WritingbasedonReadingandListening2

Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness； individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves. Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act. In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing—it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat's group. Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.
    Narrator Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading. [解析]這是與讀、聽結合的寫作任務。這一題型是關于學術方面的，閱讀文章講述的是一個學術問題，聽力部分是課堂授課的節(jié)選，內(nèi)容與閱讀文章有關，但是從不同的角度討論同一個問題。聽力中的內(nèi)容有可能是支持閱讀文章的觀點，也有可能是反對閱讀文章中的內(nèi)容。考生永遠需要總結聽力中的觀點，但同時需要闡述聽力中的觀點與閱讀文章中觀點的關系。
    閱讀文章是關于動物的一種“舍己為人”的行為，基本觀點有:人類的“舍己為人”的行為有比如:與人分享食品、捐獻器官。然后以meerkat這種動物為例，說明動物也有“舍己為人”的行為。Meerkat的幾種行為說明他們是“舍己為人”的:擔任警衛(wèi)工作的meerkat在同類狩獵或是吃飯的時候，負責觀察是否有敵人靠近，一旦有敵人靠近就發(fā)出警報以通知同類逃離，做出的犧牲就是沒有吃東西就站崗；發(fā)出警報后只能獨自逃離，增加了被捕食的危險。聽力部分從相反的角度反對這一觀點，提出的觀點有:meerkat的進食習慣，新的發(fā)現(xiàn)是站崗的meerkat實際上是第一個吃東西的，而不是餓著肚子站崗；站崗的meerkat站在洞口附近，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)危險，可以立即跑進洞中，成為有可能逃離危險的一個，那些東出去找食物的同類反倒更危險。關于人類捐獻器官，教授認為其實捐獻者得到了社會的贊揚，自身價值的提高等非物質(zhì)的報償。
    考生需要從三個方面進行對比討論:閱讀文章中的觀點 聽力中的觀點人類的器官捐獻是無私的行為 人類的器官捐獻得到來自社會的承認和贊譽。
    meerkat衛(wèi)兵不吃東西就去站崗 Meerkat為兵早于其同類吃飯才去站崗Meerkat衛(wèi)兵被捕食的危險大 meerkat實際上是容易逃離危險的
    同樣的，好的回答一定是讓沒有聽過對話的人也能明白你在講些什么地回答。