Acquisition by Find
在美國財(cái)產(chǎn)法上有五種不同形態(tài)的無主物:丟失物(lost property),錯(cuò)放物(Mislaid),拋棄物(Abandoned
property),無主財(cái)寶(Treasure trove)和沉船(Shipwrecks)。對(duì)以上幾種無主物的占有,美國法律一般認(rèn)為,丟失或錯(cuò)放財(cái)物的所有權(quán)仍屬于財(cái)產(chǎn)的原主人(An
owner of property does not lose title by losing his property)。但是,除了真正的物主(true
owner)之外,發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失財(cái)物者對(duì)該財(cái)物的占有優(yōu)先于其他任何人(Finder is entitled to possession
against all the world except the owner),我們在第一提到的Armory v. Delamirie案就是這方面的典型例子。
下面我們來簡要分析一下無主物的所有權(quán)取得(Acquisition by Find)中的法律關(guān)系:
A. 真實(shí)物主和發(fā)現(xiàn)者的關(guān)系(True Owner v. Finder)
1. 丟失或錯(cuò)放財(cái)物的所有權(quán)仍屬于財(cái)產(chǎn)的原主人,沒有“finders keepers”這樣的說法。(Lost or mislaid
property goes back to True Owner)。
2. 拋棄物歸發(fā)現(xiàn)者所有(Abandoned property goes to Finder),另外,拋棄物用拉丁文表示為"res
derelictae",這在原版的財(cái)產(chǎn)法著作中經(jīng)常看到。
B. 發(fā)現(xiàn)者和土地所有者的關(guān)系(Finder v. Landowner)
1. 非法入侵他人領(lǐng)地者,發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失物,不可取得對(duì)丟失物的占有權(quán),丟失物歸現(xiàn)場土地的所有人占有(Property always
goes to Landowner if Finder is trespassing)。
2. 在私人場所發(fā)現(xiàn)無主物,私人場所的所有人而非發(fā)現(xiàn)人取得占有權(quán)(Abandoned, lost or mislaid
property goes to Landowner if found in a private home)。
3. 在向社會(huì)開發(fā)的領(lǐng)地上發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失物或遺忘物,發(fā)現(xiàn)才取得占有權(quán)(Abandoned or lost item goes
to Finder if found in an area open to the public)。
4. 在向社會(huì)開發(fā)的領(lǐng)地上發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)放物,領(lǐng)地所有人取得占有權(quán)(Mislaid item goes to Landowner
if found in an area open to the public)。
5. 家傭在其被雇傭工作期間發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失物,主人取得占有權(quán)(servant finds for his master)。
其次,在美國,關(guān)于無主物的占有取得還有不少政策上的考慮,詳情如下:
Policy concern: need some rule but does it have to be finder
get property and prior possessor prevails? Could be all goes
to the government or whoever needs/values it most. Why does
it have to be winner take all, could you split it. Justifications
for protecting prior possessor's rights are:
1) it preserves law and order, cuts down on succession of theft
or frequent change over of possession,
2) rewards those who possess and maintain property, puts land
to good use,
3) allows for entrusting of goods, bailment, which is an efficient
practice
4)promotes honesty by protecting a finder who reports a find
5) reward labor in returning a useful item to society
6) protects owner without documentation or proof of ownership
7) prior possessors expect to prevail so reinforces idea that
law is just
在美國財(cái)產(chǎn)法上有五種不同形態(tài)的無主物:丟失物(lost property),錯(cuò)放物(Mislaid),拋棄物(Abandoned
property),無主財(cái)寶(Treasure trove)和沉船(Shipwrecks)。對(duì)以上幾種無主物的占有,美國法律一般認(rèn)為,丟失或錯(cuò)放財(cái)物的所有權(quán)仍屬于財(cái)產(chǎn)的原主人(An
owner of property does not lose title by losing his property)。但是,除了真正的物主(true
owner)之外,發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失財(cái)物者對(duì)該財(cái)物的占有優(yōu)先于其他任何人(Finder is entitled to possession
against all the world except the owner),我們在第一提到的Armory v. Delamirie案就是這方面的典型例子。
下面我們來簡要分析一下無主物的所有權(quán)取得(Acquisition by Find)中的法律關(guān)系:
A. 真實(shí)物主和發(fā)現(xiàn)者的關(guān)系(True Owner v. Finder)
1. 丟失或錯(cuò)放財(cái)物的所有權(quán)仍屬于財(cái)產(chǎn)的原主人,沒有“finders keepers”這樣的說法。(Lost or mislaid
property goes back to True Owner)。
2. 拋棄物歸發(fā)現(xiàn)者所有(Abandoned property goes to Finder),另外,拋棄物用拉丁文表示為"res
derelictae",這在原版的財(cái)產(chǎn)法著作中經(jīng)常看到。
B. 發(fā)現(xiàn)者和土地所有者的關(guān)系(Finder v. Landowner)
1. 非法入侵他人領(lǐng)地者,發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失物,不可取得對(duì)丟失物的占有權(quán),丟失物歸現(xiàn)場土地的所有人占有(Property always
goes to Landowner if Finder is trespassing)。
2. 在私人場所發(fā)現(xiàn)無主物,私人場所的所有人而非發(fā)現(xiàn)人取得占有權(quán)(Abandoned, lost or mislaid
property goes to Landowner if found in a private home)。
3. 在向社會(huì)開發(fā)的領(lǐng)地上發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失物或遺忘物,發(fā)現(xiàn)才取得占有權(quán)(Abandoned or lost item goes
to Finder if found in an area open to the public)。
4. 在向社會(huì)開發(fā)的領(lǐng)地上發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)放物,領(lǐng)地所有人取得占有權(quán)(Mislaid item goes to Landowner
if found in an area open to the public)。
5. 家傭在其被雇傭工作期間發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失物,主人取得占有權(quán)(servant finds for his master)。
其次,在美國,關(guān)于無主物的占有取得還有不少政策上的考慮,詳情如下:
Policy concern: need some rule but does it have to be finder
get property and prior possessor prevails? Could be all goes
to the government or whoever needs/values it most. Why does
it have to be winner take all, could you split it. Justifications
for protecting prior possessor's rights are:
1) it preserves law and order, cuts down on succession of theft
or frequent change over of possession,
2) rewards those who possess and maintain property, puts land
to good use,
3) allows for entrusting of goods, bailment, which is an efficient
practice
4)promotes honesty by protecting a finder who reports a find
5) reward labor in returning a useful item to society
6) protects owner without documentation or proof of ownership
7) prior possessors expect to prevail so reinforces idea that
law is just