2003年Text 2
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing."One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes."Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers."Such well-meaning people just don’s understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable, way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to
[A] call on scientists to take some actions.
[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.
[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research.
[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題的對應信息在文章第一段，Edmund Burke的原話為"all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing"（受錯誤思想引導的事業(yè)要想取得勝利，只需好人袖手旁觀）。文章進而在該段第三句話中提出主題，即"Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care"（科學家應該對動物權(quán)利鼓吹者做出有力的回應，因為他們的言論混淆了公眾的視聽，從而威脅到衛(wèi)生知識和醫(yī)療服務的進步），也就是說，科學家們受到了人們的誤解，他們應該做出一些行動來反擊那些動物權(quán)利倡導者。D選型很顯然不是科學家們希望看到的，因而可以排除。C選項所言過于悲觀，文章并沒有指出生物醫(yī)學研究已面臨doom，而B選項有一定的迷惑性，但是文中并沒有認為科學家應該批判那些動物權(quán)利倡導者，只是指出了后者的無知。
[題目譯文]
作者用Edmund Burke的話作為文章的開頭是為了 。
[A] 呼吁科學家們采取一些行動
[B] 批評動物權(quán)利這個受到錯誤思想引導的事業(yè)
[C] 警告生物醫(yī)學末日即將到來
[D] 證明動物權(quán)利運動取得了勝利
47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is
[A] cruel but natural.
[B] inhuman and unacceptable.
[C] inevitable but vicious.
[D] pointless and wasteful.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
文中前三段都在談論動物權(quán)利倡導者反對使用動物進行醫(yī)學實驗，并多次用cruelty和 cruel這些詞匯。文章第三段最后一句話指出"To those... animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst"（對于他們來說，動物實驗說得好聽點是浪費，說得不好聽就是殘忍）。因此答案中只有B選型最能表達原文的含義，即以動物做研究既不人道也不可接受。A和C選項中的natural和inevitable與原文意思相左，因此可以排除。D選項具有一定干擾性，在某種程度上也是正確的，但是卻沒有表示出這些人強烈反對的態(tài)度，因而也不是正確選項。
[題目譯文]
受誤導的人們往往會認為在研究中使用動物是 。
[A] 殘忍而自然的
[B] 不人道且不可接受的
[C] 難免卻邪惡的
[D] 沒有意義且浪費的
48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s
[A] discontent with animal research.
[B] ignorance about medical science.
[C] indifference to epidemics.
[D] anxiety about animal rights.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
老奶奶的例子所對應的信息在文章第二段。老太太顯然對動物用于一些基礎(chǔ)性的研究、如疫苗的研究等情況一無所知。該段最后一句總結(jié)到"Such well-meaning people just don’t understand"（這些善意的人只不過是不了解情況），這正呼應了第一段中說明的公眾對醫(yī)學研究的無知，因此B選項為正確答案。C選項與原文無關(guān)，而A、D選項的錯誤在于這個例子的目的并不在于說明公眾對動物權(quán)利的焦慮或動物研究的不滿，且原文也為提及焦慮。
[題目譯文]
奶奶的例子是用來證明公眾 。
[A] 對動物研究的不滿
[B] 對醫(yī)學的無知
[C] 對流行病的漠不關(guān)心
[D] 對動物權(quán)利的憂慮
49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should
[A] communicate more with the public.
[B] employ hi-tech means in research.
[C] feel no shame for their cause.
[D] strive to develop new cures.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題對應信息為第三段的第一句話"Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable, way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology"（科學家必須把他們的信息傳達給公眾，并且要使用有通俗易懂且能夠引起共鳴的語言，而不要使用分子生物學的專業(yè)術(shù)語），也就是為了更好地對付動物權(quán)利倡導者，科學家需要用更多簡明的語言與公眾交流以獲得支持和理解，因此A為正確選項。B、C、D都不是文中提議的應對方法。
[題目譯文]
作者相信，面對動物權(quán)利倡導者的挑戰(zhàn)，科學家們應該 。
[A] 多余公眾進行交流
[B] 在研究中采用高科技的手段
[C] 不要為自己的事業(yè)感到慚愧
[D] 努力發(fā)展新的療法 2003年Text 3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the .2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because
[A] cost reduction is based on competition.
