Project Management Process Groups
項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程組
This section identifies and describes the five Project Management Process Groups required for any project.These five Process Groups have clear dependencies and are performed in the same sequence on each project.They are independent of application areas or industry focus.Individual Process Groups and individual constituent processes are often iterated prior to completing the project.Constituent processes also can have interactions both within a Process Group and among Process Groups.
本節(jié)識(shí)別與說(shuō)明任何一個(gè)項(xiàng)目所必需的5個(gè)項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程組。這5個(gè)項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程組之間的依賴關(guān)系很清楚，對(duì)于每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目都是按照同樣的順序進(jìn)行的。它們與應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域或行業(yè)關(guān)心的重點(diǎn)無(wú)關(guān)。各個(gè)過(guò)程組及其子過(guò)程在項(xiàng)目完成之前經(jīng)常被多次反復(fù)。子過(guò)程在過(guò)程組內(nèi)或過(guò)程組之間也相互作用和影響。
The symbols for the process flow diagrams are shown in Figure 3-3:
繪制過(guò)程流程圖使用的符號(hào)如圖3-3所示：
Process Groups
過(guò)程組；
Processes within the Process Groups
過(guò)程組內(nèi)的子過(guò)程；
Organizational Process Assets and Enterprise Environmental Factors,shown as inputs to and outputs from the Process Groups,but external to the processes
組織過(guò)程資產(chǎn)和事業(yè)環(huán)境因素，是過(guò)程組的依據(jù)和成果，但其存在于子過(guò)程之外；
Arrows or line arrows indicate process or data flow among or within the Process Groups.
箭頭或箭線表示子過(guò)程或數(shù)據(jù)在過(guò)程組內(nèi)或過(guò)程組之間的流動(dòng)。
Note:Not all process interactions and data flow among the processes are shown in an effort to make the diagrams more readable.
說(shuō)明：為使本圖易于理解，沒(méi)有將過(guò)程間的所有互相作用和相互影響以及數(shù)據(jù)流表示出來(lái)。The process flow diagram,Figure 3-4,provides an overall summary of the basic flow and interactions among the Process Groups.An individual process may define and constrain how inputs are used to produce outputs for that Process Group.A Process Group includes the constituent project management processes that are linked by the respective inputs and outputs,that is,the result or outcome of one process becomes the input to another.The Monitoring and Controlling Process Group,for example,not only monitors and controls the work being done during a Process Group,but also monitors and controls the entire project effort.The Monitoring and Controlling Process Group must also provide feedback to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan or to appropriately modify the project management plan.Many additional interactions among the Process Groups are likely.The Process Groups are not project phases.Where large or complex projects may be separated into distinct phases or sub-projects such as feasibility study,concept development,design,prototype,build,test,etc.all of the Process Group processes would normally be repeated for each phase or subproject.
圖3-4中的流程圖是過(guò)程組之間的基本數(shù)據(jù)流程和交互作用的粗略概括。其中，某個(gè)過(guò)程可以定義和制約該過(guò)程如何利用依據(jù)創(chuàng)造成果。一個(gè)過(guò)程組包括以各自的依據(jù)和成果相互聯(lián)系的項(xiàng)目管理子過(guò)程，也就是說(shuō)，一個(gè)過(guò)程的結(jié)果或成果變成了另一個(gè)過(guò)程的依據(jù)。例如，監(jiān)控過(guò)程組不僅監(jiān)視和控制某一過(guò)程組正在進(jìn)行的工作，而且還監(jiān)視和控制整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的成果。監(jiān)控過(guò)程組還必須提供反饋，以便決定是否需要為了使項(xiàng)目符合項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃而實(shí)施糾正或預(yù)防措施，或者適當(dāng)?shù)匦薷捻?xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃。過(guò)程組之間也有可能增添許多其他相互關(guān)系或相互影響。但是，過(guò)程組不是項(xiàng)目階段。當(dāng)大項(xiàng)目或復(fù)雜項(xiàng)目有可能分解為不同的階段或者不同的子項(xiàng)目時(shí)，如可行性研究、概念推敲、設(shè)計(jì)、樣機(jī)或樣品、建造、試驗(yàn)等，每一階段或子項(xiàng)目都要重復(fù)過(guò)程組的所有子過(guò)程。
項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程組
This section identifies and describes the five Project Management Process Groups required for any project.These five Process Groups have clear dependencies and are performed in the same sequence on each project.They are independent of application areas or industry focus.Individual Process Groups and individual constituent processes are often iterated prior to completing the project.Constituent processes also can have interactions both within a Process Group and among Process Groups.
