考研真題閱讀題再思考
再做做下面3題：
1.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declared that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve，for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.
53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is .
A. very precise in passing his judgment on advertising
B. interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention
C. correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information
D. obviously partial in his views on advertising
54.In the author’s opinion,
A. advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information
B. advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
C. there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
D. the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
2.
……………………………..
In this world of change and complexity，the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate，reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems，the critical problems of their business，social and family life，will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
62.We can learn from the last paragraph that .
A. it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
B. people should make the best use of the information accessible
C. we should realize the importance of accumulating information
D.it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
答案分別為53D、54C、62D，要弄清楚它們?yōu)槭裁词谴鸢?；再想?2題的B為何不對？(B不對，因為末段并不是強(qiáng)調(diào)信息的利用問題，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)信息獲取的重要性。)
平時，做完題后精讀很重要，這是考場準(zhǔn)確、快速做題的必備前提。
下面這段詞句比較復(fù)雜，同學(xué)們要確保自己真正看懂看透，要理解長句的結(jié)構(gòu)，要認(rèn)識每一個詞和詞語(我配上譯文，以便大家自我檢測理解是對還是不對，尤其帶色部分和劃線部分)。其實，后面命題者所設(shè)計的閱讀題就是考查考生們是否能看懂這一部分。
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large，impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class，an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century，America，Africa，India，Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital，and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes，and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .
A. the separation of capital from management
B. the ownership of capital by managers
C. the emergence of capital and labor as two classes
D. the participation of shareholders in municipal business
有限責(zé)任公司和市政企業(yè)的增長具有重大的意義。這種對資本和企業(yè)的大規(guī)模的、不帶個人色彩的操作極大地增加了持股階層的數(shù)量和重要性，這個階層是國家生活的重要元素，它代表了無需承擔(dān)責(zé)任的財富與土地和土地?fù)碛姓叩穆氊?zé)分開(持股者光拿錢，不承擔(dān)管理經(jīng)營責(zé)任，不像以前的地主，有土地財富，但要自己經(jīng)營)；也與企業(yè)的責(zé)任管理脫鉤。十九世紀(jì)中，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲以及歐洲都被英國的資本開發(fā)著，英國的持股者就因為世界的工業(yè)化而大發(fā)其財。Bournemouth和Eastbourne這樣的城鎮(zhèn)紛紛涌現(xiàn)，從而為那些憑自己的收入而退休的、大量的“舒適”階層提供住處，這些人除了在領(lǐng)取紅利或者參加股東會議對管理層發(fā)號施令的時候之外，與社區(qū)其他人沒有交往。從另一方面說，“持股”意味著休閑和自由，這正好被后維多利亞時代的人們用來建設(shè)一個崇高而偉大文明(意思是：有一部分人休閑和自由，才能去進(jìn)行文明的更多偉大的創(chuàng)建，英國也才更發(fā)達(dá))。
Q60，答案為A，選項中的separation…from…替換了原文的detached from…而已。
再好好理解下面的段落，課堂上沒有細(xì)講，估計不少同學(xué)沒有真正理解?？赐旰?，查看后面的批注。
原文：
At the core of this debate is Chairman Gerald Levin，56，who took over for
the late Steve Ross in1992.On the financial front，Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt，which will increase to＄17.3billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company，but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company s rap music on the grounds of expression.In1992，when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer，Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture，which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society，”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column，“l(fā)ies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude，however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won t retreat in the face of any threats.”
