1999年P(guān)assage 5
Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lager fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "
67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that __
[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
[答案] A
[解題思路]
關(guān)于牛頓的例子所要證明的論點(diǎn)在文章的開頭第一句話"Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments"（ 在實(shí)踐中，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步依賴于做實(shí)驗(yàn)，但更依賴于實(shí)驗(yàn)的觀察者有所準(zhǔn)備的頭腦），這句話強(qiáng)調(diào)了科學(xué)最重要的是要看觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)的人是否在思想上做好了準(zhǔn)備，顯然A是符合這個意思的正確答案，其中選項(xiàng)中的"inquiring minds"對應(yīng)于原文的"the preparedness of the minds"。
[題目譯文]
作者用艾薩克·牛頓的例子表明 。
[A] 愛動腦筋比科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)更加重要
[B] 只有進(jìn)行富有成由的研究科學(xué)才能進(jìn)步
[C] 科學(xué)家很少忘記研究的重要本質(zhì)
[D] 在科學(xué)研究中，不可預(yù)測性不如預(yù)測重要
68. The author asserts that scientists __
[A] shouldn’t replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought
[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals
[D] should be confident about their research findings
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)的內(nèi)容在文章的第二段和第三段。文章第二段第四、五句話指出"His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research"（他的頭腦在隨時準(zhǔn)備思考不可預(yù)測的事。不可預(yù)測性是科學(xué)研究不可或缺的一個重要特征），而第三段最后一句話則進(jìn)一步批評說"The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate"（這位科學(xué)家感到很震驚，他沒有想到人們會讓他做出預(yù)測），因此作者認(rèn)為研究要想出成果，科學(xué)家必須大膽推測，并要接受那些無法預(yù)測的東西。B選項(xiàng)符合上述的觀點(diǎn)。
[題目譯文]
作者認(rèn)為科學(xué)家 。
[A] 不應(yīng)該用創(chuàng)造性思維來代替"科學(xué)方法"
[B] 不應(yīng)該忽視對于不可預(yù)測事物的推測
[C] 應(yīng)該為技術(shù)雜志撰寫更加簡潔的報告
[D] 應(yīng)該對他們的研究成果充滿信心
69. It seems that some young scientists__
[A] have a keen interest in prediction
[B] often speculate on the future
[C] think highly of creative thinking
[D] stick to "scientific method"
[答案] D
[解題思路]
文章第三段開頭指出"In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought"（在和一些科學(xué)家，特別是青年科學(xué)家交談時，你可能會產(chǎn)生這樣一種印象：他們認(rèn)為用所謂的"科學(xué)方法"可以代替創(chuàng)造性思維），后面的例子也進(jìn)一步說明了他們不會推測，只是堅持用傳統(tǒng)的方法，因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。而其余三個選項(xiàng)的表述都與原文相反。
[題目譯文]
看起來一些青年科學(xué)家們 。
[A] 對預(yù)測有著濃厚的興趣
[B] 經(jīng)常對未來做出推測
[C] 對創(chuàng)造性思維非常重視
[D] 只執(zhí)著于"科學(xué)方法 2000年P(guān)assage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride." American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government," It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as" a golden age of business management in the United States."
51. The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)信息為第一段的最后一句話"America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed"（美國的繁榮是那些經(jīng)濟(jì)遭到戰(zhàn)爭破壞的歐亞諸國做夢也無法達(dá)到的），可見美國取得主導(dǎo)地位在很大程度上是由于二戰(zhàn)摧毀了其潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)，因此C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。A選項(xiàng)中的painstaking efforts與第一段中的"effortless"意思相左，是錯誤選項(xiàng)。B選項(xiàng)與原文不符，因?yàn)槲恼碌囊馑际敲绹膰鴥?nèi)市場比起競爭對手大8倍，不是比以前大8倍。D選項(xiàng)提到的勞動力因素不是主要原因。
[題目譯文]
二戰(zhàn)后美國之所以取得了優(yōu)勢地位是因?yàn)?。
[A] 該國為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)而付出了艱苦的努力
[B] 其國內(nèi)市場是過去的八倍
[C] 戰(zhàn)爭摧毀了大部分潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)
[D] 該國無可比擬的勞動力大軍對經(jīng)濟(jì)起到了推動作用
52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題的對應(yīng)信息在文章的第二段。第五句及其括號中的內(nèi)容說"By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)"（面對國外競爭，一些像消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)業(yè)之類的大型美國工業(yè)已經(jīng)萎縮或漸漸消失。到1987年，美國只剩下Zenith一家電視生產(chǎn)商。（現(xiàn)在一家也沒有了：Zenith于當(dāng)年7月被韓國LG電器公司收購。）），這說明電視機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)即使在國內(nèi)市場也幾乎已經(jīng)消失了，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段最后一句"For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty"（在新計算機(jī)時代有著核心作用的半導(dǎo)體正是美國人發(fā)明的，但是有一段時期這個產(chǎn)業(yè)也似乎面臨崩潰），文中認(rèn)為半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管是一種可能性，并沒有選項(xiàng)表述地這么絕對，因此B選項(xiàng)也錯誤。C選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段倒數(shù)第二句話"Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes"（外國制造的汽車和紡織品正大舉涌入國內(nèi)市場。美國的機(jī)床工業(yè)也即將消失），選項(xiàng)認(rèn)為該行業(yè)已經(jīng)崩潰，不符合題意。D選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段第三句話"By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness"（到了20世紀(jì)80年代中期，面對其日益衰退的工業(yè)競爭力，美國人感到不知所措），因此選項(xiàng)的表述是符合原文的。
[題目譯文]
美國在20世紀(jì)80年的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中失去了統(tǒng)治地位，這可以通過以下 事實(shí)表現(xiàn)出來。
[A] 其電視行業(yè)退回到了國內(nèi)市場
[B] 半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管
[C] 機(jī)床業(yè)在其自殺性行為后倒閉
[D] 汽車業(yè)失去了部分國內(nèi)市場 2000年P(guān)assage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride." American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government," It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as" a golden age of business management in the United States."
