定語(yǔ)從句的英語(yǔ)翻譯方法
英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)分屬兩種不同語(yǔ)系，其差別很大，翻譯起來(lái)有諸多困難，英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句漢譯便是困難之一。由于定語(yǔ)從句在英語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用十分廣泛，因此，我們必須想辦法、找方法、尋規(guī)律，從而很好地解決它。
一、限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)所修飾先行項(xiàng)起限制作用，在意義上與先行項(xiàng)密切不可分。如被省去，主句意思就含糊不清，甚至變得毫無(wú)意義。關(guān)系詞和先行項(xiàng)之間一般不用逗號(hào)分隔。
(一)定語(yǔ)詞組
①I have but one lamp by which my feed are guided. 我只有一盞指路明燈。
②It was so with the vast railroad yards with the crowded array of vessels she saw in the river. 火車站廣大場(chǎng)地，河里鱗次梯比船只，她也同樣不能理解。
③Before following her in her round of seeking, let us look at the sphare in which her future was to lie. 我們暫且把她找尋工作事擱下來(lái)不談，先看一看她前途所寄托這個(gè)世界。
④...and the thread which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken ……而那些把她和少女時(shí)代以及故鄉(xiāng)輕輕系住柔絲，不得不就此斷絕了。
(二)并列從句
1）省略英語(yǔ)先行項(xiàng)
①The lungs are subjecd to several diseases which are treatable by surgery. 肺易受幾種疾病侵襲，但均可經(jīng)手術(shù)治療。
②A little way on she saw a great door which, for some reason, attracted her attention. 又走了一些路，她看見(jiàn)一個(gè)大門(mén)，不知怎，引起了她注意。
③As a result, a hum of gossip was set going which moved about the house in that secret manner common to gossip. 結(jié)果就造成一陣閑話，暗中在公寓里流傳，閑話一般都是如此。
④A will had been made which divide the small tax –eaten property equally among the remaining four, so that it was really of no interest to any of them. 遺囑已立好，把這片快要給稅吃光薄產(chǎn)平分給四個(gè)孩子，但誰(shuí)都對(duì)此不感興趣。
上述定語(yǔ)從句例句比（一）里定語(yǔ)從句例句長(zhǎng)些，因此，就不宜譯成定語(yǔ)詞組成形式。否則，譯句就會(huì)顯得太長(zhǎng)且不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。如④就不宜譯成“把這片快要給稅吃光薄產(chǎn)平分給四個(gè)孩子中遺囑早已立好，誰(shuí)都對(duì)此不感興趣?！边@類從句不是長(zhǎng)、難復(fù)雜定語(yǔ)從句，一般就按原文順序位置譯。上面譯句第二分句，有承前省略了主語(yǔ)，如③④，有借用第一分句不定語(yǔ)作邏輯主語(yǔ)，如①②
2）重復(fù)英語(yǔ)先行項(xiàng)
①At dimmer I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradly, and a shy drab girl who seemed even younger than the other. 席間，我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己坐在布拉得雷太太和一靦腆乏味女孩子中間；她看上去比其余人都年輕。
②A writer--in fact every one of us in life--needs that loving-mother force from which all creation flows... 一個(gè)作家——實(shí)際上生活中每個(gè)人——都需要慈母力量，它是創(chuàng)造一切源泉。
③Man possesses an expressive faculty that goes far beyond gestures, that allows and even compels him to express his thoughts, feedings, dreams, and inituitions. 人類具有遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)于手勢(shì)表達(dá)官能，這種官能不僅使人能夠，而且使他要把思想、感情、幻夢(mèng)、直覺(jué)表達(dá)出來(lái)。
這些先行項(xiàng)重復(fù)，有時(shí)用是代詞如①②，有時(shí)用是限定詞如③。漢譯時(shí)，需重復(fù)先行項(xiàng)地方，就要重復(fù)。否則會(huì)影響意思連貫和清楚。我們一般采用分述法將帶定語(yǔ)從句英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句譯成并列分詞。分述法就將主句和從句分開(kāi)翻譯方法。此方法除了將定語(yǔ)從句譯為并列分句外，還譯為狀語(yǔ)從句。
(三)狀語(yǔ)從句
讓我們來(lái)看看下例該怎么譯：
He insisted on building another house which he had no use for.