[B] services call for cross-trade coordination.
[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.
[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題的對應信息為第二段，其中該段第二句話說"Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks"（他們認為，在卡車運輸?shù)募ち腋偁幟媲?，壟斷的威脅已經(jīng)不復存在）。因此，支持鐵路公司合并的人們認為來自卡車運輸?shù)母偁帟柚硅F路壟斷的形成，因此只有C選項符合題意，其中"outside competition"指的就是"competition from trucks"。對于A選項，盡管該段第一句提到了"Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service"（組建超大型鐵路集團的支持者們認為，兼并將帶來成本的大幅降低，提高協(xié)調(diào)服務），但并沒有提到成本降低與競爭的關(guān)系。B選項的"cross-trade coordination"在原文沒有提及。D選項針對的是該段最后一句"But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat"（但許多客戶卻抱怨說，對于依賴長途運輸?shù)拇笞谏唐啡缑禾俊⒒瘜W制品和糧食來說，由于公路運輸花費太大，因此鐵路公司"卡住了他們的脖子"），但卻恰恰顛倒了原句的主語和賓語，具有很強的干擾性。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)那些支持合并的人們的觀點，鐵路壟斷不可能發(fā)生，因為 。
[A] 成本的降低以競爭為基礎(chǔ)
[B] 服務業(yè)需要跨行業(yè)的協(xié)調(diào)
[C] 外部競爭者將會繼續(xù)存在
[D] 托運人將控制鐵路運輸
55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by
[A] the continuing acquisition.
[B] the growing traffic.
[C] the cheering Wall Street.
[D] the shrinking market.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題的對應信息在文章的最后一段。該段第一至三句談到"Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on"（許多"受制"客戶還擔心他們很快將遭遇一輪新的大幅漲價。從整體來說，雖然鐵路行業(yè)有耀眼的資產(chǎn)，但它的收入仍然不足以支付為滿足不斷增長的運輸需要而進行的固定資產(chǎn)投資。然而鐵路公司仍然繼續(xù)貸款數(shù)十億美元來進行相互兼并，而華爾街也鼓勵它們這樣做），后面還舉了例子說明鐵路公司由于并購而借入了大量資金，其與公司收入之間的缺口恐怕就要托運人來填補了，從而導致鐵路行業(yè)成本的進一步上升，因此A選項符合原文。B選項對應于第二句話中的"surging traffic"，但這并不是最主要的原因。而C、D選項則與題干的問題無關(guān)。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)本文，鐵路業(yè)成本的增加主要是由于 。
[A] 持續(xù)的購置
[B] 日益繁忙的交通
[C] 令人振奮的華爾街
[D] 縮小的市場 2003年Text 4
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In1950, the U.S. spent .7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-----say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty todie and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former Surgeon General C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.
57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that
[A] medical resources are often wasted.
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.
[C] some treatments are too aggressive.
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
the example of cancer patients出現(xiàn)在文章第二段第四句話"The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care"（最明顯的例子是晚期癌癥的治療），它用來具體例證前一句話的觀點，即"Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless"（由于醫(yī)療費用由第三方支付，我們常常要求用盡所有的醫(yī)療手段為我們治療，哪怕這些治療不起任何作用）。"useless"正是說明很都醫(yī)療資源都被浪費了，正好對應于A選項。D選項在該段中沒有提及，可以排除。B和C選項都是該段第三句話中的一些細節(jié)，并不是作者想通過例子說明的問題。
[題目譯文]
作者用癌癥患者的例子是想證明 。
[A] 醫(yī)療資源經(jīng)常被浪費
[B] 醫(yī)生對絕癥都無力回天
[C] 有些治療過于大膽
[D] 醫(yī)療費用變得越來越無法承受
59. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care
[A]. more flexibly.