51. The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)信息為第一段的最后一句話"America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed"（美國的繁榮是那些經(jīng)濟(jì)遭到戰(zhàn)爭破壞的歐亞諸國做夢也無法達(dá)到的），可見美國取得主導(dǎo)地位在很大程度上是由于二戰(zhàn)摧毀了其潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)，因此C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。A選項(xiàng)中的painstaking efforts與第一段中的"effortless"意思相左，是錯誤選項(xiàng)。B選項(xiàng)與原文不符，因?yàn)槲恼碌囊馑际敲绹膰鴥?nèi)市場比起競爭對手大8倍，不是比以前大8倍。D選項(xiàng)提到的勞動力因素不是主要原因。
[題目譯文]
二戰(zhàn)后美國之所以取得了優(yōu)勢地位是因?yàn)?。
[A] 該國為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)而付出了艱苦的努力
[B] 其國內(nèi)市場是過去的八倍
[C] 戰(zhàn)爭摧毀了大部分潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)
[D] 該國無可比擬的勞動力大軍對經(jīng)濟(jì)起到了推動作用
52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題的對應(yīng)信息在文章的第二段。第五句及其括號中的內(nèi)容說"By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)"（面對國外競爭，一些像消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)業(yè)之類的大型美國工業(yè)已經(jīng)萎縮或漸漸消失。到1987年，美國只剩下Zenith一家電視生產(chǎn)商。（現(xiàn)在一家也沒有了：Zenith于當(dāng)年7月被韓國LG電器公司收購。）），這說明電視機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)即使在國內(nèi)市場也幾乎已經(jīng)消失了，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段最后一句"For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty"（在新計算機(jī)時代有著核心作用的半導(dǎo)體正是美國人發(fā)明的，但是有一段時期這個產(chǎn)業(yè)也似乎面臨崩潰），文中認(rèn)為半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管是一種可能性，并沒有選項(xiàng)表述地這么絕對，因此B選項(xiàng)也錯誤。C選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段倒數(shù)第二句話"Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes"（外國制造的汽車和紡織品正大舉涌入國內(nèi)市場。美國的機(jī)床工業(yè)也即將消失），選項(xiàng)認(rèn)為該行業(yè)已經(jīng)崩潰，不符合題意。D選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段第三句話"By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness"（到了20世紀(jì)80年代中期，面對其日益衰退的工業(yè)競爭力，美國人感到不知所措），因此選項(xiàng)的表述是符合原文的。
[題目譯文]
美國在20世紀(jì)80年的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中失去了統(tǒng)治地位，這可以通過以下 事實(shí)表現(xiàn)出來。
[A] 其電視行業(yè)退回到了國內(nèi)市場
[B] 半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管
[C] 機(jī)床業(yè)在其自殺性行為后倒閉
[D] 汽車業(yè)失去了部分國內(nèi)市場 2000年P(guān)assage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride." American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government," It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as" a golden age of business management in the United States."
