be something I was not-a state in the drawing room as well as onstage. If a clever person made a joke, I tried to top it and failed. I pretended to be familiar with subjects I knew nothing of."
Order:
D41.42.43.44.45.C
答案與解析
41【答案】E
【解析】首段說(shuō)明了我們要實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)必須通過(guò)枯燥、反復(fù)的磨練這樣一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，接下來(lái)的一段應(yīng)該有一個(gè)實(shí)例闡述作支撐，而E選項(xiàng)中Horace Bushell的說(shuō)法及其接下來(lái)的對(duì)成功艱難歷程的闡述正好是與首段形成文意的承接。
42【答案】A
【解析】選項(xiàng)中A項(xiàng)提出了人們自信喪失這樣一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)，放在此處正好形成一個(gè)對(duì)比，作為行文的一個(gè)承上啟下的段落，這樣才能進(jìn)入到接下來(lái)的文意講述。
43【答案】F
【解析】F項(xiàng)提出了人們用于增加日常自信的練習(xí)方法，這正是針對(duì)承接段落A中提出人們喪失自信這樣一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)的回應(yīng)，即提出解決問(wèn)題的方法。
44【答案】B
【解析】在剩下的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中做出選擇時(shí)，我們必須前后兼顧。這里不妨先分析45題，再回首來(lái)解決44題。(通過(guò)對(duì)45題的分析，只有B項(xiàng)能作為此題選項(xiàng)了)。
45【答案】G
【解析】末段講述了一個(gè)名叫Stevens的人的心靈之旅，從內(nèi)容看，這之前此人是不善于傾聽(tīng)別人提出的問(wèn)題，凡事都是竭力給別人留個(gè)好印象等等，而且此段之前應(yīng)該是引入Stevens這個(gè)人，因?yàn)槲恼缕溆嗖糠謴奈刺峒八?，這樣G項(xiàng)就必然成為了本題的選項(xiàng)。
答案:
D 41.E 42.A 43.F 44.B 45.G C
語(yǔ)段排序題是在一篇長(zhǎng)度約為500~600詞的文章中，各段落的原有順序已被打亂。要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)將所列段落(7~8個(gè))重新排序，其中2~3個(gè)段落在文章中的位置已給出。
這就要求考生在閱讀各個(gè)段落時(shí)要把握它們的中心大意，并且將各段的段落大意整合，理清它們之間的邏輯順序。這類(lèi)題的命題思路與上一節(jié)的語(yǔ)段選搭題的命題思路有很好的承接性，考生要用心體會(huì)。
二、基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)必備
英語(yǔ)好文章，一般都單刀直入、一貫到底，思想脈絡(luò)分明，論理清晰明確。英語(yǔ)文章有這樣的特點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵在于段落是構(gòu)建在一個(gè)以"主題"(IC)為核心的基礎(chǔ)上。全段以此為中心，進(jìn)行邏輯發(fā)展，結(jié)果自然是內(nèi)容"單一"，也"連貫"了。閱讀文章時(shí)，必須通過(guò)分辨主題句、找關(guān)鍵詞等捕捉文章的主題意義。必須明確文章的單一性，以便自己在讀的過(guò)程中去思考、去分析，歸納、總結(jié)段落所涉及到的各個(gè)信息如何為文章的主題服務(wù)，使文章的主題更明了、更突出。段落的主題明確了，那么闡述說(shuō)明主題的細(xì)節(jié)在段落中是如何銜接在一起的，使之成為一段連貫的、有意義的文字。作者一方面運(yùn)用一些具體的連續(xù)手段，使句與句之間像鏈索一樣銜接在一起，同時(shí)作者也運(yùn)用邏輯關(guān)系使其所有的思想有邏輯而清楚的互相關(guān)聯(lián)。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，一個(gè)段落中的細(xì)節(jié)，1)可以依其重要性，由輕而重的安排；2)可以依其時(shí)間發(fā)生的順序，由先而后的陳述；3)可以依其空間的位置，順次交待；4)可以用演繹的方式，由結(jié)論而至細(xì)節(jié)性逐一證明；5)可以以歸納的方法，由諸多細(xì)節(jié)的陳述，而得出統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論。另一方面，了解細(xì)節(jié)的邏輯安排方法，有助于我們了解段落內(nèi)的句與句之間的關(guān)系，了解段落之間的關(guān)系，這樣在文章主題思想的指導(dǎo)下，就可以很容易的追蹤到作者的思想脈絡(luò)，從而迅速有效地判斷各段落間的內(nèi)容。段落細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的安排方式除了有上面提到過(guò)的時(shí)序發(fā)展方式、空間發(fā)展方式以外，還有分析發(fā)展方式。這里重點(diǎn)介紹分析發(fā)展方式中發(fā)展段落的各種手段，熟悉各種手段，以便在閱讀時(shí)，快速判斷，理清思路，抓住要點(diǎn)。