[B] more extravagantly.
[C].more cautiously.
[D] more reasonably.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題對應信息為最后一段的第三句話"I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have"（我也深知在醫(yī)療開銷少得多的日本和瑞典，人們不僅活得比我們久，而且還比我們健康）。此外，最后一句進一步指出"As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives"（作為一個國家，我們可能在尋求無法奏效的治療方法上花錢太多，而在研究能提高人們生活質(zhì)量的簡單方法上投入太少），因此作者認為日本和瑞典人在醫(yī)療上的花費更加理性，更加合理，因此D選項為正確答案。
[題目譯文]
與美國相比，日本和瑞典在醫(yī)療方面的投入 。
[A] 更加靈活
[B] 更加奢侈
[C] 更加謹慎
[D] 更加合理 2004年Text 1
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s personal search agent. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. "I struck gold," says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.
With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: "Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility." says one expert.
For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept--what you think you want to do--then broaden it. "None of these programs do that," says another expert. "There‘s no career counseling implicit in all of this." Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database；when you get E-mail，consider it a reminder to check the database again. "I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me," says the author of a job-searching guide.
Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs--those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them--and they do. "On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic," says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.
Even those who aren‘t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. "You always keep your eyes open," he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.
41. How did Redmon find his job?
[A] By searching openings in a job database.
[B] By posting a matching position in a database.
[C] By using a special service of a database.
[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應信息為文章第一段。四個選項都提到了database（數(shù)據(jù)庫），對于該數(shù)據(jù)庫可描述在第一段的第三句"It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database"（這是一種互動功能的搜索器，訪問者可以鍵入諸如地點、職位和薪水等的求職要求，等到資料庫里有了相應的工作職位，系統(tǒng)就會發(fā)電子郵件給他們。），同時下面兩句也說明"Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening"（Redmon輸入了法律、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)和哥倫比亞特區(qū)華盛頓這些關(guān)鍵詞，三周后，他收到了第一份職位空缺通知）。因此Redmond既沒有在數(shù)據(jù)庫中尋找職位、也沒有在上面發(fā)布匹配的職位（他只是輸入了自己要求職位的關(guān)鍵信息），同時也沒有把自己的簡歷發(fā)給了數(shù)據(jù)庫，因此A、B、D選擇均可排除，正確答案為C。所謂的"special service"就是"personal search agent"。
[題目譯文]
Redmon是如何找到工作的？
[A] 通過在一個工作數(shù)據(jù)庫中尋找空缺職位
[B] 通過在一個數(shù)據(jù)庫中張貼相匹配的職位
[C] 通過使用一個數(shù)據(jù)庫中的特殊服務
[D] 通過發(fā)簡歷到一個數(shù)據(jù)庫
42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?
[A] Lack of counseling.
[B] Limited number of visits.
[C] Lower efficiency.
[D] Fewer successful matches.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題要求判斷search agent的缺點，而文章第三段第三句話的引文中指出，"There‘s no career counseling implicit in all of this"（整個系統(tǒng)中沒有任何關(guān)于就業(yè)咨詢的內(nèi)容），也就是說這些搜索代理都缺乏咨詢方面的服務，因此A為正確答案。而B、C、D選項在文中并沒有明確提及，因而都是干擾選項，可以排除。
[題目譯文]
下面的哪一項是搜索代理的缺點？
[A] 缺乏咨詢服務
[B] 有限的訪問量
[C] 較低的效率
[D] 成功匹配不多
44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?
[A] To focus on better job matches.
[B] To attract more returning visits.
[C] To reserve space for more messages.
