With the rapid globalization of science itself(more than 40 percent of scientific Ph．D．students trained in the United States are now foreign nationals，roughly half of whom return to their countries of origin)，the once undisputed U．S．scientific lead，whether relevant to product lead or not，is diminishin9．①
The competition of foreign students for positions in U．S．graduate schools has also contributed to making scientific training relatively unattractive to U．S．students，because the rapidly increasing supply of students has diminished the relative rewards of this career path．For the best and brightest from low- income countries，a position as a research assistant in the United States is attractive，whereas the best and brightest U．S．students might now see better options in other fields．Science and engineering careers，to the extent that they are opening up to foreign competition(whether imported or available through better communication)，also seem to be becoming relatively less attractive to U．S．students．⑦ With respect to the role of universities in the innovation process，the speculative boom of the 1990s (which，among other things，made it possible to convert scientific findings into cash rather quickly)was largely unexpected．The boom brought universities and their faculties into much closer contact with private markets as they tried to gain as much of the economic dividends from their discoveries as possible．For a while，the path between discoveries in basic science and new flows of hard cash was considerably shortened．But during the next few decades，this path likely will revert toward its more traditional length and reestablish，in a healthy way，the more traditional(and more independent) relationship between the basic research done at universities and those entities that translate ideas into products and services．④
In the intervening years，another new force also greatly facilitated globalization：the rapid growth of the Internet and cheap wide-bandwidth international communication．Today，complex design activities can take place in locations quite removed from manufacturin9，other business functions，and the consumer．Indeed，there is now ample opportunity for real—time communication between business functions that are quite independent of their specific locations．For example，software development，with aU its changes and complications，can to a considerable extent be done overseas for a U．S．customer． Foreign call centers can respond instantly to questions from thousands of miles away．The result is that low-wage workers in the Far East and in some other countries are coming into ever more direct competition with a much wider spectrum of U．S．1abor：unskilled in the case of call centers；more highly skilled in the case of programmers．[427 words]
1．The rapid globalization of science______．
A．has led to the rapid growth of the Internet
B．has diminished the relative rewards of science and engineering careers
C．has resulted in the fierce competition of scientific training in the U．S．
D．has contributed to the diminish of U．S．scientific leadership
2．According to this text，______．
A．the careers unattractive to U．S．students may not be so to foreign students
B．science and engineering careers are unattractive exclusively to U．S．students
C．U．S．students are not courageous enough to face foreign competition
D．U．S．students are not well prepared to compete with foreign students
3．It can be inferred from the text that ______．
A．scientists rarely expect to make money from their discoveries in basic science
B．it will be much easier to convert scientific findings into cash in the near future
C．the boom of the l 990s could be considered somewhat unhealthy
D．the boom of the l 990s will last at least for several decades
4．All of the following might have contributed to globalization except______．
A．the unprecedented development of Internet
B．the closer contact of universities with private markets
C．real-time communication between business functions
D．the prevalence of wide—bandwidth international communication
5．This text is mainly about______．
A．the scientific leadership of the U．S．
B．the shortage of scientists in the U．S．
C．the rapid globalization of science
D．better communication and globalization
The competition of foreign students for positions in U．S．graduate schools has also contributed to making scientific training relatively unattractive to U．S．students，because the rapidly increasing supply of students has diminished the relative rewards of this career path．For the best and brightest from low- income countries，a position as a research assistant in the United States is attractive，whereas the best and brightest U．S．students might now see better options in other fields．Science and engineering careers，to the extent that they are opening up to foreign competition(whether imported or available through better communication)，also seem to be becoming relatively less attractive to U．S．students．⑦ With respect to the role of universities in the innovation process，the speculative boom of the 1990s (which，among other things，made it possible to convert scientific findings into cash rather quickly)was largely unexpected．The boom brought universities and their faculties into much closer contact with private markets as they tried to gain as much of the economic dividends from their discoveries as possible．For a while，the path between discoveries in basic science and new flows of hard cash was considerably shortened．But during the next few decades，this path likely will revert toward its more traditional length and reestablish，in a healthy way，the more traditional(and more independent) relationship between the basic research done at universities and those entities that translate ideas into products and services．④
In the intervening years，another new force also greatly facilitated globalization：the rapid growth of the Internet and cheap wide-bandwidth international communication．Today，complex design activities can take place in locations quite removed from manufacturin9，other business functions，and the consumer．Indeed，there is now ample opportunity for real—time communication between business functions that are quite independent of their specific locations．For example，software development，with aU its changes and complications，can to a considerable extent be done overseas for a U．S．customer． Foreign call centers can respond instantly to questions from thousands of miles away．The result is that low-wage workers in the Far East and in some other countries are coming into ever more direct competition with a much wider spectrum of U．S．1abor：unskilled in the case of call centers；more highly skilled in the case of programmers．[427 words]
1．The rapid globalization of science______．
A．has led to the rapid growth of the Internet
B．has diminished the relative rewards of science and engineering careers
C．has resulted in the fierce competition of scientific training in the U．S．
D．has contributed to the diminish of U．S．scientific leadership
2．According to this text，______．
A．the careers unattractive to U．S．students may not be so to foreign students
B．science and engineering careers are unattractive exclusively to U．S．students
C．U．S．students are not courageous enough to face foreign competition
D．U．S．students are not well prepared to compete with foreign students
3．It can be inferred from the text that ______．
A．scientists rarely expect to make money from their discoveries in basic science
B．it will be much easier to convert scientific findings into cash in the near future
C．the boom of the l 990s could be considered somewhat unhealthy
D．the boom of the l 990s will last at least for several decades
4．All of the following might have contributed to globalization except______．
A．the unprecedented development of Internet
B．the closer contact of universities with private markets
C．real-time communication between business functions
D．the prevalence of wide—bandwidth international communication
5．This text is mainly about______．
A．the scientific leadership of the U．S．
B．the shortage of scientists in the U．S．
C．the rapid globalization of science
D．better communication and globalization