經(jīng)由分析發(fā)展方式安排寫(xiě)出的段落，其目的有二，一是論證某一觀點(diǎn)；另一目的是列舉事實(shí)或有關(guān)想法以說(shuō)明事項(xiàng)。要達(dá)到這兩種目的，作者一般采用以下幾種技巧中的一種或幾種來(lái)列舉論證、說(shuō)明意圖。這幾種常用技巧是：列舉例證，定義說(shuō)明，因果說(shuō)明，比較說(shuō)明，對(duì)比說(shuō)明，分類(lèi)說(shuō)明等。
這里再細(xì)講一下不同文體(記敘文、描寫(xiě)文、說(shuō)明文和議論文)的基本特征，以使考生更好地掌握文章行文結(jié)構(gòu)的知識(shí)：
1記敘文
事件的敘述連貫并符合邏輯，通常按照時(shí)間順序展開(kāi)。事件之間通常使用一些過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)來(lái)連接。文中細(xì)節(jié)逐漸引向事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展的高潮部分。
2描寫(xiě)文
描寫(xiě)文強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人的感受，人的視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、味覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)的幾大感官感受。人物描寫(xiě)通過(guò)他或她所說(shuō)的或所做的反映人的性格、思想和感情；地點(diǎn)描寫(xiě)應(yīng)該按照一定的順序展開(kāi)，由遠(yuǎn)到近或由近到遠(yuǎn)，由左至右或由右至左，由上到下或由下到上。這些能夠給我們提供一定線索，快速捕獲答案；景物描寫(xiě)通常包括三個(gè)主要部分：背景、人物和行為。
3說(shuō)明文
說(shuō)明文闡述事物的原理、起因和可能的后果。說(shuō)明文的行文中常出現(xiàn)下列規(guī)律：舉例說(shuō)明，分析過(guò)程，比較和對(duì)比，分類(lèi)以及因果分析等。說(shuō)明文的基本模塊是：引言部分，文章主體，結(jié)束段。結(jié)束段的行文多以下列方式展現(xiàn)：用立意新穎的句式重述主題，或總結(jié)文章的要點(diǎn)，或者重述加總結(jié)。
4議論文
議論文是人們交流思想的一種重要形式，其最終目的是說(shuō)服聽(tīng)眾或讀者接受某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。議論文要用邏輯和論據(jù)來(lái)影響別人的看法或行動(dòng)，而不是僅僅依靠動(dòng)之以情，據(jù)理力爭(zhēng)。其行文規(guī)則為：提出論點(diǎn)，充分和恰當(dāng)?shù)靥岢稣摀?jù)并論證論點(diǎn)，得出結(jié)論。
三、 解題思路指引
1從已知段落出發(fā)，提煉全文主線。不管給出的段落是文章中的第幾自然段，考生都應(yīng)該認(rèn)真研究，準(zhǔn)確把握這些段落的文意，因?yàn)檫@是考生可以著力的地方。段落中一般都會(huì)有主題句，而這些主題句的位置又經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾，所以，考生一定要重點(diǎn)閱讀已知段落的首尾句。即使沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，考生也應(yīng)該自己概括，因?yàn)檫@是非常重要的。
2仔細(xì)觀察，細(xì)致分析，弄清段落之間的關(guān)系。此類(lèi)文章內(nèi)部都有非常嚴(yán)密的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系，只要能把握住這一點(diǎn)，對(duì)段落進(jìn)行排序就迎刃而解了。不同的問(wèn)題有不同的敘述和展開(kāi)方式，如按時(shí)間順序、邏輯順序展開(kāi)；或按不同的論證角度，如事例論證，因果分析、對(duì)比比較等展開(kāi)；或按不同的說(shuō)明方式，如定義法，引述法，列舉法等展開(kāi)。展開(kāi)的方式?jīng)Q定了文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)和層次。同時(shí)還要注意一些關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)和句子，關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)和句子一般位于段首位置。如：on the other hand, first of all, next, in conclusion, in addition, moreover, on the contrary, at the same time, for example, as a consequence 等等，這些詞語(yǔ)(可參見(jiàn)第一節(jié)中"表示邏輯關(guān)系以及起承轉(zhuǎn)合的標(biāo)志詞語(yǔ)和線索提示語(yǔ)分類(lèi)歸綱一覽表"的內(nèi)容)都向考生暗示了文章各段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系，有助于考生作出正確的排列?？忌环矫嬖谄綍r(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中要注意此方面知識(shí)的積累，另一方面考試過(guò)程當(dāng)中對(duì)此類(lèi)詞語(yǔ)給予足夠的重視。
