1993年P(guān)assage 1
Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick Ⅱ in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about l,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern "toy-bear". And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child , where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’ s babbling ( 咿呀學(xué)語(yǔ)) , grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
34. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?
[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man.
[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.
[C] The child’s brain is highly selective.
[D] Most children learn their language in definite stages.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題應(yīng)該與原文一一對(duì)應(yīng)進(jìn)行排除。A選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于文章第五段第一句話"Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak"（近來(lái)的一些證據(jù)顯示，嬰兒天生就有說(shuō)話能力），選項(xiàng)的表述與原文是一致的。C選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于文章第五段最后一句話"And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways"（更加令人難以置信的是，嬰兒的大腦能夠從他聽到的周圍各種聲音中找到語(yǔ)言的順序，并且對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析，從而把這種語(yǔ)言以新的方式進(jìn)行組合和重新組合），顯然該選項(xiàng)也是正確的。D選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于文章文章第四段第一句話"Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age"（專家們指出人們學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的階段往往是通過(guò)一個(gè)固定的進(jìn)程、并且在一段時(shí)期內(nèi)），而且第三、四兩段主要就是圍繞著D選項(xiàng)的表述展開的。因此這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不是答案。而B選型"Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning"的意思是鼓勵(lì)對(duì)孩子學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)根本不需要。而文章中談到這個(gè)問(wèn)題是在最后一段，講的還是母親的sensitive與否對(duì)孩子在學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言方面所取得的進(jìn)步至關(guān)重要。母親的insensitivity會(huì)使孩子有氣餒感，而只會(huì)發(fā)出明顯易于捕捉的信號(hào)，sensitivity（也就是對(duì)孩子的信號(hào)有反饋進(jìn)而encouragement）在孩子的語(yǔ)言發(fā)育和發(fā)展是至關(guān)重要的，因此與B的內(nèi)容正相反，所以B是本道題目的正確答案。
[題目譯文]
下面的哪一項(xiàng)不能從文章中推斷得出？
[A] 人類說(shuō)話的能力是天生的
[B] 鼓勵(lì)對(duì)于孩子們的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)說(shuō)是至關(guān)重要的
[C] 孩子的大腦有著高度的選擇性
[D] 大多數(shù)孩子在特定的時(shí)期學(xué)會(huì)他們的語(yǔ)言
35. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will
[A] have a high IQ
[B] be less intelligent
[C] be insensitive to verbal signals
[D] not necessarily be backward
[答案] D
[解題思路]
文章第四段第一句話指出"Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ"（專家們指出人們學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的階段往往是通過(guò)一個(gè)固定的進(jìn)程、并且在一段時(shí)期內(nèi)，但是卻有一些特例，那些孩子們掌握語(yǔ)言能力的時(shí)期較晚，但最后卻變成了高智商的人）。這道題目假設(shè)的條件就是如果一個(gè)孩子比其他孩子說(shuō)話說(shuō)得遲，這個(gè)孩子將來(lái)的情況可能是什么樣子，根據(jù)第四段的第一句話，語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)都有特定的順序和時(shí)間性，但是又有特殊情況，A和B與這句話的前后兩個(gè)部分相矛盾，C的內(nèi)容與原文表述的內(nèi)容不符，原文中并沒有提到孩子是否對(duì)事物(或信號(hào))有不敏感的表現(xiàn)，而是提到他們的母親在他們學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的階段所發(fā)出的非語(yǔ)言信號(hào)敏感與否，因此C也不正確，只有D最符合第四段第一句話的表述，它包括兩種可能性，即這個(gè)孩子有可能很遲鈍，但是有可能又很聰明，因此D是本道題目的正確答案。
[題目譯文]
如果一個(gè)孩子比其他孩子開始說(shuō)話的時(shí)間晚，他會(huì)
[A] 有很高的智商
[B] 不那么聰明
[C] 對(duì)語(yǔ)言信號(hào)不敏感
[D] 不一定落后于其他人 In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚主義的) management in which man becomes a small , well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human-relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’ s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century "free enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.
38. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those
[A] who are at the bottom of the society
[B] who are higher up in their social status
[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors
[D] who could keep far away from this competitive world
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題可以采取排除法。文章第二段談到一般的工人和職員的焦慮，第三段則是關(guān)于社會(huì)高層的人的焦慮，可見他們都不擁有真正的幸福，可以排除A和B選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)與文章第三段的最后一句話矛盾"This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’ s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness"（他們需要不斷地證明自己與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手同樣優(yōu)秀或者超過(guò)對(duì)手，從而不斷地產(chǎn)生憂慮和壓力，這正是不幸疾病的起因），正是因?yàn)楦?jìng)爭(zhēng)才使得他們焦慮，因此C選項(xiàng)也可以排除。而D選項(xiàng)正好從反面來(lái)理解這句話，既然競(jìng)爭(zhēng)帶來(lái)憂慮，那么遠(yuǎn)離競(jìng)就可以使人們獲得幸福生活。
[題目譯文]
從文中我們可以推斷真正的幸福屬于那些
[A] 處于社會(huì)底層的人
[B] 社會(huì)地位較高的人
[C] 證明自己比其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者強(qiáng)的人
[D] 能夠遠(yuǎn)離競(jìng)爭(zhēng)世界的人
39. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should
[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors
[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees
[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities
[D] take the fundamental realities for granted
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題也可以采用排除法。A選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于最后一段的前兩句話"Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century "free enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not"（我是否在建議我們應(yīng)回到工業(yè)化前的生產(chǎn)模式或回到十九世紀(jì)"自由企業(yè)"資本主義時(shí)期呢？當(dāng)然不是），顯然選項(xiàng)的表述與原文相反，可以排除。而B和D選項(xiàng)都不是作者提到的解決方案。作者的提議是"I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements"（我建議把我們的社會(huì)制度從以限度生產(chǎn)和限度消費(fèi)為目的的官僚主義管理工業(yè)體制變成一個(gè)充分發(fā)揮人的潛能--如愛和理性的潛能--為目的的人道主義工業(yè)體制），C選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于作者提出的"full development of his potentialities"，因而是正確選項(xiàng)。
[題目譯文]
為了解決當(dāng)前的社會(huì)問(wèn)題，作者建議我們應(yīng)該
[A] 回到我們祖先的生產(chǎn)模式
[B] 給工人和雇員們提供高工資
[C] 幫助人們充分發(fā)展他們的潛能
[D] 接受這些根本的現(xiàn)實(shí) 1993年P(guān)assage 3
When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he
can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.
A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (壟斷) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.
The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’ s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.
Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.
45. From the passage we learn that
[A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice
[B] products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago
[C]. it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one
[D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題可以采用排除法。B選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法無(wú)中生有，可以首先排除。C選項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槲恼聸]有提到新老專利是否價(jià)格相同，只是推薦人們買過(guò)期專利。D選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于文章第四段的第二句話"Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent"（實(shí)際上，專利專家們常對(duì)希望開發(fā)有效專利而又想避免高額費(fèi)用的人提出建議，即避免侵犯他人專利權(quán)的有效方法就是使用過(guò)期專利），這個(gè)建議只是向那些"anyone wishing to avoid the high cost"的人的建議，選項(xiàng)表述與原文不符。而A選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于最后一段的第二句話"It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money"（只有把握時(shí)代的需求，銳意進(jìn)取，跟上新技術(shù)的步伐，專利才能變成商業(yè)實(shí)踐，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)名利雙收），反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)還在商用之前專利不能使發(fā)明者受益，因此A選型符合文章意思。
[題目譯文]
從文中我們可以了解到
[A] 一項(xiàng)發(fā)明在進(jìn)入商業(yè)用途之前是不能使發(fā)明者受益的
[B] 所有的產(chǎn)品在很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以前實(shí)際上都是發(fā)明
[C] 購(gòu)買老專利比購(gòu)買新專利便宜得多
[D] 專利專家們經(jīng)常向人們推薦使用已經(jīng)過(guò)期的專利
Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick Ⅱ in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about l,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern "toy-bear". And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.
