Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Wash0e had become known in the scientific community1 and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.
2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.
3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.
4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5 Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
詞匯:
chimpanzee n.黑猩猩 critic n.評(píng)論家，批評(píng)家
community n.社區(qū)，圈子 workings n.活動(dòng)，運(yùn)行
primate n.靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物 chimp n.=chimpanzee
注釋：
1. in the scientific community : 在科學(xué)界，在科學(xué)家的圈子里
2. American Sign Language(ASL): 美國(guó)手語(yǔ)。利用手、臉部表情、身體姿勢(shì)表達(dá)思想的美國(guó)聾啞人語(yǔ)言。在加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用ASL。ASL與British Sign Language(BSL英國(guó)手語(yǔ))不同，兩者不能相互理解。
3. led to debate: 引起辯論。lead to意為“導(dǎo)致”，to為介詞，debate為名詞。
4. she grew to understand about 250 words: 她漸漸掌握約250個(gè)單詞。9row t0是“漸漸”的意思。
5. Once : 一旦。0nce是連接詞。例:Children like to cycle once they have learned how. 小孩一旦學(xué)會(huì)了如何騎自行車，就會(huì)喜歡上它。
6. of their own: 屬于自己的。of their own的含義與on their own不同， on their own是“獨(dú)自”的意思。
7. the Gardners: Gardner夫婦
8. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe...: 像個(gè)體研究者Jane Goodall這樣的科學(xué)家相信……。like(像，跟……一樣)是介詞，本句的謂語(yǔ)是believe。句子中的private researcher意為“不受雇于任何單位，自己獨(dú)立工作的科研人員?！?BR> 練習(xí)：
1. Paragraph 1
2. Paragraph 2
3. Paragraph 3
4. Paragraph 4
A Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays
B Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language
C General Information about Washoe
D The Gardeners' Contributions Recognized
E Debate on Chimps' Intelligence
F Washoe's Love for Three Young Chimps
5. Washoe could make signs to communicate
6. Some scientists doubted
7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language
8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent
A if the Gardeners' argument was sound
B because she was cleverer than other chimps
C when she wanted to eat
D while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F while Washoe was learning sign language
答案與題解：
1. C 第一段主要介紹猩猩Washoe的出生地、死亡年齡、被帶到美國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)美式手語(yǔ)等一般情況。用General Information about Washoe來概括是很準(zhǔn)確的。
2. B 第二段的關(guān)鍵句是In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report.隨后的句子簡(jiǎn)略的介紹了Washoe的學(xué)習(xí)情況和結(jié)果，如已學(xué)會(huì)了250個(gè)單詞，并能用手語(yǔ)表達(dá)“該吃飯了”等概念。所以，Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language(選項(xiàng)B)是答案。
3. E 第三段介紹了對(duì)Gardener夫婦發(fā)表的報(bào)告有兩種不同的解讀。一派認(rèn)為Washoe的手語(yǔ)能力只是機(jī)械重復(fù)、死記硬背、物質(zhì)激勵(lì)的結(jié)果，不是智能的表現(xiàn)。另一派認(rèn)為知識(shí)智能的表現(xiàn)，其證據(jù)是Washoe還能教三個(gè)小猩猩學(xué)習(xí)手語(yǔ)。爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)是猩猩有沒有智能。選項(xiàng)E用debate來概括上述爭(zhēng)論，所以是答案。
4. A 第四段解釋了為什么現(xiàn)在從事這項(xiàng)研究的科學(xué)家人數(shù)不多。部分原因是研究周期太長(zhǎng)。
5. C 選C 的第四段第二句：Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat.
6. A 第三段的上半段說了一些科學(xué)家對(duì)Gardener 夫婦的試驗(yàn)的解讀所持懷疑態(tài)度。題干中出現(xiàn)的doubted引導(dǎo)我們選A。
7. D 選D DE 依據(jù)是第三段的最后一句,即“He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.”
8. E 本文第二段談到試驗(yàn)的成果時(shí)有一個(gè)句子：“She could request foods like apples and bananas”。根據(jù)全段意思和上述句子，選擇E是正確的。
Maglev Trains
1 A few countries are using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation 1 , which means that these trains float over a guide way using the basic principles of magnets to replace the old steel wheel and track trains.
