托福綜合作文講解
形式：閱讀 + 聽記 + 寫作
重點：
1.閱讀的核心技術(shù)：三點一面的思維體系
2.聽之前的預(yù)判斷：反駁常用思維方式和語言
3.寫作得分點在哪里？
3.1聽力和閱讀的相關(guān)
3.2聽力材料中信息的完整（一般三個點）
3.3語言的自然和流暢
閱讀材料一般有一個觀點，然后跟隨者對這個觀點的解釋論證。作者還可能給出比較具體的論據(jù)，比如具體的例子和研究。
而聽力材料主體上是反駁閱讀的觀點。反駁的主要手法是*其論證，或者對其具體論據(jù)提出不同的解釋。考生在閱讀的時候就要形成反駁的意識。這個反駁的主要技術(shù)是早期GRE考試的邏輯部分，而GMT的邏輯部分一樣在托福中體現(xiàn)其核心思維，但是在托福中形式顯得極為簡單。
閱讀材料的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：
Directions:考試大(www．Examda。com)
For this task you will read a passage about an academic topic and you will listen to a lecture about the same topic. You may take notes while you read and listen.
Then you will write a response to a question that asks you about the relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage. Try to answer the question as completely as possible using information from the reading passage and the lecture. The question does not ask you to express your personal opinion. You may refer to the reading passage again when you write. You may use your notes to help you answer the question.
Typically effective response will be 150 to 225 words. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content.
You should allow 3 minutes to read the passage. Then listen to the lecture. Then allow 20 minutes to plan and write your response.
OG的例子：來源：www.examda.com
Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. （定義解釋）Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; （反面闡述）individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.
Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.
In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing--it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm, it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat's group.
閱讀材料Listening Script
The following is the script of the lecture that you heard and were asked to summarize.
You know, often in science, new findings force us to re-examine earlier beliefs and assumptions. And a recent study of meerkats is having exactly this effect. The study examined the meerkat's behavior quite closely, much more closely than had ever been done before. And some interesting things were found.., like about eating habits.., it showed that typically meerkats eat before they stand guard -- so the ones standing guard had a full stomach! And the study also found that since the sentinel is the first to see a predator coming, it's the most likely to escape... because it often stands guard near a burrow, so it can run immediately into the burrow after giving the alarm. The other meerkats, the ones scattered about looking for food, are actually in greater danger.
And in fact, other studies have suggested that when an animal creates an alarm, the alarm call might cause the other group members either to gather together or else to move about very quickly, behaviors that might actually draw the predator's attention away from the caller, increasing that animal’s own chances of survival.
And what about people？ what about some human acts that might be considered altruistic? Let's take an extreme case, uh, suppose a person donates a kidney to a relative, or even to a complete stranger. A selfless act, right? But... doesn't the donor receive appreciation and approval from the stranger and from society? Doesn't the donor gain an increased sense of self-worth? Couldn't such non-material rewards be considered very valuable to some people?
Question
Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, being sure to specifically explain how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.
形式：閱讀 + 聽記 + 寫作
重點：
1.閱讀的核心技術(shù)：三點一面的思維體系
2.聽之前的預(yù)判斷：反駁常用思維方式和語言
3.寫作得分點在哪里？
3.1聽力和閱讀的相關(guān)
3.2聽力材料中信息的完整（一般三個點）
3.3語言的自然和流暢
閱讀材料一般有一個觀點，然后跟隨者對這個觀點的解釋論證。作者還可能給出比較具體的論據(jù)，比如具體的例子和研究。
而聽力材料主體上是反駁閱讀的觀點。反駁的主要手法是*其論證，或者對其具體論據(jù)提出不同的解釋。考生在閱讀的時候就要形成反駁的意識。這個反駁的主要技術(shù)是早期GRE考試的邏輯部分，而GMT的邏輯部分一樣在托福中體現(xiàn)其核心思維，但是在托福中形式顯得極為簡單。
閱讀材料的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：
Directions:考試大(www．Examda。com)
For this task you will read a passage about an academic topic and you will listen to a lecture about the same topic. You may take notes while you read and listen.
Then you will write a response to a question that asks you about the relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage. Try to answer the question as completely as possible using information from the reading passage and the lecture. The question does not ask you to express your personal opinion. You may refer to the reading passage again when you write. You may use your notes to help you answer the question.
Typically effective response will be 150 to 225 words. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content.
You should allow 3 minutes to read the passage. Then listen to the lecture. Then allow 20 minutes to plan and write your response.
OG的例子：來源：www.examda.com
Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. （定義解釋）Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; （反面闡述）individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.
Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.
In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing--it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm, it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat's group.
閱讀材料Listening Script
The following is the script of the lecture that you heard and were asked to summarize.
You know, often in science, new findings force us to re-examine earlier beliefs and assumptions. And a recent study of meerkats is having exactly this effect. The study examined the meerkat's behavior quite closely, much more closely than had ever been done before. And some interesting things were found.., like about eating habits.., it showed that typically meerkats eat before they stand guard -- so the ones standing guard had a full stomach! And the study also found that since the sentinel is the first to see a predator coming, it's the most likely to escape... because it often stands guard near a burrow, so it can run immediately into the burrow after giving the alarm. The other meerkats, the ones scattered about looking for food, are actually in greater danger.
And in fact, other studies have suggested that when an animal creates an alarm, the alarm call might cause the other group members either to gather together or else to move about very quickly, behaviors that might actually draw the predator's attention away from the caller, increasing that animal’s own chances of survival.
And what about people？ what about some human acts that might be considered altruistic? Let's take an extreme case, uh, suppose a person donates a kidney to a relative, or even to a complete stranger. A selfless act, right? But... doesn't the donor receive appreciation and approval from the stranger and from society? Doesn't the donor gain an increased sense of self-worth? Couldn't such non-material rewards be considered very valuable to some people?
Question
Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, being sure to specifically explain how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.