上例能譯成“他堅(jiān)持再建一座他不用房子”或“他堅(jiān)持再建一座房，這房他不用”嗎？顯然不能，因?yàn)檫@樣譯文令讀者莫名其妙。這兩種譯文是套用定語(yǔ)詞組和并列分句形式而譯，然而錯(cuò)了。
正確譯文是：他雖自己不用，但仍堅(jiān)持再建一座房。此句之所以這樣譯，是因?yàn)樗袪钫Z(yǔ)從句意思。英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句——尤其是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句——有時(shí)兼有狀語(yǔ)從句職能，可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、讓步、目、結(jié)果等等關(guān)系。
茲再舉幾例說(shuō)明限制性定語(yǔ)從句所表示狀語(yǔ)意思：
①I think it will grow even on non-irrlgated land where there is a forest belt. 我想即使在沒(méi)有灌溉土地上，只要有一條樹(shù)林帶，苜蓿還是會(huì)生長(zhǎng)。（表?xiàng)l件）
②In a personed sense, I think of my eldest daughter, whose birthday is today. 就個(gè)人來(lái)講，我想到我大女兒，因?yàn)榻裉焓撬?。（表原因?BR> (四)獨(dú)立句
①He paid that peculiar deferente to women which every member of the sex appreciates. 他對(duì)女性殷勤令每個(gè)女人所賞識(shí)。
②What were the hopes and dreams that had made of them the incredibly stubborn warriors?是什么希望，什么目標(biāo)，什么理想使他們成為頑強(qiáng)到令人難以置信戰(zhàn)士呢？
翻譯英語(yǔ)There be 句型和帶定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)合句時(shí)，常用溶合法。溶合法就是把原主句主語(yǔ)同定語(yǔ)從句溶合在一起而譯成獨(dú)立句方法。溶合法要求改變句子構(gòu)造形式。具體作法是，將原主句詞或詞組用作獨(dú)立句主語(yǔ)，再將定語(yǔ)從句用作謂語(yǔ)，這樣便譯成獨(dú)立句，如①將He paid that peculiar deference to women 壓縮譯為“他對(duì)女性殷勤”而定語(yǔ)從句“which every member of the sex appreciates”譯為謂“令每個(gè)女人所常識(shí)”。
(五)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)
①I also found on the ground near the tracks of the lamed groups of ants which were rulling grains of corn. 我還看見(jiàn)駱駝腳印邊有許多螞蟻在拖玉米粒。
②He did not find any one in the house who particularly cared to see. 他認(rèn)為家里沒(méi)有人特別想知道。
當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是表示“感觀”或“心理活動(dòng)”等意義時(shí)，修飾賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句多譯為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
二、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句同其先行項(xiàng)之間聯(lián)系是松散。它不是先行項(xiàng)必不可少組成部分，而僅是對(duì)先行項(xiàng)作些描寫(xiě)或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句前常有逗號(hào)將它與主語(yǔ)分開(kāi)。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句也主要是采用前面已說(shuō)過(guò)分譯法和溶合法來(lái)譯。它常駐被譯為并列分句、獨(dú)立和狀語(yǔ)從句，偶爾還可譯為定語(yǔ)詞組等。
(一)譯成并列分句
1、譯成并列分句，省略先行項(xiàng)
①Wait a minute, said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up. “等一會(huì)兒！”老板說(shuō)道，說(shuō)罷便打開(kāi)火腿包，拿出一只，開(kāi)始剔骨頭，并用繩子縛起來(lái)。（省主語(yǔ)）
②Carrie reached home in high good spirits，which she could scarely conceal. 嘉莉興高采烈地回到家，想掩飾也掩飾不住。（省主語(yǔ)）
2、譯成并列分句，重復(fù)英語(yǔ)先行項(xiàng)
①...from his vest dangled a real gold watch chain, from which was suspended the secret insignia of the Order of Elks……背心上蕩著一根精致金表鏈，鏈上系著“共進(jìn)會(huì)”徽章。
②He came within the meaning of a still newer term, which had sprung into general use among Americans in 1880... 他其實(shí)適合于一個(gè)更新名詞，那個(gè)名詞1880年在美國(guó)人中突然流行起來(lái)……
(二)譯成獨(dú)立句