2 If you've ever played with magnets, you know that opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other2. This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion. Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they attract metal objects, but the magnetic pull is temporary. You can easily create a small electromagnet yourself by connecting the ends of a copper wire to the positive and negative ends of an AA-cell battery3. This creates a small magnetic field. If you disconnect either end of the wire from the battery, the magnetic field is taken away.
3 The magnetic field created in this wire-and-battery experiment is the simple idea behind a maglev train rail system. There are three components to this system: A large electrical power source, metal coils lining a guide way or track, and large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the train.
4 The big difference between a maglev train and a conventional train is that maglev trains do not have an engine -- at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks4. The engine for maglev trains is rather innoticeable. Instead of using fossil fuels, the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combines to propel the trains5.
5 The magnetized coil running along the track, called a guideway, repels the large magnets on the train's undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate between 1 to 10 cm above the guideway. Once the train is levitated, power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push~ th train along the guideway. The electric current supplied to the coils in the guideway walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.
6 Maglev trains float on a cushion of air', eliminating friction. This lack of friction allows these trains to reach unprecedented ground transportation speeds of more than 500 kph, or twice as fast as the fastest conventional train. At 500 kph, you could travel from Paris to Rome in just over two hours.
詞匯：
Levitate v. 懸浮 electrified v. 使帶電
Levitation n. 懸浮 magnetize v. 使帶磁
guideway n. 導(dǎo)向槽 line v.排列成行
propelb vt. 推進(jìn) underside n.下側(cè)，下面
propulsion n. 推進(jìn) undercarriage n. 車盤
注釋:
1. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation :maglev 是 magnetic levitation 的縮略詞。
2. opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other: 異極相吸，同極相斥
3. AA-cell battery:5號(hào)電池
4. at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks: 至少不是沿著軌道拉動(dòng)典型的火車車廂的那種發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。
5. the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combine to propel the train: 由嵌入導(dǎo)向壁內(nèi)的電磁線圈產(chǎn)生的磁場(chǎng)加上軌道，一起推動(dòng)火車前進(jìn)。The magnetic field 和 the track 是句子主語(yǔ)，created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls 是過去分詞短語(yǔ)，用作定語(yǔ)，修飾the magnetic field.
練習(xí):
1. Paragraph 3
2. Paragraph 4
3. Paragraph 5
A The Main Components of the Maglev Train System
B High-speed Maglev due to Zero Friction
C The Working Principle of the Maglev Train
D Differences between Polarity and Magnetic Field
E Comparison of Maglev Trains with Traditional Ones
F Maglev with a Powerful Motor
4. Paragraph 6
5. Several countries in the world are using strong electromagnets
6. You can connect a wire to the positive and negative ends of a battery .
7. A unique system of magnetic fields is created by the coils
8. The frictionless maglev train enables you
A to develop a maglev train rail system
B To explain why maglev trains are faster
C to pull and push the train forward
D to create a magnetic field
E to experiment with the maglev train
F to travel from Paris to Rome in about two hours
答案與題解：
1. 第三段了舉了磁浮列車的三個(gè)組成部分，動(dòng)力源、金屬線圈和此貼。選項(xiàng)A 概括了第三段列的內(nèi)容。
2. E 第四段就磁浮列車和傳統(tǒng)火車進(jìn)行了比較：磁浮列車沒有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)而傳統(tǒng)火車有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。選項(xiàng)C用comparsion 來概括是準(zhǔn)確的。
3. C 第五段比較詳細(xì)的介紹了為什么磁浮列車會(huì)向前運(yùn)動(dòng)，也就揭示了磁浮列車的工作原理。
4. B 在第五段解釋了磁浮列車浮起和向前運(yùn)動(dòng)的原理之后，作者在第六段中進(jìn)行了磁浮列車速度奇快的原因：去除了傳統(tǒng)火車的車輪于鐵軌的摩擦。
5. A 選A 的依據(jù)是本文第一段第一句：A few countries using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains.
6.D第二段說，把電線與干電池相連接就能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)小磁場(chǎng)，而磁浮列車的運(yùn)動(dòng)原理與此相同。第二段第四句是選擇D的依據(jù)。
7. C第五段的第二句，即“0nce the train is levitated，power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the guideway”，是選擇c的依據(jù)。
8.F本文最后一句舉出坐上時(shí)速500公里的磁浮列車從巴黎到羅馬只需約2小時(shí)這個(gè)例子來說明磁浮列車速度之快。
1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Wash0e had become known in the scientific community1 and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language2. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.