[D] To increase the rate of success.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題的對應信息為文章第四段，仔細分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn)該段的幾句話都是圍繞著第一句段落主題句"Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return"（有的網(wǎng)站盡力設(shè)計自己的代理系統(tǒng)，以吸引求職者的回訪展開的。CareerSite給每位求職者只發(fā)送它認為的三個職位，但是數(shù)據(jù)庫中其實有更多的職位，因此訪客不得不回到數(shù)據(jù)庫中訪問，于是便有了更多的回頭率，因此B選項如何原文。A選項的錯誤在于該代理給客戶的電子郵件中已經(jīng)包含了的職位信息，因此無需關(guān)注更好的職位。而C、D選項則都是無中生有，在文中并沒有依據(jù)。
[題目譯文]
為什么"打造事業(yè)"代理給每一個找工作的人只提供三個工作選擇？
[A] 為了突出更好的工作匹配
[B] 為了吸引更多的回頭客
[C] 為了給更多信息留下空間
[D] 為了提高成功率
45. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.
[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.
[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.
[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
首先，雖然本文從始至終在談論使用搜索代理對找工作的幫助，但并沒有談到這種工具對找工作的人來說是不可或缺的，因此A選項錯誤。其次，文中只談到搜索代理用電子郵件給客戶發(fā)送職位信息，但并沒有跟蹤其需求，因此B選項也是錯誤的，此外文中最后一段提到keep a close watch on the demand的是那些已經(jīng)有工作的人，不是搜索代理。D選項的表述在文中沒有提到。C選項的對應信息在文章最后一段，"Even those who aren‘t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile"（即使那些并不需要找工作的人也覺得搜索代理很有用處），因此為正確選項。
[題目譯文]
下列哪一項符合文意？
[A] 個人搜索代理對于找工作的人們來說是必不可少的。
[B] 有些網(wǎng)站一直給找工作的人發(fā)郵件以跟蹤他們的需求
[C] 個人搜索代理也能夠幫助那些已經(jīng)有工作的人
[D] 人們一旦找到了工作，那些一些代理就不再給這些人發(fā)送信息
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing."One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes."Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers."Such well-meaning people just don’s understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable, way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to
[A] call on scientists to take some actions.
[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.
[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research.
[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題的對應信息在文章第一段，Edmund Burke的原話為"all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing"（受錯誤思想引導的事業(yè)要想取得勝利，只需好人袖手旁觀）。文章進而在該段第三句話中提出主題，即"Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care"（科學家應該對動物權(quán)利鼓吹者做出有力的回應，因為他們的言論混淆了公眾的視聽，從而威脅到衛(wèi)生知識和醫(yī)療服務的進步），也就是說，科學家們受到了人們的誤解，他們應該做出一些行動來反擊那些動物權(quán)利倡導者。D選型很顯然不是科學家們希望看到的，因而可以排除。C選項所言過于悲觀，文章并沒有指出生物醫(yī)學研究已面臨doom，而B選項有一定的迷惑性，但是文中并沒有認為科學家應該批判那些動物權(quán)利倡導者，只是指出了后者的無知。
[題目譯文]
作者用Edmund Burke的話作為文章的開頭是為了 。
[A] 呼吁科學家們采取一些行動
[B] 批評動物權(quán)利這個受到錯誤思想引導的事業(yè)
[C] 警告生物醫(yī)學末日即將到來
[D] 證明動物權(quán)利運動取得了勝利
47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is
[A] cruel but natural.
[B] inhuman and unacceptable.
[C] inevitable but vicious.
[D] pointless and wasteful.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
文中前三段都在談論動物權(quán)利倡導者反對使用動物進行醫(yī)學實驗，并多次用cruelty和 cruel這些詞匯。文章第三段最后一句話指出"To those... animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst"（對于他們來說，動物實驗說得好聽點是浪費，說得不好聽就是殘忍）。因此答案中只有B選型最能表達原文的含義，即以動物做研究既不人道也不可接受。A和C選項中的natural和inevitable與原文意思相左，因此可以排除。D選項具有一定干擾性，在某種程度上也是正確的，但是卻沒有表示出這些人強烈反對的態(tài)度，因而也不是正確選項。
[題目譯文]
受誤導的人們往往會認為在研究中使用動物是 。
[A] 殘忍而自然的
[B] 不人道且不可接受的
[C] 難免卻邪惡的
[D] 沒有意義且浪費的
48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s
[A] discontent with animal research.
