At the same time that the International Monetary Fund was created, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) was also established. The function of the Bank was to provide a mechanism for supplying for long periods of time - 20 or 30 years -- the foreign exchange needed to rebuild and develop economies. It was recognized that buying equipment from abroad provides a short cut to development, but that is impossible for a country without substantial exports to obtain the currency needed to buy such equipment. By offering long-term financing, the Bank was expected to accelerate the growth of economies in this category.
The World Bank obtains the money it lends from three sources. When it was founded) members were required to subscribe to its capitalization. Each was assigned a block of stock in proportion to its Gross National Product. Ten percent of the subscription was to be paid to the Bank in cash, and the remainder was to be paid if the Bank needed it to cover its financial problems. The second source is private lenders The 90 percent of subscriptions served a guarantee for the Bank's own borrowing and enabled it to compete with the U. S. government, blue-chip private corporations, and other high-quality debtors in borrowing from the public. The money it obtained from borrowing was then lent to needy nations, in this way the Bank pledged the honor and the resources of all its members to repay loans to developing or war-torn countries, If the borrower defaulted, the Bank would first use up the money paid in by its member countries, then call on them to contribute more. A third source of money has since emerged--the "profits" from interest paid by borrowers from the Bank. By charging interest the money contributed initially by member countries, the Bank has succeeded in roughly doubling these contributions.
By June 1976, the Bank had made over $42.9 billion in loans to 115 countries. Most of these loans have been for projects designed to improve the in structure and thereby encourage privately financed investments: primarily improvements in transportation, communications, and energy. Since the late 1960s, the Bank has expanded its activities to include housing, education, credit to farmers, irrigation, and a variety of other projects with more direct effects on individuals, particularly the very poor.
[參考譯文]
在建立國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的同時(shí)，國(guó)際復(fù)興與開(kāi)發(fā)銀行(世界銀行)也成立了。世界銀行的使命是成立一種機(jī)構(gòu)，為恢復(fù)和發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期提供(20或30年)所需的外匯。世所公認(rèn)，從國(guó)外購(gòu)買(mǎi)設(shè)備是發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的一條捷徑，但是對(duì)于一個(gè)缺乏具體出口商品來(lái)?yè)Q取購(gòu)買(mǎi)這種設(shè)備所需外匯的國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，這是辦不到的。世界銀行就是通過(guò)提供長(zhǎng)期資金，盡力加速這類(lèi)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。
世界銀行的出借貨幣有三項(xiàng)來(lái)源。在創(chuàng)辦時(shí)，它要求各成員國(guó)捐款，為之提供資本。每個(gè)成員國(guó)都要攤派一宗與其國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值相稱(chēng)的股份。認(rèn)捐額的百分之十要向銀行繳納現(xiàn)金，其余款項(xiàng)則應(yīng)在銀行需要彌補(bǔ)其財(cái)政困難時(shí)交付。第二項(xiàng)來(lái)源是向私人借款。有百分之九十的認(rèn)捐額可為銀行本身借款擔(dān)保，銀行就有能力與美國(guó)政府、第一流的私人公司以及其他高級(jí)貸款商進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，向社會(huì)借款。然后，再把借來(lái)的貨幣貸給貧窮的國(guó)家。世界銀行就是利用這樣的方法，以全體成員國(guó)的信用和資源擔(dān)保，償還那些借給發(fā)展中國(guó)家或遭受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)破壞的國(guó)家的貸款。如果借款國(guó)拖欠不還，銀行就盡先用掉各成員國(guó)所繳納的貨幣，然后再號(hào)召大家捐增更多的款項(xiàng)。第三項(xiàng)貨幣來(lái)源是后來(lái)才出現(xiàn)的，即銀行的借款國(guó)所付來(lái)的利息“收益”。世界銀行利用各成員國(guó)當(dāng)初捐款所取得的利息，大體上可以使這些捐款翻一番。
到1976年6月為止，世界銀行已向115個(gè)國(guó)家提供了429億美元以上的貸款。大部分貸款用于改善基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)項(xiàng)目，并借以暗暗地鼓勵(lì)了財(cái)政上的投資；主要的改善項(xiàng)目是運(yùn)輸、通訊和能源事業(yè)。60年代后期以來(lái)，世界銀行一直在擴(kuò)大它的業(yè)務(wù)范圍，包括了住房建設(shè)、教育，農(nóng)業(yè)信貸，水利灌溉以及其他種種對(duì)個(gè)人——特別是對(duì)饑寒交迫的人有更大直接效益的項(xiàng)目。
The World Bank obtains the money it lends from three sources. When it was founded) members were required to subscribe to its capitalization. Each was assigned a block of stock in proportion to its Gross National Product. Ten percent of the subscription was to be paid to the Bank in cash, and the remainder was to be paid if the Bank needed it to cover its financial problems. The second source is private lenders The 90 percent of subscriptions served a guarantee for the Bank's own borrowing and enabled it to compete with the U. S. government, blue-chip private corporations, and other high-quality debtors in borrowing from the public. The money it obtained from borrowing was then lent to needy nations, in this way the Bank pledged the honor and the resources of all its members to repay loans to developing or war-torn countries, If the borrower defaulted, the Bank would first use up the money paid in by its member countries, then call on them to contribute more. A third source of money has since emerged--the "profits" from interest paid by borrowers from the Bank. By charging interest the money contributed initially by member countries, the Bank has succeeded in roughly doubling these contributions.