3以確定位置的段落為軸心，尋找相鄰段落，并重新整合文章，確定排序是否正確。各段主題思想確定，全文的主題也明確后，集中分析題中給出的已經(jīng)被確定位置的段落，考慮其可能承接或被承接的段落，依次確定鄰近的段落。根據(jù)前兩個(gè)步驟，大體確定各段順序后，再次回過(guò)頭來(lái)按照已排好的順序快速閱讀文章，體會(huì)全文的脈絡(luò)是否通暢，檢查各個(gè)段落之間是否有脫節(jié)現(xiàn)象。
四、 大綱樣題解析
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A] "I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we'll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't －it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can do about it.
[B] "Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge on the
excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and intervetions that get noticed.
[C] "I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as
young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.
[D] "Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair－too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.
[E] "The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.
[F] "So I just don't know What to do. I've been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work."
[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation－h(huán)ow we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
G41.42.43.44.45.F
文章導(dǎo)讀
首段說(shuō)的是：一個(gè)大都市的市政府召開(kāi)各部門(mén)管理人員研討會(huì)。有一個(gè)研討會(huì)討論的話題是如何激勵(lì)公務(wù)員做好工作。在討論中，一位警察局警長(zhǎng)遇到的難題成了談?wù)摰慕裹c(diǎn)。除了這段話，其他段的話都有引號(hào)，表明是某人說(shuō)的話。尾段說(shuō)到："所以我不知道如何是好。多年來(lái)我一直在黑暗中探索。我希望這次研討會(huì)能給我的難題帶來(lái)啟示，能幫我應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)的工作。"很明顯，這是發(fā)言的總結(jié)句。結(jié)合第一段的內(nèi)容，我們可以知道，引號(hào)里的話是警察局警長(zhǎng)的話，而整篇文章主要講的是他面臨的難題。
答案與解析
41【答案】C
【解析】A到E段，哪一段像發(fā)言的起始段呢？這就要看是哪一段把討論的話題引入。這里可以主要看每段的第一句話。會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)C段第一句話直截了當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)出話題："Ive got a real problem with my officers"，而且與首段的最后一句連接自然，所以可以判定41題空中應(yīng)該填C。
42【答案】E
【解析】C段的第一句話后，警長(zhǎng)開(kāi)始評(píng)價(jià)他的隊(duì)員。這一段的內(nèi)容較為正面。因?yàn)榫L(zhǎng)說(shuō)"有一個(gè)難題"，按邏輯順序，下一段落應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折，提出職員中存在的問(wèn)題。依照這樣的思路，我們?cè)谑Ｏ碌亩温渲袑ふ?，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)下一段選E連接最自然。
43【答案】A