①It has long been my wish to encounter one of the oldest civilizations in earth. I have come amidst you from Egypt, On the banks of the Nile, which also has a most ancient civilization. 我一直向往著要同世界最古老文明會(huì)晤。尼羅河畔埃及也有著最古老文明，我正是從那里來(lái)到你們中間。
②You've given Feldstyn, who dislikes me any how, the chance he was waiting for. 費(fèi)爾德丁反正討厭我，你給他機(jī)會(huì)正是他求之不得。
(三)譯成狀語(yǔ)從句
①These actions, which have aroused universal and unreserved disapproval, must nevertheless give us a pause. 這些行動(dòng)，雖已激起普遍而毫不掩飾反對(duì)，卻也使我們舉棋不定。（表讓步）
②In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved. 在兩國(guó)發(fā)生爭(zhēng)端時(shí)，如與該兩國(guó)皆友好，則應(yīng)避免卷入。（表?xiàng)l件）。
③Copper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity, offers very little resistance. 銅電阻很小，因此被廣泛用于輸電。（表結(jié)果）
(四)譯成定語(yǔ)詞組
As I came in, Gus Meyer, who owned the taxicad that used to stand at the corner of our street, waved to me from a table. 我進(jìn)去時(shí)，那個(gè)開(kāi)出租汽車古司．買耶坐在一張桌子那里向我招手，他車子經(jīng)常就停在我們街角上。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主要是譯成并列分句、獨(dú)立句和狀語(yǔ)從句這幾種形式，這與它作用——僅是對(duì)先行項(xiàng)提供一些補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明——有關(guān)。難怪《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》（修定本）指出：在意義上，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句，可以完全脫離主句而獨(dú)立出現(xiàn)。
綜上舉例可以看出，定語(yǔ)從句可用“分述法”和“溶合法”進(jìn)行翻譯，形式有定語(yǔ)詞組，并列分句、狀語(yǔ)從句、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)等。這些形式是英譯漢主要“框架結(jié)構(gòu)”，并非全部“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案”。在具體和翻譯實(shí)踐中，我們應(yīng)該視其不同情況，選用不同形式或作靈活變通處理。
英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)分屬兩種不同語(yǔ)系，其差別很大，翻譯起來(lái)有諸多困難，英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句漢譯便是困難之一。由于定語(yǔ)從句在英語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用十分廣泛，因此，我們必須想辦法、找方法、尋規(guī)律，從而很好地解決它。
一、限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)所修飾先行項(xiàng)起限制作用，在意義上與先行項(xiàng)密切不可分。如被省去，主句意思就含糊不清，甚至變得毫無(wú)意義。關(guān)系詞和先行項(xiàng)之間一般不用逗號(hào)分隔。
(一)定語(yǔ)詞組
①I have but one lamp by which my feed are guided. 我只有一盞指路明燈。
②It was so with the vast railroad yards with the crowded array of vessels she saw in the river. 火車站廣大場(chǎng)地，河里鱗次梯比船只，她也同樣不能理解。
③Before following her in her round of seeking, let us look at the sphare in which her future was to lie. 我們暫且把她找尋工作事擱下來(lái)不談，先看一看她前途所寄托這個(gè)世界。
④...and the thread which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken ……而那些把她和少女時(shí)代以及故鄉(xiāng)輕輕系住柔絲，不得不就此斷絕了。
(二)并列從句
1）省略英語(yǔ)先行項(xiàng)
①The lungs are subjecd to several diseases which are treatable by surgery. 肺易受幾種疾病侵襲，但均可經(jīng)手術(shù)治療。
②A little way on she saw a great door which, for some reason, attracted her attention. 又走了一些路，她看見(jiàn)一個(gè)大門(mén)，不知怎，引起了她注意。
③As a result, a hum of gossip was set going which moved about the house in that secret manner common to gossip. 結(jié)果就造成一陣閑話，暗中在公寓里流傳，閑話一般都是如此。
④A will had been made which divide the small tax –eaten property equally among the remaining four, so that it was really of no interest to any of them. 遺囑已立好，把這片快要給稅吃光薄產(chǎn)平分給四個(gè)孩子，但誰(shuí)都對(duì)此不感興趣。