51. The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)信息為第一段的最后一句話"America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed"（美國的繁榮是那些經(jīng)濟(jì)遭到戰(zhàn)爭破壞的歐亞諸國做夢也無法達(dá)到的），可見美國取得主導(dǎo)地位在很大程度上是由于二戰(zhàn)摧毀了其潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)，因此C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。A選項(xiàng)中的painstaking efforts與第一段中的"effortless"意思相左，是錯誤選項(xiàng)。B選項(xiàng)與原文不符，因?yàn)槲恼碌囊馑际敲绹膰鴥?nèi)市場比起競爭對手大8倍，不是比以前大8倍。D選項(xiàng)提到的勞動力因素不是主要原因。
[題目譯文]
二戰(zhàn)后美國之所以取得了優(yōu)勢地位是因?yàn)?。
[A] 該國為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)而付出了艱苦的努力
[B] 其國內(nèi)市場是過去的八倍
[C] 戰(zhàn)爭摧毀了大部分潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)
[D] 該國無可比擬的勞動力大軍對經(jīng)濟(jì)起到了推動作用
52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題的對應(yīng)信息在文章的第二段。第五句及其括號中的內(nèi)容說"By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)"（面對國外競爭，一些像消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)業(yè)之類的大型美國工業(yè)已經(jīng)萎縮或漸漸消失。到1987年，美國只剩下Zenith一家電視生產(chǎn)商。（現(xiàn)在一家也沒有了：Zenith于當(dāng)年7月被韓國LG電器公司收購。）），這說明電視機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)即使在國內(nèi)市場也幾乎已經(jīng)消失了，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段最后一句"For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty"（在新計算機(jī)時代有著核心作用的半導(dǎo)體正是美國人發(fā)明的，但是有一段時期這個產(chǎn)業(yè)也似乎面臨崩潰），文中認(rèn)為半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管是一種可能性，并沒有選項(xiàng)表述地這么絕對，因此B選項(xiàng)也錯誤。C選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段倒數(shù)第二句話"Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes"（外國制造的汽車和紡織品正大舉涌入國內(nèi)市場。美國的機(jī)床工業(yè)也即將消失），選項(xiàng)認(rèn)為該行業(yè)已經(jīng)崩潰，不符合題意。D選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段第三句話"By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness"（到了20世紀(jì)80年代中期，面對其日益衰退的工業(yè)競爭力，美國人感到不知所措），因此選項(xiàng)的表述是符合原文的。
[題目譯文]
美國在20世紀(jì)80年的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中失去了統(tǒng)治地位，這可以通過以下 事實(shí)表現(xiàn)出來。
[A] 其電視行業(yè)退回到了國內(nèi)市場
[B] 半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管
[C] 機(jī)床業(yè)在其自殺性行為后倒閉
[D] 汽車業(yè)失去了部分國內(nèi)市場 2000年P(guān)assage 2
Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby)surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years -even the past 100 years-our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as average looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.
55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
[A] A lack of mates.
[B] A fierce competition.
[C] A lower survival rate.
[D] A defective gene.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)信息在文章第一段，其中第一段前兩句說道"Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men"（做男人總是充滿危險，出生時男女比例大約是105:100，但到了成熟期，這一比例幾乎持平，而在70歲的老人中女性的人數(shù)是男性的兩倍），說明男人存活下來的幾率低于女人，因此C為正確答案。A選項(xiàng)的問題是現(xiàn)在的一個問題，但題中"used to be"指過去的情況，因此A選項(xiàng)錯誤。B和D選項(xiàng)在原文中沒有提及。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)文章第一段，在過去，作為男人的一個危險是什么？
[A] 缺乏配偶
[B] 激烈的競爭
[C] 存活率較低
[D] 缺損的基因
56. What does the example of India illustrate?
[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
關(guān)于印度的例子出現(xiàn)在文章第二段的最后三句話"India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes"（印度的現(xiàn)狀可以說明正在發(fā)生的一切。這個國家給大城市里的少數(shù)人提供財富，而留給其余的各部落民族都是貧困。今天這種極其顯著的平均化--每個人的生存機(jī)會和子女?dāng)?shù)量都相同--意味著與部落相比較，自然選擇在印度中上層已經(jīng)失去了80％的作用）。瀏覽幾個選項(xiàng)就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)B選項(xiàng)對引文最后半句"natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes"的同義說明，因而是正確選項(xiàng)。A選項(xiàng)的表述在原文中沒有對應(yīng)信息，因而可以排除。C選項(xiàng)對80%這個數(shù)據(jù)的使用與原文意思相反，且選項(xiàng)中的middle class population與原文中的upper-middle-class India意思也有出入。D選項(xiàng)沒有在原文中出現(xiàn)，可以排除。
[題目譯文]
印度的例子說明了什么？
[A] 富人總是比窮人生孩子少。
[B] 自然選擇在富人和窮人之間并不起作用。
[C] 中產(chǎn)階級人口比布羅人口少了80%。
[D] 印度是出生率很高的國家之一。
57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because____ .