[B] ignorance about medical science.
[C] indifference to epidemics.
[D] anxiety about animal rights.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
老奶奶的例子所對應的信息在文章第二段。老太太顯然對動物用于一些基礎(chǔ)性的研究、如疫苗的研究等情況一無所知。該段最后一句總結(jié)到"Such well-meaning people just don’t understand"（這些善意的人只不過是不了解情況），這正呼應了第一段中說明的公眾對醫(yī)學研究的無知，因此B選項為正確答案。C選項與原文無關(guān)，而A、D選項的錯誤在于這個例子的目的并不在于說明公眾對動物權(quán)利的焦慮或動物研究的不滿，且原文也為提及焦慮。
[題目譯文]
奶奶的例子是用來證明公眾 。
[A] 對動物研究的不滿
[B] 對醫(yī)學的無知
[C] 對流行病的漠不關(guān)心
[D] 對動物權(quán)利的憂慮
49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should
[A] communicate more with the public.
[B] employ hi-tech means in research.
[C] feel no shame for their cause.
[D] strive to develop new cures.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題對應信息為第三段的第一句話"Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable, way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology"（科學家必須把他們的信息傳達給公眾，并且要使用有通俗易懂且能夠引起共鳴的語言，而不要使用分子生物學的專業(yè)術(shù)語），也就是為了更好地對付動物權(quán)利倡導者，科學家需要用更多簡明的語言與公眾交流以獲得支持和理解，因此A為正確選項。B、C、D都不是文中提議的應對方法。
[題目譯文]
作者相信，面對動物權(quán)利倡導者的挑戰(zhàn)，科學家們應該 。
[A] 多余公眾進行交流
[B] 在研究中采用高科技的手段
[C] 不要為自己的事業(yè)感到慚愧
[D] 努力發(fā)展新的療法 2003年Text 3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the .2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because
[A] cost reduction is based on competition.
[B] services call for cross-trade coordination.
[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.
[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題的對應信息為第二段，其中該段第二句話說"Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks"（他們認為，在卡車運輸?shù)募ち腋偁幟媲?，壟斷的威脅已經(jīng)不復存在）。因此，支持鐵路公司合并的人們認為來自卡車運輸?shù)母偁帟柚硅F路壟斷的形成，因此只有C選項符合題意，其中"outside competition"指的就是"competition from trucks"。對于A選項，盡管該段第一句提到了"Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service"（組建超大型鐵路集團的支持者們認為，兼并將帶來成本的大幅降低，提高協(xié)調(diào)服務），但并沒有提到成本降低與競爭的關(guān)系。B選項的"cross-trade coordination"在原文沒有提及。D選項針對的是該段最后一句"But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat"（但許多客戶卻抱怨說，對于依賴長途運輸?shù)拇笞谏唐啡缑禾俊⒒瘜W制品和糧食來說，由于公路運輸花費太大，因此鐵路公司"卡住了他們的脖子"），但卻恰恰顛倒了原句的主語和賓語，具有很強的干擾性。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)那些支持合并的人們的觀點，鐵路壟斷不可能發(fā)生，因為 。
[A] 成本的降低以競爭為基礎(chǔ)
[B] 服務業(yè)需要跨行業(yè)的協(xié)調(diào)
[C] 外部競爭者將會繼續(xù)存在
[D] 托運人將控制鐵路運輸
55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by
[A] the continuing acquisition.
[B] the growing traffic.
[C] the cheering Wall Street.