上述定語(yǔ)從句例句比（一）里定語(yǔ)從句例句長(zhǎng)些，因此，就不宜譯成定語(yǔ)詞組成形式。否則，譯句就會(huì)顯得太長(zhǎng)且不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。如④就不宜譯成“把這片快要給稅吃光薄產(chǎn)平分給四個(gè)孩子中遺囑早已立好，誰(shuí)都對(duì)此不感興趣?！边@類從句不是長(zhǎng)、難復(fù)雜定語(yǔ)從句，一般就按原文順序位置譯。上面譯句第二分句，有承前省略了主語(yǔ)，如③④，有借用第一分句不定語(yǔ)作邏輯主語(yǔ)，如①②
2）重復(fù)英語(yǔ)先行項(xiàng)
①At dimmer I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradly, and a shy drab girl who seemed even younger than the other. 席間，我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己坐在布拉得雷太太和一靦腆乏味女孩子中間；她看上去比其余人都年輕。
②A writer--in fact every one of us in life--needs that loving-mother force from which all creation flows... 一個(gè)作家——實(shí)際上生活中每個(gè)人——都需要慈母力量，它是創(chuàng)造一切源泉。
③Man possesses an expressive faculty that goes far beyond gestures, that allows and even compels him to express his thoughts, feedings, dreams, and inituitions. 人類具有遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)于手勢(shì)表達(dá)官能，這種官能不僅使人能夠，而且使他要把思想、感情、幻夢(mèng)、直覺(jué)表達(dá)出來(lái)。
這些先行項(xiàng)重復(fù)，有時(shí)用是代詞如①②，有時(shí)用是限定詞如③。漢譯時(shí)，需重復(fù)先行項(xiàng)地方，就要重復(fù)。否則會(huì)影響意思連貫和清楚。我們一般采用分述法將帶定語(yǔ)從句英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句譯成并列分詞。分述法就將主句和從句分開(kāi)翻譯方法。此方法除了將定語(yǔ)從句譯為并列分句外，還譯為狀語(yǔ)從句。
(三)狀語(yǔ)從句
讓我們來(lái)看看下例該怎么譯：
He insisted on building another house which he had no use for.
上例能譯成“他堅(jiān)持再建一座他不用房子”或“他堅(jiān)持再建一座房，這房他不用”嗎？顯然不能，因?yàn)檫@樣譯文令讀者莫名其妙。這兩種譯文是套用定語(yǔ)詞組和并列分句形式而譯，然而錯(cuò)了。
正確譯文是：他雖自己不用，但仍堅(jiān)持再建一座房。此句之所以這樣譯，是因?yàn)樗袪钫Z(yǔ)從句意思。英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句——尤其是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句——有時(shí)兼有狀語(yǔ)從句職能，可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、讓步、目、結(jié)果等等關(guān)系。
茲再舉幾例說(shuō)明限制性定語(yǔ)從句所表示狀語(yǔ)意思：
①I think it will grow even on non-irrlgated land where there is a forest belt. 我想即使在沒(méi)有灌溉土地上，只要有一條樹(shù)林帶，苜蓿還是會(huì)生長(zhǎng)。（表?xiàng)l件）
②In a personed sense, I think of my eldest daughter, whose birthday is today. 就個(gè)人來(lái)講，我想到我大女兒，因?yàn)榻裉焓撬?。（表原因?BR> (四)獨(dú)立句
①He paid that peculiar deferente to women which every member of the sex appreciates. 他對(duì)女性殷勤令每個(gè)女人所賞識(shí)。
②What were the hopes and dreams that had made of them the incredibly stubborn warriors?是什么希望，什么目標(biāo)，什么理想使他們成為頑強(qiáng)到令人難以置信戰(zhàn)士呢？
翻譯英語(yǔ)There be 句型和帶定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)合句時(shí)，常用溶合法。溶合法就是把原主句主語(yǔ)同定語(yǔ)從句溶合在一起而譯成獨(dú)立句方法。溶合法要求改變句子構(gòu)造形式。具體作法是，將原主句詞或詞組用作獨(dú)立句主語(yǔ)，再將定語(yǔ)從句用作謂語(yǔ)，這樣便譯成獨(dú)立句，如①將He paid that peculiar deference to women 壓縮譯為“他對(duì)女性殷勤”而定語(yǔ)從句“which every member of the sex appreciates”譯為謂“令每個(gè)女人所常識(shí)”。
(五)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)
①I also found on the ground near the tracks of the lamed groups of ants which were rulling grains of corn. 我還看見(jiàn)駱駝腳印邊有許多螞蟻在拖玉米粒。
