考研英語輔導(dǎo):翻譯輔導(dǎo)

字號(hào):

1. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems.
    我會(huì)把"知識(shí)分子"定義為這樣的人,他們把以蘇格拉底的方式來思考道德問題的活動(dòng)作為人生的主要任務(wù)和樂趣。
    簡要分析:結(jié)構(gòu)方面,定語從句這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)考點(diǎn)又出現(xiàn)了。鑒于句子較長,可以分為兩部分,即主句與定語從句。在定語從句中,詞組"elect...as"(把......作為)的賓語比較長,因此賓語補(bǔ)足語被前置了。即本來是elect A as B這樣一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu),但由于A太長,終變成了elect as B A這樣一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu),即elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life (B) the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems(A). 同樣的結(jié)構(gòu),以往也曾考過,比如2003年第65題,本來是make something possible,但由于something以及它的修飾成分太長,結(jié)果變成了make possible something (which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding)。
    另外,本句中有幾個(gè)詞,翻譯時(shí)省略也無妨,比如"an individual"和"activity",所以句子也可以譯為:
    我對(duì)"知識(shí)分子"的定義如下:以蘇格拉底的方式來思考道德問題并以此作為人生主要任務(wù)和樂趣的人。
    2. His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
    知識(shí)分子的作用與法官類似,后者必須接受如下義務(wù),即以盡可能淺顯的方式揭示導(dǎo)致他做出某一決定的推理過程。
    簡要分析:結(jié)構(gòu)方面,本句同樣考到定語從句。建議第一個(gè)定語從句分譯,第二個(gè)合譯。主句部分相對(duì)容易,只有"analogous"算是個(gè)難詞。但是有上下文"to that (function) of a judge"這本身就顯示"his function"和"that of a judge"之間是某種類比關(guān)系。而此處的"analogous"正是"類似"的意思。
    從句的翻譯是有一定難度的。講課時(shí),我一再說過,理解長難句,關(guān)鍵是找出主干。本句定語從句的主干就是"who must accept the obligation",而"obligation"后面全部是修飾成分--整個(gè)定語從句是從句套從句的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu),無法很好地融合在同一個(gè)修飾成分中,所以不妨采取后置法,通過重復(fù)先行詞把本句定語從句譯成:"后者(即法官-作者注)必須接受如下(這一)義務(wù),即......"。
    此外,這個(gè)定語從句對(duì)語言的運(yùn)用能力要求更高,比如"in as obvious a manner as possible"是"reveal"(揭示)的"manner"(方式),因此,本結(jié)構(gòu)亦可作"in a manner as obvious as possible"(以盡可能淺顯的方式)。
    再比如,"revealing"的賓語本來是"the course of reasoning which led him to this decision",但中間插入了較長的方式狀語"in as obvious a manner as possible",這就給理解造成一定困難。
    后,which led him to this decision是一個(gè)簡短的定語從句,可以作為一個(gè)修飾成分。因此我們不妨采用前置法,把該定語從句作為中心詞的修飾語。
    3. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
    我把一般科學(xué)家排除在外了,這是因?yàn)?,盡管他們的成就可能有助于解決道德問題,但他們只有義務(wù)研究這些問題的事實(shí)層面。
    簡要分析:結(jié)構(gòu)方面,句子雖長,可是理解還是比較簡單的。主要是主句加上一個(gè)本身帶有讓步狀語從句的原因狀語從句。在原因狀語從句部分中,難點(diǎn)在于"he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems"這一部分。在any but這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,but相當(dāng)于except,因此,字面意思是:他沒有被賦予接觸這些問題中事實(shí)部分以外的其它部分的任務(wù)。說得簡單點(diǎn),就是"僅被賦予了研究這些問題中與事實(shí)相關(guān)的層面。"稍微結(jié)合上下文,可以看出,本句的意思是:沒人指望科學(xué)家研究問題的道德層面,我們只要求他們研究問題的事實(shí)層面。
    4. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
    但是,如同人們沒有期待商人致力于思考商業(yè)界的行為準(zhǔn)則一樣,一般科學(xué)家的主要任務(wù)也不是思考控制其活動(dòng)的道德規(guī)范。
    簡要分析:結(jié)構(gòu)方面,這個(gè)句子雖然考了一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)考點(diǎn),即定語從句,但實(shí)際上難點(diǎn)是"not any more than"這樣一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)。具體到本句,大致的框架必須是:如同人們沒有期待商人......,一般科學(xué)家的主要任務(wù)也不是......。有了這個(gè)大致框架,整個(gè)句子不會(huì)有什么問題了。
    5. They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
    他們可能教得很好,而且可能不僅為了謀生而教書,但是他們中的大多數(shù)人對(duì)于涉及道德判斷的人類問題幾乎或者根本沒有進(jìn)行過獨(dú)立的思考。
    簡要分析:結(jié)構(gòu)方面,考了一個(gè)簡短的定語從句。此外,more than earn their salaries的理解偏難,明顯考大家的語言功底。其實(shí)這個(gè)句子有省略,補(bǔ)全了是:They may teach very well, and they may teach more than earn their salaries,這樣意思就比較明顯了:知識(shí)分子可能教得很好,而且有可能不光為了謀生而教書。
    其它難點(diǎn):
    Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?
    簡要分析:注意下面全文譯文中形式主語的處理,前已詳解,茲不贅述。
    "Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts," as Emerson would say, "is something else."
    簡要分析:引用某個(gè)人的話時(shí),通常的表達(dá)方式是:As somebody put it/As somebody once put it/As somebody said。在這里,作者用了as Emerson would say這種說法,表明按照愛默生的思想或者一貫做法,他是會(huì)這么說的。