By June 1976, the Bank had made over $42.9 billion in loans to 115 countries. Most of these loans have been for projects designed to improve the in structure and thereby encourage privately financed investments: primarily improvements in transportation, communications, and energy. Since the late 1960s, the Bank has expanded its activities to include housing, education, credit to farmers, irrigation, and a variety of other projects with more direct effects on individuals, particularly the very poor.
[參考譯文]
在建立國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的同時(shí)，國(guó)際復(fù)興與開(kāi)發(fā)銀行(世界銀行)也成立了。世界銀行的使命是成立一種機(jī)構(gòu)，為恢復(fù)和發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期提供(20或30年)所需的外匯。世所公認(rèn)，從國(guó)外購(gòu)買(mǎi)設(shè)備是發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的一條捷徑，但是對(duì)于一個(gè)缺乏具體出口商品來(lái)?yè)Q取購(gòu)買(mǎi)這種設(shè)備所需外匯的國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，這是辦不到的。世界銀行就是通過(guò)提供長(zhǎng)期資金，盡力加速這類(lèi)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。
世界銀行的出借貨幣有三項(xiàng)來(lái)源。在創(chuàng)辦時(shí)，它要求各成員國(guó)捐款，為之提供資本。每個(gè)成員國(guó)都要攤派一宗與其國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值相稱(chēng)的股份。認(rèn)捐額的百分之十要向銀行繳納現(xiàn)金，其余款項(xiàng)則應(yīng)在銀行需要彌補(bǔ)其財(cái)政困難時(shí)交付。第二項(xiàng)來(lái)源是向私人借款。有百分之九十的認(rèn)捐額可為銀行本身借款擔(dān)保，銀行就有能力與美國(guó)政府、第一流的私人公司以及其他高級(jí)貸款商進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，向社會(huì)借款。然后，再把借來(lái)的貨幣貸給貧窮的國(guó)家。世界銀行就是利用這樣的方法，以全體成員國(guó)的信用和資源擔(dān)保，償還那些借給發(fā)展中國(guó)家或遭受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)破壞的國(guó)家的貸款。如果借款國(guó)拖欠不還，銀行就盡先用掉各成員國(guó)所繳納的貨幣，然后再號(hào)召大家捐增更多的款項(xiàng)。第三項(xiàng)貨幣來(lái)源是后來(lái)才出現(xiàn)的，即銀行的借款國(guó)所付來(lái)的利息“收益”。世界銀行利用各成員國(guó)當(dāng)初捐款所取得的利息，大體上可以使這些捐款翻一番。
到1976年6月為止，世界銀行已向115個(gè)國(guó)家提供了429億美元以上的貸款。大部分貸款用于改善基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)項(xiàng)目，并借以暗暗地鼓勵(lì)了財(cái)政上的投資；主要的改善項(xiàng)目是運(yùn)輸、通訊和能源事業(yè)。60年代后期以來(lái)，世界銀行一直在擴(kuò)大它的業(yè)務(wù)范圍，包括了住房建設(shè)、教育，農(nóng)業(yè)信貸，水利灌溉以及其他種種對(duì)個(gè)人——特別是對(duì)饑寒交迫的人有更大直接效益的項(xiàng)目。