批注：
At the core of this debate is Chairman Gerald Levin，56，who took over(接管) for the late(已故的) Steve Ross in1992.(1)On the financial front(在財經(jīng)戰(zhàn)場方面)，Levin is under pressure to raise the stock(=share股份；bond有息債卷) price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt，which will increase to＄17.3billion after two new cable deals(有線交易) close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company，but investors are waiting impatiently. (2)The flap帽檐；拍打；慌亂不安 over rap(說唱音樂) is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression(依據(jù)言論自由為公司辯護(hù)). In1992，when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer，Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture，which deserves an outlet出口、排遣. “The test of any democratic society，”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column，“l(fā)ies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude緯度；(思想行動)自由，however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”
(以上段落從2個方面說明Levin面前處于風(fēng)口浪尖之中，一是在財經(jīng)戰(zhàn)場方面，二是在關(guān)于說唱音樂問題方面)
這篇文章較難理解，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該照我下列的三層思路疏通該文：
1.這篇文章的第一段是總論，指出科學(xué)與其它社會文化之間的矛盾很嚴(yán)峻。
2.第234段描述科學(xué)家們反擊其它部門，斥之為反科學(xué)(antiscience)。
3.第567段則指出科學(xué)家們的樹敵范圍過寬，按文末哈佛一學(xué)者的話說，“所有那些煩擾或威脅那些自以為更開明的人(指科學(xué)家)的人”都會被貼上反科學(xué)的帽子。
接著再去思考末尾的問題Q62，答案選哪個？
Passage3
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church of poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has，if anything，deepened in this century.
Until recently，the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics but no longer. As funding for science has declined，scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books，notably Higher Superstition，by Paul R.Gross，a biologist at the University of Virginia，and Norman Levitt，a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World，by Car Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason，”held in New York City in1995，and “Science in the Age of(Mis)information，”which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists，philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts，creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in1996reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well，from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber，whose manifesto，published in1995，scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience，as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists，inevitably，respond to such critics. The true enemies of science，argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University，a pioneer of environmental studies，are those who question the evidence supporting global warming，the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. Indeed，some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘a(chǎn)ntiscience’ can lump together too many，quite different things，”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his1993work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”
62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is .
A. impartial B. subjective C. biased D. puzzling
這道題涉及作者對“科學(xué)pk其它文化”這個矛盾的態(tài)度。從第一段的開頭就能看出，作者只是以局外人的姿態(tài)，指出兩者之間的矛盾嚴(yán)峻，作者應(yīng)該是中立態(tài)度；再者，根據(jù)上面對文章主題兩層語義的分析，作者既指出科學(xué)家的反擊，也指出他們的過火，換言之，作者的討論是很辨證的，是客觀中立的。綜合起來，答案選A“中立的”。
能接受嗎？同學(xué)們要學(xué)會正確地分析文章的主旨和作者的傾向，從而把題目作對。
Passages 3：
——建議同學(xué)們按照下面的文章主旨分析，認(rèn)真理解本文：
段1作者指出：雖然很多學(xué)校急于在課堂上普及電腦，但其背后目的卻截然不同，這個問題值得探究。
段2作者首先區(qū)別了職業(yè)教育(technical education)和義務(wù)教育(education required by law)，在末尾句批評到，“由于主張普及電腦的人混淆了這兩種不同的教育，因此而往往過于強(qiáng)調(diào)就業(yè)因素，從而忽視了教育成效(educational achievement)”。
段3作者首先指出對部分學(xué)生而言，職業(yè)教育有其合理性，如在歐洲地區(qū)，但對美國(our country)而言，一味地進(jìn)行職業(yè)教育，甚至以為這種教育就能解決美國對各類人才的需要，則未免過于狹隘和武斷了(presumptuous)。暗示，一味地在課堂上普及電腦從而滿足就業(yè)需要在美國是不可取的，美國需要更廣泛的義務(wù)教育從而滿足社會方方面面的人才需求。
段4作者指出電腦技術(shù)很簡單，只是各類學(xué)科知識的補(bǔ)充技能而已，學(xué)會它也不會化太長時間，由此暗示，在課堂上普及電腦不必急于求成。文章末尾的結(jié)論是：所有學(xué)校首先要了解自己的辦學(xué)目的，否則不會迷糊中還能受益(暗示，學(xué)校的根本目的是義務(wù)教育、是讓學(xué)生全面發(fā)展，拼命學(xué)電腦找工作是不可取的)。
——文章后面的問題也很有考究，尤其是問題1和4的題干及選項，既考查了考生對文章局部內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確深刻的理解，又考查了考生們對大綱詞匯的把握程度。其實，這兩個方面也正是考生們復(fù)習(xí)迎考的著力重點。
再做做下面3題：
1.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declared that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve，for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.