[A] life has been improved by technological advance
[B] the number of female babies has been declining
[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
[答案] A
[解題思路]
從題干中的stopped evolving我們可以定為到原文最后一段的第五句話"We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us"（我們沒有進(jìn)化，因?yàn)闄C(jī)器和社會替我們辦了這一切），其中machines and society即與A選項(xiàng)中的technological advance向呼應(yīng)，即科技極大地提高了人們的生活質(zhì)量，以至于我們的身體已經(jīng)停止了進(jìn)化。B和D選項(xiàng)都與這道題討論的evolution話題無關(guān)，可輕松排除。C選項(xiàng)的表述過于絕對，從最后一段的最后一句話"But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us"（但是，不管我們的子孫后代對我們離烏托邦的理想境界之遙遠(yuǎn)感到有多么驚訝，他們的長相將會跟我們差不了多少）可以看出是否停止進(jìn)化尚無定論。
[題目譯文]
作者認(rèn)為我們的身體停止了進(jìn)化的原因在于 。
[A] 技術(shù)進(jìn)步改進(jìn)了我們的生活
[B] 女嬰的數(shù)量一直在下降
[C] 我們這個物種已經(jīng)達(dá)到了人類進(jìn)化的階段
[D] 貧富差距正在消失 2000年P(guān)assage 3
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right, it can hardly be classed as Literature.
This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, of finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.
Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:’ Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.’
This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?
60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to_____.
[A] determine its purposes
[B] ignore its flaws
[C] follow the new fashions
[D] accept the principles
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題需要準(zhǔn)確理解題干的關(guān)鍵詞之一"novel"，在這里不是"小說"的意思，而是一個形容詞，意為與new相同。在確定了這一點(diǎn)之后可以對應(yīng)到原文第一句話"When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at"（當(dāng)一場新的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動形成某種時尚時，理應(yīng)弄清其倡導(dǎo)者的目標(biāo)所在），aming at正好對應(yīng)于A選項(xiàng)中的purposes，因而顯然A為正確選項(xiàng)。
[題目譯文]
當(dāng)一種新的文學(xué)思想出現(xiàn)的時候，人們應(yīng)該試圖 。
[A] 弄清其目的
[B] 忽視其缺點(diǎn)
[C] 緊跟其潮流
[D] 接受其原則
61. Futurists claim that we must____.
[A] increase the production of literature
[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress
[C] develop new modes of expression
[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs
[答案] C
[解題思路]
關(guān)于未來派詩歌的一些創(chuàng)作主張出現(xiàn)在文章的第二段，其中第三句指出"This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression"（未來派詩人聲稱，這種加速的生活節(jié)奏需要一種新的表達(dá)形式），require a new form of expression即C選項(xiàng)中的new modes of expression，form和mode是同義詞，都是"形式"的意思。A和B選項(xiàng)都不是未來派詩歌的主張，而D選項(xiàng)的意思與該段第四句"We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress"（如果我們想詮釋現(xiàn)代生活的壓力，就必須加快文學(xué)發(fā)展的步伐）相反，因?yàn)椴⒉皇侵阜艞壥褂盟械男稳菰~和動詞。
[題目譯文]
未來派詩人聲稱我們必須 。
[A] 增加文學(xué)作品的產(chǎn)量
[B] 用詩歌來緩解現(xiàn)代壓力
[C] 發(fā)展新的表達(dá)模式
[D] 避免使用形容詞和動詞
62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is_____.
[A] based on reasonable principles
[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people
[C] indicative of basic change in human nature
[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature
[答案] D
[解題思路]
第一段最后一句指出"With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right, it can hardly be classed as Literature"（然而，就未來派詩歌而言，情況卻相當(dāng)不同，因?yàn)闊o論未來派詩歌為什么--即使承認(rèn)其理論根據(jù)可能正確--也很難稱之為文學(xué)），同時最后一段第一句也進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)"This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature"（盡管這符合未來派詩歌的規(guī)則和要求，卻很難被歸入文學(xué)之列），說明作者并不認(rèn)為未來派詩歌可以算作文學(xué)，對其持否定態(tài)度，因此A選項(xiàng)不正確。B選項(xiàng)也是錯誤的，因?yàn)槲恼轮胁樯婕捌胀ㄈ藢τ谖磥砼稍姼璧目捶?。C選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于原文最后一句話"The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed"（實(shí)際問題是：我們真的發(fā)生了根本上的變化嗎），但原文只是指出了一個疑問，并無定論，因而C選項(xiàng)也是錯誤的。D選項(xiàng)則符合作者的觀點(diǎn)，未來派詩歌只會曇花一現(xiàn)，不會立足于文學(xué)界。
[題目譯文]
作者認(rèn)為未來派詩歌是 。
[A] 給予合理的原則
[B] 對于普通百姓來說是新穎和易于接受的
[C] 暗示者人性的基本變化
[D] 與其說是文學(xué)，不如說是一種短暫現(xiàn)象
Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lager fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "
67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that __
[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
[答案] A
[解題思路]
關(guān)于牛頓的例子所要證明的論點(diǎn)在文章的開頭第一句話"Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments"（ 在實(shí)踐中，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步依賴于做實(shí)驗(yàn)，但更依賴于實(shí)驗(yàn)的觀察者有所準(zhǔn)備的頭腦），這句話強(qiáng)調(diào)了科學(xué)最重要的是要看觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)的人是否在思想上做好了準(zhǔn)備，顯然A是符合這個意思的正確答案，其中選項(xiàng)中的"inquiring minds"對應(yīng)于原文的"the preparedness of the minds"。