【解析】本文的主題是警長(zhǎng)遇到的"難題"，既然第二題已經(jīng)知道了警長(zhǎng)遇到的難題是They hate to do the paperwork.(他們不喜歡寫(xiě)公文)，那么，如果進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)耐评恚挛木蛻?yīng)該以"I"做主語(yǔ)，來(lái)具體闡述警長(zhǎng)自己的困惑之所在了。選項(xiàng)A以第一人稱(chēng)"I"開(kāi)頭，在邏輯上非常合適。
44【答案】B
【解析】
段落之間的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)非常重要，選項(xiàng)B中的第一個(gè)詞Finally就是一個(gè)非常重要的線索詞。其實(shí)，選項(xiàng)A是警長(zhǎng)遇到的第一個(gè)困惑，而選項(xiàng)B是他遇到的第二個(gè)困惑。因?yàn)楸疚氖且黄l(fā)言，所以，在連接詞上可以相對(duì)隨意些，無(wú)論是Second也好還是Finally也好，都能表示出先后順序來(lái)。
45【答案】D
【解析】警長(zhǎng)是毫無(wú)辦法。難道就一點(diǎn)辦法都沒(méi)有嗎？其他人是怎么看的？在D段中，警長(zhǎng)提到有人建議通過(guò)勝訴記錄來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)，他們也進(jìn)行過(guò)小組之間的比賽，但是沒(méi)有什么效果。所以，警長(zhǎng)殷切地希望能在研討會(huì)上得到啟發(fā)和幫助。按照這樣的思路，這些段落就組成了一篇通順、完整的文章。
提示：考生在做這樣的題型時(shí)，如果沒(méi)有把握，可以多列出幾種可能的順序，然后根據(jù)這些順序重讀文章，看是否思路順暢。完成此類(lèi)題目關(guān)鍵是把握文章的主要話題和基本的邏輯順序。
答案:
G 41.C 42.E 43.A 44.B 45.D F
五、 語(yǔ)段排序題專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破練習(xí)
Exercise 1
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A] Foremost on every potential buyer's list of concerns is debt. The average South
Korean Company is leveraged four times over its equity, which is why so many are desperate to liquidate assets. But because Korea's currency lost half its value last year, many Korean executives believe-mistakenly-that foreign buyers will find their wares attractive in spite of their debts, analysts says.
[B] Despite such aversion to foreign ownership, some deals are going through. Directors of Bank of Asia are believed to have approved the sale of a stake in their mid-sized bank to Dutch bank ABN-Amro. For the Bank of Thailand, the central bank, the ABN-Amro deal will send a much-needed signal that the country is welcoming foreign capital.
[C] "The attitude of Koreans is that only foreigners will pay the price they are as king," says Daniel Harwood of ABN-Amro Asia in Seoul. But foreigners are looking at these business and saying "How can I make a profit," not "Oh, it's cheap, and I'll buy it." No one will take over these companies unless they can restructure.
[D] Survival is usually uppermost in the minds of companies with their backs to the wall, even if that entails being reduced to a minority stake. In Thailand, however, most ailing companies seem loathe to admit that their conditions may be fatal. "They aren't realistic," says Henry Conell, Goldman Sachs' Hong Kong-based partner in charge of direct investment in Asia. "Nobody is about to say to them, you will be gone."