2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners7 described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once5 the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own6 into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.
3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners7. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.
4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believes Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees8. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5 Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
詞匯:
chimpanzee n.黑猩猩 critic n.評(píng)論家，批評(píng)家
community n.社區(qū)，圈子 workings n.活動(dòng)，運(yùn)行
primate n.靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物 chimp n.=chimpanzee
注釋：
1. in the scientific community : 在科學(xué)界，在科學(xué)家的圈子里
2. American Sign Language(ASL): 美國(guó)手語(yǔ)。利用手、臉部表情、身體姿勢(shì)表達(dá)思想的美國(guó)聾啞人語(yǔ)言。在加拿大、墨西哥等地也使用ASL。ASL與British Sign Language(BSL英國(guó)手語(yǔ))不同，兩者不能相互理解。
3. led to debate: 引起辯論。lead to意為“導(dǎo)致”，to為介詞，debate為名詞。
4. she grew to understand about 250 words: 她漸漸掌握約250個(gè)單詞。9row t0是“漸漸”的意思。
5. Once : 一旦。0nce是連接詞。例:Children like to cycle once they have learned how. 小孩一旦學(xué)會(huì)了如何騎自行車，就會(huì)喜歡上它。
6. of their own: 屬于自己的。of their own的含義與on their own不同， on their own是“獨(dú)自”的意思。
7. the Gardners: Gardner夫婦
8. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe...: 像個(gè)體研究者Jane Goodall這樣的科學(xué)家相信……。like(像，跟……一樣)是介詞，本句的謂語(yǔ)是believe。句子中的private researcher意為“不受雇于任何單位，自己獨(dú)立工作的科研人員?！?BR> 練習(xí)：
1. Paragraph 1
2. Paragraph 2
3. Paragraph 3
4. Paragraph 4
A Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays
B Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language
C General Information about Washoe
D The Gardeners' Contributions Recognized
E Debate on Chimps' Intelligence
F Washoe's Love for Three Young Chimps
5. Washoe could make signs to communicate
6. Some scientists doubted
7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language
8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent
A if the Gardeners' argument was sound
B because she was cleverer than other chimps
C when she wanted to eat
D while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F while Washoe was learning sign language
答案與題解：
1. C 第一段主要介紹猩猩Washoe的出生地、死亡年齡、被帶到美國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)美式手語(yǔ)等一般情況。用General Information about Washoe來概括是很準(zhǔn)確的。
2. B 第二段的關(guān)鍵句是In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report.隨后的句子簡(jiǎn)略的介紹了Washoe的學(xué)習(xí)情況和結(jié)果，如已學(xué)會(huì)了250個(gè)單詞，并能用手語(yǔ)表達(dá)“該吃飯了”等概念。所以，Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language(選項(xiàng)B)是答案。
3. E 第三段介紹了對(duì)Gardener夫婦發(fā)表的報(bào)告有兩種不同的解讀。一派認(rèn)為Washoe的手語(yǔ)能力只是機(jī)械重復(fù)、死記硬背、物質(zhì)激勵(lì)的結(jié)果，不是智能的表現(xiàn)。另一派認(rèn)為知識(shí)智能的表現(xiàn)，其證據(jù)是Washoe還能教三個(gè)小猩猩學(xué)習(xí)手語(yǔ)。爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)是猩猩有沒有智能。選項(xiàng)E用debate來概括上述爭(zhēng)論，所以是答案。
4. A 第四段解釋了為什么現(xiàn)在從事這項(xiàng)研究的科學(xué)家人數(shù)不多。部分原因是研究周期太長(zhǎng)。
5. C 選C 的第四段第二句：Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat.
6. A 第三段的上半段說了一些科學(xué)家對(duì)Gardener 夫婦的試驗(yàn)的解讀所持懷疑態(tài)度。題干中出現(xiàn)的doubted引導(dǎo)我們選A。
7. D 選D DE 依據(jù)是第三段的最后一句,即“He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.”
8. E 本文第二段談到試驗(yàn)的成果時(shí)有一個(gè)句子：“She could request foods like apples and bananas”。根據(jù)全段意思和上述句子，選擇E是正確的。
Maglev Trains
1 A few countries are using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation 1 , which means that these trains float over a guide way using the basic principles of magnets to replace the old steel wheel and track trains.