[題目譯文]
作者用艾薩克·牛頓的例子表明 。
[A] 愛動腦筋比科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)更加重要
[B] 只有進(jìn)行富有成由的研究科學(xué)才能進(jìn)步
[C] 科學(xué)家很少忘記研究的重要本質(zhì)
[D] 在科學(xué)研究中，不可預(yù)測性不如預(yù)測重要
68. The author asserts that scientists __
[A] shouldn’t replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought
[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals
[D] should be confident about their research findings
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)的內(nèi)容在文章的第二段和第三段。文章第二段第四、五句話指出"His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research"（他的頭腦在隨時準(zhǔn)備思考不可預(yù)測的事。不可預(yù)測性是科學(xué)研究不可或缺的一個重要特征），而第三段最后一句話則進(jìn)一步批評說"The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate"（這位科學(xué)家感到很震驚，他沒有想到人們會讓他做出預(yù)測），因此作者認(rèn)為研究要想出成果，科學(xué)家必須大膽推測，并要接受那些無法預(yù)測的東西。B選項(xiàng)符合上述的觀點(diǎn)。
[題目譯文]
作者認(rèn)為科學(xué)家 。
[A] 不應(yīng)該用創(chuàng)造性思維來代替"科學(xué)方法"
[B] 不應(yīng)該忽視對于不可預(yù)測事物的推測
[C] 應(yīng)該為技術(shù)雜志撰寫更加簡潔的報告
[D] 應(yīng)該對他們的研究成果充滿信心
69. It seems that some young scientists__
[A] have a keen interest in prediction
[B] often speculate on the future
[C] think highly of creative thinking
[D] stick to "scientific method"
[答案] D
[解題思路]
文章第三段開頭指出"In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought"（在和一些科學(xué)家，特別是青年科學(xué)家交談時，你可能會產(chǎn)生這樣一種印象：他們認(rèn)為用所謂的"科學(xué)方法"可以代替創(chuàng)造性思維），后面的例子也進(jìn)一步說明了他們不會推測，只是堅持用傳統(tǒng)的方法，因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。而其余三個選項(xiàng)的表述都與原文相反。
[題目譯文]
看起來一些青年科學(xué)家們 。
[A] 對預(yù)測有著濃厚的興趣
[B] 經(jīng)常對未來做出推測
[C] 對創(chuàng)造性思維非常重視
[D] 只執(zhí)著于"科學(xué)方法 2000年P(guān)assage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride." American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government," It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as" a golden age of business management in the United States."
51. The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)信息為第一段的最后一句話"America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed"（美國的繁榮是那些經(jīng)濟(jì)遭到戰(zhàn)爭破壞的歐亞諸國做夢也無法達(dá)到的），可見美國取得主導(dǎo)地位在很大程度上是由于二戰(zhàn)摧毀了其潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)，因此C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。A選項(xiàng)中的painstaking efforts與第一段中的"effortless"意思相左，是錯誤選項(xiàng)。B選項(xiàng)與原文不符，因?yàn)槲恼碌囊馑际敲绹膰鴥?nèi)市場比起競爭對手大8倍，不是比以前大8倍。D選項(xiàng)提到的勞動力因素不是主要原因。
[題目譯文]
二戰(zhàn)后美國之所以取得了優(yōu)勢地位是因?yàn)?。
[A] 該國為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)而付出了艱苦的努力
[B] 其國內(nèi)市場是過去的八倍
[C] 戰(zhàn)爭摧毀了大部分潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)
[D] 該國無可比擬的勞動力大軍對經(jīng)濟(jì)起到了推動作用
52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題的對應(yīng)信息在文章的第二段。第五句及其括號中的內(nèi)容說"By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)"（面對國外競爭，一些像消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)業(yè)之類的大型美國工業(yè)已經(jīng)萎縮或漸漸消失。到1987年，美國只剩下Zenith一家電視生產(chǎn)商。（現(xiàn)在一家也沒有了：Zenith于當(dāng)年7月被韓國LG電器公司收購。）），這說明電視機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)即使在國內(nèi)市場也幾乎已經(jīng)消失了，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段最后一句"For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty"（在新計算機(jī)時代有著核心作用的半導(dǎo)體正是美國人發(fā)明的，但是有一段時期這個產(chǎn)業(yè)也似乎面臨崩潰），文中認(rèn)為半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管是一種可能性，并沒有選項(xiàng)表述地這么絕對，因此B選項(xiàng)也錯誤。C選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段倒數(shù)第二句話"Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes"（外國制造的汽車和紡織品正大舉涌入國內(nèi)市場。美國的機(jī)床工業(yè)也即將消失），選項(xiàng)認(rèn)為該行業(yè)已經(jīng)崩潰，不符合題意。D選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段第三句話"By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness"（到了20世紀(jì)80年代中期，面對其日益衰退的工業(yè)競爭力，美國人感到不知所措），因此選項(xiàng)的表述是符合原文的。
[題目譯文]
美國在20世紀(jì)80年的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中失去了統(tǒng)治地位，這可以通過以下 事實(shí)表現(xiàn)出來。
[A] 其電視行業(yè)退回到了國內(nèi)市場
[B] 半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管
[C] 機(jī)床業(yè)在其自殺性行為后倒閉
[D] 汽車業(yè)失去了部分國內(nèi)市場 2000年P(guān)assage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride." American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government," It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as" a golden age of business management in the United States."