[E] In south Korea, interest from foreigners has focused more on the country's manufacturers. But, the number of actual purchases, like those in Thailand, is small. In any event, big-ticket crossborder mergers and acquisitions are bound to take time. Indeed, analysts say the main reason for the dearth of deals so far is due to diligence: foreign investors must thoroughly familiarize themselves with companies they might buy. "You can't do this stuff overnight," says a senior official at a large Western bank in Seoul.
[F] Still, the number of deals is growing by the day. On February 19, Samsung Heavy Industries simultaneously sold its excavator division to Sweden's Volvo Construction Equipment and its forklift operation to the United States-Clark Martirial Handling. Earlier, the chemical giant Hanwha group sold two affiliates to its Japanese and German partners. Despite the slow start, no one doubts that the bargains at Korea Inc. are for real.
[G] Thai businesses unwillingness to sell hasn't been helped by the government's own ambivalence. While Finance Minister Tarrin Nimmanahaeminda is committed to attracting foreign money to Thailand, Deputy Prime Minister Supachai Panitchpakdi seems less so. "We don't want foreign firms to come and buy out our businesses. We want them to come, buy shares, and operate firms-and sell them after making profits, "he told the local media recently. "This will give Thais a chance to buy them back."
Order:
D41.42.43.44.45.F
答案與解析
41【答案】G
【解析】從本文首段的In Thailand, however, most ailing companies seem loathe to admit that their conditions may be fatal. 可知泰國(guó)許多企業(yè)的一種消極應(yīng)對(duì)困境的態(tài)度。而在五個(gè)備選項(xiàng)中，G項(xiàng)中包含泰國(guó)政府對(duì)于企業(yè)生存的觀點(diǎn)闡釋?zhuān)蛊渑c首段有效銜接，為正確選項(xiàng)。
42【答案】B
【解析】本段首句提到"盡管對(duì)外國(guó)所有權(quán)存在這些厭惡，一些交易仍在進(jìn)行。"這與上段末句所提及的泰國(guó)副首相Supachai對(duì)于"我們不愿外國(guó)公司進(jìn)來(lái)并購(gòu)買(mǎi)我們的企業(yè)……"是同意承接，B項(xiàng)為此題選項(xiàng)。
43【答案】E
【解析】在剩余選項(xiàng)中進(jìn)行比較，可知接下來(lái)的行文應(yīng)是過(guò)渡到韓國(guó)公司被國(guó)外投資者收購(gòu)的一些情況介紹上，而E項(xiàng)的…… like those in Thailand,…… 正好是一關(guān)鍵的文意過(guò)渡表述段落。E項(xiàng)為此題選項(xiàng)。
44【答案】A
【解析】上段闡釋了外國(guó)投資者對(duì)韓國(guó)企業(yè)的跨邊界并購(gòu)交易數(shù)量少的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況，而A段首句闡釋的潛在的購(gòu)買(mǎi)者最擔(dān)心的是債務(wù)正好是交易數(shù)量少的一個(gè)有效說(shuō)明。A項(xiàng)為此題答案。
45【答案】C
【解析】末段具體舉例說(shuō)明了外國(guó)投資者購(gòu)買(mǎi)韓國(guó)企業(yè)的交易數(shù)量與日俱增，上段末說(shuō)明了韓企老總錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為外商會(huì)被其產(chǎn)品吸引而不顧及其債務(wù)。而C項(xiàng)中的Daniel Harwood 的觀點(diǎn)正好把兩個(gè)段落有效聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
答案:
D41.G42.B43.E44.A45.CF
Exercise 2
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the
last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A] See yourself as successful. If I could plug into the minds of my patients and listen to the statements they make to themselves, I am convinced that the majority of them would be negative:"I'm running late again as usual.""My hair looks terrible this morning.""That was a stupid remark I made-she probably thinks I'm a dummy."Since thousands of these messages flash across our brains every day, it is small wonder that the result is a diminished self-image.