[D] the shrinking market.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題的對應信息在文章的最后一段。該段第一至三句談到"Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on"（許多"受制"客戶還擔心他們很快將遭遇一輪新的大幅漲價。從整體來說，雖然鐵路行業(yè)有耀眼的資產(chǎn)，但它的收入仍然不足以支付為滿足不斷增長的運輸需要而進行的固定資產(chǎn)投資。然而鐵路公司仍然繼續(xù)貸款數(shù)十億美元來進行相互兼并，而華爾街也鼓勵它們這樣做），后面還舉了例子說明鐵路公司由于并購而借入了大量資金，其與公司收入之間的缺口恐怕就要托運人來填補了，從而導致鐵路行業(yè)成本的進一步上升，因此A選項符合原文。B選項對應于第二句話中的"surging traffic"，但這并不是最主要的原因。而C、D選項則與題干的問題無關(guān)。
[題目譯文]
根據(jù)本文，鐵路業(yè)成本的增加主要是由于 。
[A] 持續(xù)的購置
[B] 日益繁忙的交通
[C] 令人振奮的華爾街
[D] 縮小的市場 2003年Text 4
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In1950, the U.S. spent .7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-----say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty todie and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former Surgeon General C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.
57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that
[A] medical resources are often wasted.
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.
[C] some treatments are too aggressive.
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
the example of cancer patients出現(xiàn)在文章第二段第四句話"The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care"（最明顯的例子是晚期癌癥的治療），它用來具體例證前一句話的觀點，即"Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless"（由于醫(yī)療費用由第三方支付，我們常常要求用盡所有的醫(yī)療手段為我們治療，哪怕這些治療不起任何作用）。"useless"正是說明很都醫(yī)療資源都被浪費了，正好對應于A選項。D選項在該段中沒有提及，可以排除。B和C選項都是該段第三句話中的一些細節(jié)，并不是作者想通過例子說明的問題。
[題目譯文]
作者用癌癥患者的例子是想證明 。
[A] 醫(yī)療資源經(jīng)常被浪費
[B] 醫(yī)生對絕癥都無力回天
[C] 有些治療過于大膽
[D] 醫(yī)療費用變得越來越無法承受
59. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care
[A]. more flexibly.
[B] more extravagantly.
[C].more cautiously.
[D] more reasonably.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題對應信息為最后一段的第三句話"I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have"（我也深知在醫(yī)療開銷少得多的日本和瑞典，人們不僅活得比我們久，而且還比我們健康）。此外，最后一句進一步指出"As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives"（作為一個國家，我們可能在尋求無法奏效的治療方法上花錢太多，而在研究能提高人們生活質(zhì)量的簡單方法上投入太少），因此作者認為日本和瑞典人在醫(yī)療上的花費更加理性，更加合理，因此D選項為正確答案。
[題目譯文]
與美國相比，日本和瑞典在醫(yī)療方面的投入 。
[A] 更加靈活
[B] 更加奢侈
[C] 更加謹慎
[D] 更加合理 2004年Text 1
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s personal search agent. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. "I struck gold," says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.
With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: "Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility." says one expert.
For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept--what you think you want to do--then broaden it. "None of these programs do that," says another expert. "There‘s no career counseling implicit in all of this." Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database；when you get E-mail，consider it a reminder to check the database again. "I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me," says the author of a job-searching guide.
Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs--those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them--and they do. "On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic," says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.
Even those who aren‘t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. "You always keep your eyes open," he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.
41. How did Redmon find his job?
[A] By searching openings in a job database.
[B] By posting a matching position in a database.
[C] By using a special service of a database.