51. The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)信息為第一段的最后一句話"America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed"（美國的繁榮是那些經(jīng)濟(jì)遭到戰(zhàn)爭破壞的歐亞諸國做夢也無法達(dá)到的），可見美國取得主導(dǎo)地位在很大程度上是由于二戰(zhàn)摧毀了其潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)，因此C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。A選項(xiàng)中的painstaking efforts與第一段中的"effortless"意思相左，是錯誤選項(xiàng)。B選項(xiàng)與原文不符，因?yàn)槲恼碌囊馑际敲绹膰鴥?nèi)市場比起競爭對手大8倍，不是比以前大8倍。D選項(xiàng)提到的勞動力因素不是主要原因。
[題目譯文]
二戰(zhàn)后美國之所以取得了優(yōu)勢地位是因?yàn)?。
[A] 該國為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)而付出了艱苦的努力
[B] 其國內(nèi)市場是過去的八倍
[C] 戰(zhàn)爭摧毀了大部分潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)
[D] 該國無可比擬的勞動力大軍對經(jīng)濟(jì)起到了推動作用
52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題的對應(yīng)信息在文章的第二段。第五句及其括號中的內(nèi)容說"By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)"（面對國外競爭，一些像消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)業(yè)之類的大型美國工業(yè)已經(jīng)萎縮或漸漸消失。到1987年，美國只剩下Zenith一家電視生產(chǎn)商。（現(xiàn)在一家也沒有了：Zenith于當(dāng)年7月被韓國LG電器公司收購。）），這說明電視機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)即使在國內(nèi)市場也幾乎已經(jīng)消失了，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段最后一句"For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty"（在新計算機(jī)時代有著核心作用的半導(dǎo)體正是美國人發(fā)明的，但是有一段時期這個產(chǎn)業(yè)也似乎面臨崩潰），文中認(rèn)為半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管是一種可能性，并沒有選項(xiàng)表述地這么絕對，因此B選項(xiàng)也錯誤。C選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段倒數(shù)第二句話"Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes"（外國制造的汽車和紡織品正大舉涌入國內(nèi)市場。美國的機(jī)床工業(yè)也即將消失），選項(xiàng)認(rèn)為該行業(yè)已經(jīng)崩潰，不符合題意。D選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段第三句話"By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness"（到了20世紀(jì)80年代中期，面對其日益衰退的工業(yè)競爭力，美國人感到不知所措），因此選項(xiàng)的表述是符合原文的。
[題目譯文]
美國在20世紀(jì)80年的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中失去了統(tǒng)治地位，這可以通過以下 事實(shí)表現(xiàn)出來。
[A] 其電視行業(yè)退回到了國內(nèi)市場
[B] 半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管
[C] 機(jī)床業(yè)在其自殺性行為后倒閉
[D] 汽車業(yè)失去了部分國內(nèi)市場 2000年P(guān)assage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride." American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government," It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as" a golden age of business management in the United States."