本節(jié)識(shí)別與說(shuō)明任何一個(gè)項(xiàng)目所必需的5個(gè)項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程組。這5個(gè)項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程組之間的依賴關(guān)系很清楚，對(duì)于每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目都是按照同樣的順序進(jìn)行的。它們與應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域或行業(yè)關(guān)心的重點(diǎn)無(wú)關(guān)。各個(gè)過(guò)程組及其子過(guò)程在項(xiàng)目完成之前經(jīng)常被多次反復(fù)。子過(guò)程在過(guò)程組內(nèi)或過(guò)程組之間也相互作用和影響。
The symbols for the process flow diagrams are shown in Figure 3-3:
繪制過(guò)程流程圖使用的符號(hào)如圖3-3所示：
Process Groups
過(guò)程組；
Processes within the Process Groups
過(guò)程組內(nèi)的子過(guò)程；
Organizational Process Assets and Enterprise Environmental Factors,shown as inputs to and outputs from the Process Groups,but external to the processes
組織過(guò)程資產(chǎn)和事業(yè)環(huán)境因素，是過(guò)程組的依據(jù)和成果，但其存在于子過(guò)程之外；
Arrows or line arrows indicate process or data flow among or within the Process Groups.
箭頭或箭線表示子過(guò)程或數(shù)據(jù)在過(guò)程組內(nèi)或過(guò)程組之間的流動(dòng)。
Note:Not all process interactions and data flow among the processes are shown in an effort to make the diagrams more readable.
說(shuō)明：為使本圖易于理解，沒(méi)有將過(guò)程間的所有互相作用和相互影響以及數(shù)據(jù)流表示出來(lái)。The process flow diagram,Figure 3-4,provides an overall summary of the basic flow and interactions among the Process Groups.An individual process may define and constrain how inputs are used to produce outputs for that Process Group.A Process Group includes the constituent project management processes that are linked by the respective inputs and outputs,that is,the result or outcome of one process becomes the input to another.The Monitoring and Controlling Process Group,for example,not only monitors and controls the work being done during a Process Group,but also monitors and controls the entire project effort.The Monitoring and Controlling Process Group must also provide feedback to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan or to appropriately modify the project management plan.Many additional interactions among the Process Groups are likely.The Process Groups are not project phases.Where large or complex projects may be separated into distinct phases or sub-projects such as feasibility study,concept development,design,prototype,build,test,etc.all of the Process Group processes would normally be repeated for each phase or subproject.
圖3-4中的流程圖是過(guò)程組之間的基本數(shù)據(jù)流程和交互作用的粗略概括。其中，某個(gè)過(guò)程可以定義和制約該過(guò)程如何利用依據(jù)創(chuàng)造成果。一個(gè)過(guò)程組包括以各自的依據(jù)和成果相互聯(lián)系的項(xiàng)目管理子過(guò)程，也就是說(shuō)，一個(gè)過(guò)程的結(jié)果或成果變成了另一個(gè)過(guò)程的依據(jù)。例如，監(jiān)控過(guò)程組不僅監(jiān)視和控制某一過(guò)程組正在進(jìn)行的工作，而且還監(jiān)視和控制整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的成果。監(jiān)控過(guò)程組還必須提供反饋，以便決定是否需要為了使項(xiàng)目符合項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃而實(shí)施糾正或預(yù)防措施，或者適當(dāng)?shù)匦薷捻?xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃。過(guò)程組之間也有可能增添許多其他相互關(guān)系或相互影響。但是，過(guò)程組不是項(xiàng)目階段。當(dāng)大項(xiàng)目或復(fù)雜項(xiàng)目有可能分解為不同的階段或者不同的子項(xiàng)目時(shí)，如可行性研究、概念推敲、設(shè)計(jì)、樣機(jī)或樣品、建造、試驗(yàn)等，每一階段或子項(xiàng)目都要重復(fù)過(guò)程組的所有子過(guò)程。