2 If you've ever played with magnets, you know that opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other2. This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion. Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they attract metal objects, but the magnetic pull is temporary. You can easily create a small electromagnet yourself by connecting the ends of a copper wire to the positive and negative ends of an AA-cell battery3. This creates a small magnetic field. If you disconnect either end of the wire from the battery, the magnetic field is taken away.
3 The magnetic field created in this wire-and-battery experiment is the simple idea behind a maglev train rail system. There are three components to this system: A large electrical power source, metal coils lining a guide way or track, and large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the train.
4 The big difference between a maglev train and a conventional train is that maglev trains do not have an engine -- at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks4. The engine for maglev trains is rather innoticeable. Instead of using fossil fuels, the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combines to propel the trains5.
5 The magnetized coil running along the track, called a guideway, repels the large magnets on the train's undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate between 1 to 10 cm above the guideway. Once the train is levitated, power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push~ th train along the guideway. The electric current supplied to the coils in the guideway walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.
6 Maglev trains float on a cushion of air', eliminating friction. This lack of friction allows these trains to reach unprecedented ground transportation speeds of more than 500 kph, or twice as fast as the fastest conventional train. At 500 kph, you could travel from Paris to Rome in just over two hours.
詞匯：
Levitate v. 懸浮 electrified v. 使帶電
Levitation n. 懸浮 magnetize v. 使帶磁
guideway n. 導(dǎo)向槽 line v.排列成行
propelb vt. 推進(jìn) underside n.下側(cè)，下面
propulsion n. 推進(jìn) undercarriage n. 車盤
注釋:
1. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation :maglev 是 magnetic levitation 的縮略詞。
2. opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other: 異極相吸，同極相斥
3. AA-cell battery:5號(hào)電池
4. at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks: 至少不是沿著軌道拉動(dòng)典型的火車車廂的那種發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。
5. the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combine to propel the train: 由嵌入導(dǎo)向壁內(nèi)的電磁線圈產(chǎn)生的磁場(chǎng)加上軌道，一起推動(dòng)火車前進(jìn)。The magnetic field 和 the track 是句子主語(yǔ)，created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls 是過去分詞短語(yǔ)，用作定語(yǔ)，修飾the magnetic field.
練習(xí):
1. Paragraph 3
2. Paragraph 4
3. Paragraph 5
A The Main Components of the Maglev Train System
B High-speed Maglev due to Zero Friction
C The Working Principle of the Maglev Train
D Differences between Polarity and Magnetic Field
E Comparison of Maglev Trains with Traditional Ones
F Maglev with a Powerful Motor
4. Paragraph 6
5. Several countries in the world are using strong electromagnets
6. You can connect a wire to the positive and negative ends of a battery .
7. A unique system of magnetic fields is created by the coils
8. The frictionless maglev train enables you
A to develop a maglev train rail system
B To explain why maglev trains are faster
C to pull and push the train forward
D to create a magnetic field
E to experiment with the maglev train
F to travel from Paris to Rome in about two hours
答案與題解：
1. 第三段了舉了磁浮列車的三個(gè)組成部分，動(dòng)力源、金屬線圈和此貼。選項(xiàng)A 概括了第三段列的內(nèi)容。
2. E 第四段就磁浮列車和傳統(tǒng)火車進(jìn)行了比較：磁浮列車沒有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)而傳統(tǒng)火車有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。選項(xiàng)C用comparsion 來概括是準(zhǔn)確的。
3. C 第五段比較詳細(xì)的介紹了為什么磁浮列車會(huì)向前運(yùn)動(dòng)，也就揭示了磁浮列車的工作原理。
4. B 在第五段解釋了磁浮列車浮起和向前運(yùn)動(dòng)的原理之后，作者在第六段中進(jìn)行了磁浮列車速度奇快的原因：去除了傳統(tǒng)火車的車輪于鐵軌的摩擦。
5. A 選A 的依據(jù)是本文第一段第一句：A few countries using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains.
6.D第二段說，把電線與干電池相連接就能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)小磁場(chǎng)，而磁浮列車的運(yùn)動(dòng)原理與此相同。第二段第四句是選擇D的依據(jù)。
7. C第五段的第二句，即“0nce the train is levitated，power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the guideway”，是選擇c的依據(jù)。
8.F本文最后一句舉出坐上時(shí)速500公里的磁浮列車從巴黎到羅馬只需約2小時(shí)這個(gè)例子來說明磁浮列車速度之快。