51. The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause_____.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)信息為第一段的最后一句話"America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed"（美國的繁榮是那些經(jīng)濟(jì)遭到戰(zhàn)爭破壞的歐亞諸國做夢也無法達(dá)到的），可見美國取得主導(dǎo)地位在很大程度上是由于二戰(zhàn)摧毀了其潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)，因此C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。A選項(xiàng)中的painstaking efforts與第一段中的"effortless"意思相左，是錯誤選項(xiàng)。B選項(xiàng)與原文不符，因?yàn)槲恼碌囊馑际敲绹膰鴥?nèi)市場比起競爭對手大8倍，不是比以前大8倍。D選項(xiàng)提到的勞動力因素不是主要原因。
[題目譯文]
二戰(zhàn)后美國之所以取得了優(yōu)勢地位是因?yàn)?。
[A] 該國為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)而付出了艱苦的努力
[B] 其國內(nèi)市場是過去的八倍
[C] 戰(zhàn)爭摧毀了大部分潛在競爭對手的經(jīng)濟(jì)
[D] 該國無可比擬的勞動力大軍對經(jīng)濟(jì)起到了推動作用
52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題的對應(yīng)信息在文章的第二段。第五句及其括號中的內(nèi)容說"By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)"（面對國外競爭，一些像消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)業(yè)之類的大型美國工業(yè)已經(jīng)萎縮或漸漸消失。到1987年，美國只剩下Zenith一家電視生產(chǎn)商。（現(xiàn)在一家也沒有了：Zenith于當(dāng)年7月被韓國LG電器公司收購。）），這說明電視機(jī)產(chǎn)業(yè)即使在國內(nèi)市場也幾乎已經(jīng)消失了，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段最后一句"For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty"（在新計算機(jī)時代有著核心作用的半導(dǎo)體正是美國人發(fā)明的，但是有一段時期這個產(chǎn)業(yè)也似乎面臨崩潰），文中認(rèn)為半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管是一種可能性，并沒有選項(xiàng)表述地這么絕對，因此B選項(xiàng)也錯誤。C選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段倒數(shù)第二句話"Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes"（外國制造的汽車和紡織品正大舉涌入國內(nèi)市場。美國的機(jī)床工業(yè)也即將消失），選項(xiàng)認(rèn)為該行業(yè)已經(jīng)崩潰，不符合題意。D選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于該段第三句話"By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness"（到了20世紀(jì)80年代中期，面對其日益衰退的工業(yè)競爭力，美國人感到不知所措），因此選項(xiàng)的表述是符合原文的。
[題目譯文]
美國在20世紀(jì)80年的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中失去了統(tǒng)治地位，這可以通過以下 事實(shí)表現(xiàn)出來。
[A] 其電視行業(yè)退回到了國內(nèi)市場
[B] 半導(dǎo)體工業(yè)被外國企業(yè)接管
[C] 機(jī)床業(yè)在其自殺性行為后倒閉
[D] 汽車業(yè)失去了部分國內(nèi)市場 2000年P(guān)assage 2
Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby)surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years -even the past 100 years-our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as average looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.
55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
[A] A lack of mates.
[B] A fierce competition.
[C] A lower survival rate.
[D] A defective gene.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)信息在文章第一段，其中第一段前兩句說道"Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men"（做男人總是充滿危險，出生時男女比例大約是105:100，但到了成熟期，這一比例幾乎持平，而在70歲的老人中女性的人數(shù)是男性的兩倍），說明男人存活下來的幾率低于女人，因此C為正確答案。A選項(xiàng)的問題是現(xiàn)在的一個問題，但題中"used to be"指過去的情況，因此A選項(xiàng)錯誤。B和D選項(xiàng)在原文中沒有提及。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)文章第一段，在過去，作為男人的一個危險是什么？
[A] 缺乏配偶
[B] 激烈的競爭
[C] 存活率較低
[D] 缺損的基因
56. What does the example of India illustrate?
[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
關(guān)于印度的例子出現(xiàn)在文章第二段的最后三句話"India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes"（印度的現(xiàn)狀可以說明正在發(fā)生的一切。這個國家給大城市里的少數(shù)人提供財富，而留給其余的各部落民族都是貧困。今天這種極其顯著的平均化--每個人的生存機(jī)會和子女?dāng)?shù)量都相同--意味著與部落相比較，自然選擇在印度中上層已經(jīng)失去了80％的作用）。瀏覽幾個選項(xiàng)就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)B選項(xiàng)對引文最后半句"natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes"的同義說明，因而是正確選項(xiàng)。A選項(xiàng)的表述在原文中沒有對應(yīng)信息，因而可以排除。C選項(xiàng)對80%這個數(shù)據(jù)的使用與原文意思相反，且選項(xiàng)中的middle class population與原文中的upper-middle-class India意思也有出入。D選項(xiàng)沒有在原文中出現(xiàn)，可以排除。
[題目譯文]
印度的例子說明了什么？
[A] 富人總是比窮人生孩子少。
[B] 自然選擇在富人和窮人之間并不起作用。
[C] 中產(chǎn)階級人口比布羅人口少了80%。
[D] 印度是出生率很高的國家之一。
57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because____ .