[B] Author and editor Norman Cousins wrote:"People are never more insecure than when they become obsessed with their fears at the expense of their dreams."There is no doubt that if we can envision beneficial things happening, they have a way of actually occurring.
[C] Stevens finally had a heart-to-heart talk with herself:"I realized that I simply wasn't a wit or an intellectual and that I could succeed only as myself. I began listening and asking questions at parties instead of trying to impress the guests. When I spoke, I tried to contribute, not to shine. Almost at once I started to feel a new warmth in my social contacts. They liked the real me better." If we are true to our instincts, most of us will find that we naturally develop certain trademarks. The discovery and expression of that uniqueness is one reason we are on this planet. Resisting conformity and developing some small eccentricities are among the steps to independence and self-confidence.
[D] Many of us get interested in a field, but then the going gets tough, we see that other people are more successful, and we become discouraged and quit. But it is of ten the boring, repetitive sharpening of our skills that will ultimately enable us to reach our goal.
[E] Horace Bushnell, the great New England preacher, used to say,"Somewhere under the stars God has a job for you to do, and nobody else can do it."Some of us must find our place by trial and error. It can take time, with dead ends along the way. But we should not get discouraged because others seem more skilled. Usually it is not raw talent but drive that makes the difference.
[F] One daily exercise for building self-confidence is called"imaging"or "visualization".In order to succeed, you must see yourself succeeding. Picture yourself approaching a difficult challenge with poise and confidence. Athletes often visualize a move over and over in their minds; they see themselves hitting the perfect golf or tennis shot. When we burn such positive images into our minds deeply enough, they become a part of the unconscious, and we begin to expect to succeed.
[G] Break away from other people's expectations. It is a liberating step when we decide to stop being what other people want us to be. Although opera singer Rise Stevens performed onstage with great poise, the self-confidence she felt before audiences evaporated in social situation. "My discomfort," she says, "came from trying to be something I was not-a state in the drawing room as well as onstage. If a clever person made a joke, I tried to top it and failed. I pretended to be familiar with subjects I knew nothing of."
Order:
D41.42.43.44.45.C
答案與解析
41【答案】E
【解析】首段說(shuō)明了我們要實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)必須通過(guò)枯燥、反復(fù)的磨練這樣一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，接下來(lái)的一段應(yīng)該有一個(gè)實(shí)例闡述作支撐，而E選項(xiàng)中Horace Bushell的說(shuō)法及其接下來(lái)的對(duì)成功艱難歷程的闡述正好是與首段形成文意的承接。
42【答案】A
【解析】選項(xiàng)中A項(xiàng)提出了人們自信喪失這樣一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)，放在此處正好形成一個(gè)對(duì)比，作為行文的一個(gè)承上啟下的段落，這樣才能進(jìn)入到接下來(lái)的文意講述。
43【答案】F
【解析】F項(xiàng)提出了人們用于增加日常自信的練習(xí)方法，這正是針對(duì)承接段落A中提出人們喪失自信這樣一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)的回應(yīng)，即提出解決問(wèn)題的方法。
44【答案】B
【解析】在剩下的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中做出選擇時(shí)，我們必須前后兼顧。這里不妨先分析45題，再回首來(lái)解決44題。(通過(guò)對(duì)45題的分析，只有B項(xiàng)能作為此題選項(xiàng)了)。
45【答案】G
【解析】末段講述了一個(gè)名叫Stevens的人的心靈之旅，從內(nèi)容看，這之前此人是不善于傾聽(tīng)別人提出的問(wèn)題，凡事都是竭力給別人留個(gè)好印象等等，而且此段之前應(yīng)該是引入Stevens這個(gè)人，因?yàn)槲恼缕溆嗖糠謴奈刺峒八?，這樣G項(xiàng)就必然成為了本題的選項(xiàng)。
答案:
D 41.E 42.A 43.F 44.B 45.G C