②He did not find any one in the house who particularly cared to see. 他認(rèn)為家里沒(méi)有人特別想知道。
當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是表示“感觀”或“心理活動(dòng)”等意義時(shí)，修飾賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句多譯為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
二、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句同其先行項(xiàng)之間聯(lián)系是松散。它不是先行項(xiàng)必不可少組成部分，而僅是對(duì)先行項(xiàng)作些描寫(xiě)或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句前常有逗號(hào)將它與主語(yǔ)分開(kāi)。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句也主要是采用前面已說(shuō)過(guò)分譯法和溶合法來(lái)譯。它常駐被譯為并列分句、獨(dú)立和狀語(yǔ)從句，偶爾還可譯為定語(yǔ)詞組等。
(一)譯成并列分句
1、譯成并列分句，省略先行項(xiàng)
①Wait a minute, said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up. “等一會(huì)兒！”老板說(shuō)道，說(shuō)罷便打開(kāi)火腿包，拿出一只，開(kāi)始剔骨頭，并用繩子縛起來(lái)。（省主語(yǔ)）
②Carrie reached home in high good spirits，which she could scarely conceal. 嘉莉興高采烈地回到家，想掩飾也掩飾不住。（省主語(yǔ)）
2、譯成并列分句，重復(fù)英語(yǔ)先行項(xiàng)
①...from his vest dangled a real gold watch chain, from which was suspended the secret insignia of the Order of Elks……背心上蕩著一根精致金表鏈，鏈上系著“共進(jìn)會(huì)”徽章。
②He came within the meaning of a still newer term, which had sprung into general use among Americans in 1880... 他其實(shí)適合于一個(gè)更新名詞，那個(gè)名詞1880年在美國(guó)人中突然流行起來(lái)……
(二)譯成獨(dú)立句
①It has long been my wish to encounter one of the oldest civilizations in earth. I have come amidst you from Egypt, On the banks of the Nile, which also has a most ancient civilization. 我一直向往著要同世界最古老文明會(huì)晤。尼羅河畔埃及也有著最古老文明，我正是從那里來(lái)到你們中間。
②You've given Feldstyn, who dislikes me any how, the chance he was waiting for. 費(fèi)爾德丁反正討厭我，你給他機(jī)會(huì)正是他求之不得。
(三)譯成狀語(yǔ)從句
①These actions, which have aroused universal and unreserved disapproval, must nevertheless give us a pause. 這些行動(dòng)，雖已激起普遍而毫不掩飾反對(duì)，卻也使我們舉棋不定。（表讓步）
②In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved. 在兩國(guó)發(fā)生爭(zhēng)端時(shí)，如與該兩國(guó)皆友好，則應(yīng)避免卷入。（表?xiàng)l件）。
③Copper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity, offers very little resistance. 銅電阻很小，因此被廣泛用于輸電。（表結(jié)果）
(四)譯成定語(yǔ)詞組
As I came in, Gus Meyer, who owned the taxicad that used to stand at the corner of our street, waved to me from a table. 我進(jìn)去時(shí)，那個(gè)開(kāi)出租汽車古司．買耶坐在一張桌子那里向我招手，他車子經(jīng)常就停在我們街角上。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主要是譯成并列分句、獨(dú)立句和狀語(yǔ)從句這幾種形式，這與它作用——僅是對(duì)先行項(xiàng)提供一些補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明——有關(guān)。難怪《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》（修定本）指出：在意義上，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句，可以完全脫離主句而獨(dú)立出現(xiàn)。
綜上舉例可以看出，定語(yǔ)從句可用“分述法”和“溶合法”進(jìn)行翻譯，形式有定語(yǔ)詞組，并列分句、狀語(yǔ)從句、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)等。這些形式是英譯漢主要“框架結(jié)構(gòu)”，并非全部“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案”。在具體和翻譯實(shí)踐中，我們應(yīng)該視其不同情況，選用不同形式或作靈活變通處理。