But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child , where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’ s babbling ( 咿呀學(xué)語(yǔ)) , grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
34. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?
[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man.
[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.
[C] The child’s brain is highly selective.
[D] Most children learn their language in definite stages.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題應(yīng)該與原文一一對(duì)應(yīng)進(jìn)行排除。A選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于文章第五段第一句話"Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak"（近來(lái)的一些證據(jù)顯示，嬰兒天生就有說(shuō)話能力），選項(xiàng)的表述與原文是一致的。C選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于文章第五段最后一句話"And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways"（更加令人難以置信的是，嬰兒的大腦能夠從他聽到的周圍各種聲音中找到語(yǔ)言的順序，并且對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析，從而把這種語(yǔ)言以新的方式進(jìn)行組合和重新組合），顯然該選項(xiàng)也是正確的。D選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于文章文章第四段第一句話"Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age"（專家們指出人們學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的階段往往是通過(guò)一個(gè)固定的進(jìn)程、并且在一段時(shí)期內(nèi)），而且第三、四兩段主要就是圍繞著D選項(xiàng)的表述展開的。因此這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不是答案。而B選型"Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning"的意思是鼓勵(lì)對(duì)孩子學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)根本不需要。而文章中談到這個(gè)問(wèn)題是在最后一段，講的還是母親的sensitive與否對(duì)孩子在學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言方面所取得的進(jìn)步至關(guān)重要。母親的insensitivity會(huì)使孩子有氣餒感，而只會(huì)發(fā)出明顯易于捕捉的信號(hào)，sensitivity（也就是對(duì)孩子的信號(hào)有反饋進(jìn)而encouragement）在孩子的語(yǔ)言發(fā)育和發(fā)展是至關(guān)重要的，因此與B的內(nèi)容正相反，所以B是本道題目的正確答案。
[題目譯文]
下面的哪一項(xiàng)不能從文章中推斷得出？
[A] 人類說(shuō)話的能力是天生的
[B] 鼓勵(lì)對(duì)于孩子們的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)說(shuō)是至關(guān)重要的
[C] 孩子的大腦有著高度的選擇性
[D] 大多數(shù)孩子在特定的時(shí)期學(xué)會(huì)他們的語(yǔ)言
35. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will
[A] have a high IQ
[B] be less intelligent
[C] be insensitive to verbal signals
[D] not necessarily be backward
[答案] D
[解題思路]
文章第四段第一句話指出"Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ"（專家們指出人們學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的階段往往是通過(guò)一個(gè)固定的進(jìn)程、并且在一段時(shí)期內(nèi)，但是卻有一些特例，那些孩子們掌握語(yǔ)言能力的時(shí)期較晚，但最后卻變成了高智商的人）。這道題目假設(shè)的條件就是如果一個(gè)孩子比其他孩子說(shuō)話說(shuō)得遲，這個(gè)孩子將來(lái)的情況可能是什么樣子，根據(jù)第四段的第一句話，語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)都有特定的順序和時(shí)間性，但是又有特殊情況，A和B與這句話的前后兩個(gè)部分相矛盾，C的內(nèi)容與原文表述的內(nèi)容不符，原文中并沒有提到孩子是否對(duì)事物(或信號(hào))有不敏感的表現(xiàn)，而是提到他們的母親在他們學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的階段所發(fā)出的非語(yǔ)言信號(hào)敏感與否，因此C也不正確，只有D最符合第四段第一句話的表述，它包括兩種可能性，即這個(gè)孩子有可能很遲鈍，但是有可能又很聰明，因此D是本道題目的正確答案。
[題目譯文]
如果一個(gè)孩子比其他孩子開始說(shuō)話的時(shí)間晚，他會(huì)
[A] 有很高的智商
[B] 不那么聰明
[C] 對(duì)語(yǔ)言信號(hào)不敏感
[D] 不一定落后于其他人 In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚主義的) management in which man becomes a small , well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human-relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’ s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century "free enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.
38. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those
[A] who are at the bottom of the society
[B] who are higher up in their social status
[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors
[D] who could keep far away from this competitive world
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本題可以采取排除法。文章第二段談到一般的工人和職員的焦慮，第三段則是關(guān)于社會(huì)高層的人的焦慮，可見他們都不擁有真正的幸福，可以排除A和B選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)與文章第三段的最后一句話矛盾"This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’ s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness"（他們需要不斷地證明自己與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手同樣優(yōu)秀或者超過(guò)對(duì)手，從而不斷地產(chǎn)生憂慮和壓力，這正是不幸疾病的起因），正是因?yàn)楦?jìng)爭(zhēng)才使得他們焦慮，因此C選項(xiàng)也可以排除。而D選項(xiàng)正好從反面來(lái)理解這句話，既然競(jìng)爭(zhēng)帶來(lái)憂慮，那么遠(yuǎn)離競(jìng)就可以使人們獲得幸福生活。
[題目譯文]
從文中我們可以推斷真正的幸福屬于那些
[A] 處于社會(huì)底層的人
[B] 社會(huì)地位較高的人
[C] 證明自己比其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者強(qiáng)的人
[D] 能夠遠(yuǎn)離競(jìng)爭(zhēng)世界的人
39. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should
[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors
[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees
[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities
[D] take the fundamental realities for granted
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題也可以采用排除法。A選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于最后一段的前兩句話"Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century "free enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not"（我是否在建議我們應(yīng)回到工業(yè)化前的生產(chǎn)模式或回到十九世紀(jì)"自由企業(yè)"資本主義時(shí)期呢？當(dāng)然不是），顯然選項(xiàng)的表述與原文相反，可以排除。而B和D選項(xiàng)都不是作者提到的解決方案。作者的提議是"I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements"（我建議把我們的社會(huì)制度從以限度生產(chǎn)和限度消費(fèi)為目的的官僚主義管理工業(yè)體制變成一個(gè)充分發(fā)揮人的潛能--如愛和理性的潛能--為目的的人道主義工業(yè)體制），C選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于作者提出的"full development of his potentialities"，因而是正確選項(xiàng)。
[題目譯文]
為了解決當(dāng)前的社會(huì)問(wèn)題，作者建議我們應(yīng)該
[A] 回到我們祖先的生產(chǎn)模式
[B] 給工人和雇員們提供高工資
[C] 幫助人們充分發(fā)展他們的潛能
[D] 接受這些根本的現(xiàn)實(shí) 1993年P(guān)assage 3
When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he
can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.
A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (壟斷) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.
The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’ s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.
Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.
45. From the passage we learn that
[A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice
[B] products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago
[C]. it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one
[D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題可以采用排除法。B選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法無(wú)中生有，可以首先排除。C選項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槲恼聸]有提到新老專利是否價(jià)格相同，只是推薦人們買過(guò)期專利。D選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于文章第四段的第二句話"Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent"（實(shí)際上，專利專家們常對(duì)希望開發(fā)有效專利而又想避免高額費(fèi)用的人提出建議，即避免侵犯他人專利權(quán)的有效方法就是使用過(guò)期專利），這個(gè)建議只是向那些"anyone wishing to avoid the high cost"的人的建議，選項(xiàng)表述與原文不符。而A選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)于最后一段的第二句話"It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money"（只有把握時(shí)代的需求，銳意進(jìn)取，跟上新技術(shù)的步伐，專利才能變成商業(yè)實(shí)踐，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)名利雙收），反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)還在商用之前專利不能使發(fā)明者受益，因此A選型符合文章意思。
[題目譯文]
從文中我們可以了解到
[A] 一項(xiàng)發(fā)明在進(jìn)入商業(yè)用途之前是不能使發(fā)明者受益的
[B] 所有的產(chǎn)品在很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以前實(shí)際上都是發(fā)明
[C] 購(gòu)買老專利比購(gòu)買新專利便宜得多
[D] 專利專家們經(jīng)常向人們推薦使用已經(jīng)過(guò)期的專利