[A] life has been improved by technological advance
[B] the number of female babies has been declining
[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
[答案] A
[解題思路]
從題干中的stopped evolving我們可以定為到原文最后一段的第五句話"We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us"（我們沒有進(jìn)化，因?yàn)闄C(jī)器和社會替我們辦了這一切），其中machines and society即與A選項(xiàng)中的technological advance向呼應(yīng)，即科技極大地提高了人們的生活質(zhì)量，以至于我們的身體已經(jīng)停止了進(jìn)化。B和D選項(xiàng)都與這道題討論的evolution話題無關(guān)，可輕松排除。C選項(xiàng)的表述過于絕對，從最后一段的最后一句話"But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us"（但是，不管我們的子孫后代對我們離烏托邦的理想境界之遙遠(yuǎn)感到有多么驚訝，他們的長相將會跟我們差不了多少）可以看出是否停止進(jìn)化尚無定論。
[題目譯文]
作者認(rèn)為我們的身體停止了進(jìn)化的原因在于 。
[A] 技術(shù)進(jìn)步改進(jìn)了我們的生活
[B] 女嬰的數(shù)量一直在下降
[C] 我們這個物種已經(jīng)達(dá)到了人類進(jìn)化的階段
[D] 貧富差距正在消失 2000年P(guān)assage 3
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right, it can hardly be classed as Literature.
This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, of finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.
Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:’ Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.’
This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?
60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to_____.
[A] determine its purposes
[B] ignore its flaws
[C] follow the new fashions
[D] accept the principles
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題需要準(zhǔn)確理解題干的關(guān)鍵詞之一"novel"，在這里不是"小說"的意思，而是一個形容詞，意為與new相同。在確定了這一點(diǎn)之后可以對應(yīng)到原文第一句話"When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at"（當(dāng)一場新的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動形成某種時尚時，理應(yīng)弄清其倡導(dǎo)者的目標(biāo)所在），aming at正好對應(yīng)于A選項(xiàng)中的purposes，因而顯然A為正確選項(xiàng)。
[題目譯文]
當(dāng)一種新的文學(xué)思想出現(xiàn)的時候，人們應(yīng)該試圖 。
[A] 弄清其目的
[B] 忽視其缺點(diǎn)
[C] 緊跟其潮流
[D] 接受其原則
61. Futurists claim that we must____.
[A] increase the production of literature
[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress
[C] develop new modes of expression
[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs
[答案] C
[解題思路]
關(guān)于未來派詩歌的一些創(chuàng)作主張出現(xiàn)在文章的第二段，其中第三句指出"This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression"（未來派詩人聲稱，這種加速的生活節(jié)奏需要一種新的表達(dá)形式），require a new form of expression即C選項(xiàng)中的new modes of expression，form和mode是同義詞，都是"形式"的意思。A和B選項(xiàng)都不是未來派詩歌的主張，而D選項(xiàng)的意思與該段第四句"We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress"（如果我們想詮釋現(xiàn)代生活的壓力，就必須加快文學(xué)發(fā)展的步伐）相反，因?yàn)椴⒉皇侵阜艞壥褂盟械男稳菰~和動詞。
[題目譯文]
未來派詩人聲稱我們必須 。
[A] 增加文學(xué)作品的產(chǎn)量
[B] 用詩歌來緩解現(xiàn)代壓力
[C] 發(fā)展新的表達(dá)模式
[D] 避免使用形容詞和動詞
62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is_____.
[A] based on reasonable principles
[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people
[C] indicative of basic change in human nature
[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature
[答案] D
[解題思路]
第一段最后一句指出"With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right, it can hardly be classed as Literature"（然而，就未來派詩歌而言，情況卻相當(dāng)不同，因?yàn)闊o論未來派詩歌為什么--即使承認(rèn)其理論根據(jù)可能正確--也很難稱之為文學(xué)），同時最后一段第一句也進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)"This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature"（盡管這符合未來派詩歌的規(guī)則和要求，卻很難被歸入文學(xué)之列），說明作者并不認(rèn)為未來派詩歌可以算作文學(xué)，對其持否定態(tài)度，因此A選項(xiàng)不正確。B選項(xiàng)也是錯誤的，因?yàn)槲恼轮胁樯婕捌胀ㄈ藢τ谖磥砼稍姼璧目捶?。C選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)于原文最后一句話"The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed"（實(shí)際問題是：我們真的發(fā)生了根本上的變化嗎），但原文只是指出了一個疑問，并無定論，因而C選項(xiàng)也是錯誤的。D選項(xiàng)則符合作者的觀點(diǎn)，未來派詩歌只會曇花一現(xiàn)，不會立足于文學(xué)界。
[題目譯文]
作者認(rèn)為未來派詩歌是 。
[A] 給予合理的原則
[B] 對于普通百姓來說是新穎和易于接受的
[C] 暗示者人性的基本變化
[D] 與其說是文學(xué)，不如說是一種短暫現(xiàn)象