53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is .
A. very precise in passing his judgment on advertising
B. interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention
C. correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information
D. obviously partial in his views on advertising
54.In the author’s opinion,
A. advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information
B. advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over
C. there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
D. the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
2.
……………………………..
In this world of change and complexity，the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate，reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems，the critical problems of their business，social and family life，will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
62.We can learn from the last paragraph that .
A. it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
B. people should make the best use of the information accessible
C. we should realize the importance of accumulating information
D.it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
答案分別為53D、54C、62D，要弄清楚它們?yōu)槭裁词谴鸢?；再想?2題的B為何不對？(B不對，因為末段并不是強(qiáng)調(diào)信息的利用問題，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)信息獲取的重要性。)
平時，做完題后精讀很重要，這是考場準(zhǔn)確、快速做題的必備前提。
下面這段詞句比較復(fù)雜，同學(xué)們要確保自己真正看懂看透，要理解長句的結(jié)構(gòu)，要認(rèn)識每一個詞和詞語(我配上譯文，以便大家自我檢測理解是對還是不對，尤其帶色部分和劃線部分)。其實，后面命題者所設(shè)計的閱讀題就是考查考生們是否能看懂這一部分。
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large，impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class，an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century，America，Africa，India，Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital，and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes，and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .
A. the separation of capital from management
B. the ownership of capital by managers
C. the emergence of capital and labor as two classes
D. the participation of shareholders in municipal business
有限責(zé)任公司和市政企業(yè)的增長具有重大的意義。這種對資本和企業(yè)的大規(guī)模的、不帶個人色彩的操作極大地增加了持股階層的數(shù)量和重要性，這個階層是國家生活的重要元素，它代表了無需承擔(dān)責(zé)任的財富與土地和土地?fù)碛姓叩穆氊?zé)分開(持股者光拿錢，不承擔(dān)管理經(jīng)營責(zé)任，不像以前的地主，有土地財富，但要自己經(jīng)營)；也與企業(yè)的責(zé)任管理脫鉤。十九世紀(jì)中，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲以及歐洲都被英國的資本開發(fā)著，英國的持股者就因為世界的工業(yè)化而大發(fā)其財。Bournemouth和Eastbourne這樣的城鎮(zhèn)紛紛涌現(xiàn)，從而為那些憑自己的收入而退休的、大量的“舒適”階層提供住處，這些人除了在領(lǐng)取紅利或者參加股東會議對管理層發(fā)號施令的時候之外，與社區(qū)其他人沒有交往。從另一方面說，“持股”意味著休閑和自由，這正好被后維多利亞時代的人們用來建設(shè)一個崇高而偉大文明(意思是：有一部分人休閑和自由，才能去進(jìn)行文明的更多偉大的創(chuàng)建，英國也才更發(fā)達(dá))。
Q60，答案為A，選項中的separation…from…替換了原文的detached from…而已。
再好好理解下面的段落，課堂上沒有細(xì)講，估計不少同學(xué)沒有真正理解?？赐旰?，查看后面的批注。
原文：
At the core of this debate is Chairman Gerald Levin，56，who took over for
the late Steve Ross in1992.On the financial front，Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt，which will increase to＄17.3billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company，but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company s rap music on the grounds of expression.In1992，when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer，Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture，which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society，”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column，“l(fā)ies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude，however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won t retreat in the face of any threats.”