[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題對應信息為文章第一段。四個選項都提到了database（數(shù)據(jù)庫），對于該數(shù)據(jù)庫可描述在第一段的第三句"It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database"（這是一種互動功能的搜索器，訪問者可以鍵入諸如地點、職位和薪水等的求職要求，等到資料庫里有了相應的工作職位，系統(tǒng)就會發(fā)電子郵件給他們。），同時下面兩句也說明"Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening"（Redmon輸入了法律、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)和哥倫比亞特區(qū)華盛頓這些關(guān)鍵詞，三周后，他收到了第一份職位空缺通知）。因此Redmond既沒有在數(shù)據(jù)庫中尋找職位、也沒有在上面發(fā)布匹配的職位（他只是輸入了自己要求職位的關(guān)鍵信息），同時也沒有把自己的簡歷發(fā)給了數(shù)據(jù)庫，因此A、B、D選擇均可排除，正確答案為C。所謂的"special service"就是"personal search agent"。
[題目譯文]
Redmon是如何找到工作的？
[A] 通過在一個工作數(shù)據(jù)庫中尋找空缺職位
[B] 通過在一個數(shù)據(jù)庫中張貼相匹配的職位
[C] 通過使用一個數(shù)據(jù)庫中的特殊服務
[D] 通過發(fā)簡歷到一個數(shù)據(jù)庫
42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?
[A] Lack of counseling.
[B] Limited number of visits.
[C] Lower efficiency.
[D] Fewer successful matches.
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題要求判斷search agent的缺點，而文章第三段第三句話的引文中指出，"There‘s no career counseling implicit in all of this"（整個系統(tǒng)中沒有任何關(guān)于就業(yè)咨詢的內(nèi)容），也就是說這些搜索代理都缺乏咨詢方面的服務，因此A為正確答案。而B、C、D選項在文中并沒有明確提及，因而都是干擾選項，可以排除。
[題目譯文]
下面的哪一項是搜索代理的缺點？
[A] 缺乏咨詢服務
[B] 有限的訪問量
[C] 較低的效率
[D] 成功匹配不多
44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?
[A] To focus on better job matches.
[B] To attract more returning visits.
[C] To reserve space for more messages.
[D] To increase the rate of success.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題的對應信息為文章第四段，仔細分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn)該段的幾句話都是圍繞著第一句段落主題句"Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return"（有的網(wǎng)站盡力設(shè)計自己的代理系統(tǒng)，以吸引求職者的回訪展開的。CareerSite給每位求職者只發(fā)送它認為的三個職位，但是數(shù)據(jù)庫中其實有更多的職位，因此訪客不得不回到數(shù)據(jù)庫中訪問，于是便有了更多的回頭率，因此B選項如何原文。A選項的錯誤在于該代理給客戶的電子郵件中已經(jīng)包含了的職位信息，因此無需關(guān)注更好的職位。而C、D選項則都是無中生有，在文中并沒有依據(jù)。
[題目譯文]
為什么"打造事業(yè)"代理給每一個找工作的人只提供三個工作選擇？
[A] 為了突出更好的工作匹配
[B] 為了吸引更多的回頭客
[C] 為了給更多信息留下空間
[D] 為了提高成功率
45. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.
[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.
[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.
[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
首先，雖然本文從始至終在談論使用搜索代理對找工作的幫助，但并沒有談到這種工具對找工作的人來說是不可或缺的，因此A選項錯誤。其次，文中只談到搜索代理用電子郵件給客戶發(fā)送職位信息，但并沒有跟蹤其需求，因此B選項也是錯誤的，此外文中最后一段提到keep a close watch on the demand的是那些已經(jīng)有工作的人，不是搜索代理。D選項的表述在文中沒有提到。C選項的對應信息在文章最后一段，"Even those who aren‘t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile"（即使那些并不需要找工作的人也覺得搜索代理很有用處），因此為正確選項。
[題目譯文]
下列哪一項符合文意？
[A] 個人搜索代理對于找工作的人們來說是必不可少的。
[B] 有些網(wǎng)站一直給找工作的人發(fā)郵件以跟蹤他們的需求
[C] 個人搜索代理也能夠幫助那些已經(jīng)有工作的人
[D] 人們一旦找到了工作，那些一些代理就不再給這些人發(fā)送信息