批注：
At the core of this debate is Chairman Gerald Levin，56，who took over(接管) for the late(已故的) Steve Ross in1992.(1)On the financial front(在財經(jīng)戰(zhàn)場方面)，Levin is under pressure to raise the stock(=share股份；bond有息債卷) price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt，which will increase to＄17.3billion after two new cable deals(有線交易) close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company，but investors are waiting impatiently. (2)The flap帽檐；拍打；慌亂不安 over rap(說唱音樂) is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression(依據(jù)言論自由為公司辯護(hù)). In1992，when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer，Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture，which deserves an outlet出口、排遣. “The test of any democratic society，”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column，“l(fā)ies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude緯度；(思想行動)自由，however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”
(以上段落從2個方面說明Levin面前處于風(fēng)口浪尖之中，一是在財經(jīng)戰(zhàn)場方面，二是在關(guān)于說唱音樂問題方面)
這篇文章較難理解，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該照我下列的三層思路疏通該文：
1.這篇文章的第一段是總論，指出科學(xué)與其它社會文化之間的矛盾很嚴(yán)峻。
2.第234段描述科學(xué)家們反擊其它部門，斥之為反科學(xué)(antiscience)。
3.第567段則指出科學(xué)家們的樹敵范圍過寬，按文末哈佛一學(xué)者的話說，“所有那些煩擾或威脅那些自以為更開明的人(指科學(xué)家)的人”都會被貼上反科學(xué)的帽子。
接著再去思考末尾的問題Q62，答案選哪個？
Passage3
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church of poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has，if anything，deepened in this century.
Until recently，the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics but no longer. As funding for science has declined，scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books，notably Higher Superstition，by Paul R.Gross，a biologist at the University of Virginia，and Norman Levitt，a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World，by Car Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason，”held in New York City in1995，and “Science in the Age of(Mis)information，”which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists，philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts，creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in1996reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well，from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber，whose manifesto，published in1995，scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience，as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists，inevitably，respond to such critics. The true enemies of science，argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University，a pioneer of environmental studies，are those who question the evidence supporting global warming，the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. Indeed，some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘a(chǎn)ntiscience’ can lump together too many，quite different things，”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his1993work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”
62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is .
A. impartial B. subjective C. biased D. puzzling
這道題涉及作者對“科學(xué)pk其它文化”這個矛盾的態(tài)度。從第一段的開頭就能看出，作者只是以局外人的姿態(tài)，指出兩者之間的矛盾嚴(yán)峻，作者應(yīng)該是中立態(tài)度；再者，根據(jù)上面對文章主題兩層語義的分析，作者既指出科學(xué)家的反擊，也指出他們的過火，換言之，作者的討論是很辨證的，是客觀中立的。綜合起來，答案選A“中立的”。
能接受嗎？同學(xué)們要學(xué)會正確地分析文章的主旨和作者的傾向，從而把題目作對。
Passages 3：
——建議同學(xué)們按照下面的文章主旨分析，認(rèn)真理解本文：
段1作者指出：雖然很多學(xué)校急于在課堂上普及電腦，但其背后目的卻截然不同，這個問題值得探究。
段2作者首先區(qū)別了職業(yè)教育(technical education)和義務(wù)教育(education required by law)，在末尾句批評到，“由于主張普及電腦的人混淆了這兩種不同的教育，因此而往往過于強(qiáng)調(diào)就業(yè)因素，從而忽視了教育成效(educational achievement)”。
段3作者首先指出對部分學(xué)生而言，職業(yè)教育有其合理性，如在歐洲地區(qū)，但對美國(our country)而言，一味地進(jìn)行職業(yè)教育，甚至以為這種教育就能解決美國對各類人才的需要，則未免過于狹隘和武斷了(presumptuous)。暗示，一味地在課堂上普及電腦從而滿足就業(yè)需要在美國是不可取的，美國需要更廣泛的義務(wù)教育從而滿足社會方方面面的人才需求。
段4作者指出電腦技術(shù)很簡單，只是各類學(xué)科知識的補(bǔ)充技能而已，學(xué)會它也不會化太長時間，由此暗示，在課堂上普及電腦不必急于求成。文章末尾的結(jié)論是：所有學(xué)校首先要了解自己的辦學(xué)目的，否則不會迷糊中還能受益(暗示，學(xué)校的根本目的是義務(wù)教育、是讓學(xué)生全面發(fā)展，拼命學(xué)電腦找工作是不可取的)。
——文章后面的問題也很有考究，尤其是問題1和4的題干及選項，既考查了考生對文章局部內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確深刻的理解，又考查了考生們對大綱詞匯的把握程度。其實，這兩個方面也正是考生們復(fù)習(xí)迎考的著力重點。