題目結(jié)論：末句。
1.整體特征不一定適合于群體中的每個(gè)個(gè)體；同樣，局部特征也不能表明整體特征。
關(guān)鍵判斷詞：your town，500 locations
改錯(cuò)模板：The argument assumes that the general trend that PLG is already popular among customers infers the trend in specific regions upon which the argument relies. Yet, the brochure fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. Absent such evidence, it is just likely that PLG may not be so popular in the proposed town as it in the 500 locations; for that matter, perhaps in the mentioned region the people’s hobbies are just on the contrary, in which event the arguer’s recommendation would amount to especially poor advice.
2.急于概括：在證據(jù)不足的情況下作出普遍的概括
/因果關(guān)系簡(jiǎn)單化：忽略了因果關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性：一因到多果/多因合一果
/錯(cuò)誤的兩難處境：把復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題簡(jiǎn)化為非此即彼的兩種選擇
改錯(cuò)模板：The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of influencing people’s concern on personal health are available. Yet no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admittedly, the last year’s sales of books, magazines and home exercise equipment are some evidence that could ensure a quick profit in some sense. However, it is entirely possible that other relevant factors might result in no profit at all. Perhaps a much quicker profit should result from investing in another program. Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of reducing profit, the arguer cannot confidently conclude that PLG franchise is a wise investment.
3.數(shù)據(jù)類問(wèn)題(survey/study/poll)
(1) What procedure is used?
調(diào)查的結(jié)果是否具有代表性(representative)，是否遵循了隨機(jī)性原則(the principal of random )：全體成員有同樣的機(jī)會(huì)(the same opportunity)被抽到不能事先把一部分成員排除在外。
(2) How large was the sample?
抽樣調(diào)查必須保證從調(diào)查對(duì)象的總體(the whole)中抽取足夠大(adequate/sufficient)的樣本，否則，調(diào)查的結(jié)果就缺少可信度(credibility)。
(3)Are the statistics misleadingly vague?
調(diào)查過(guò)程與結(jié)果的敘述應(yīng)該使用明確的數(shù)字，如：具體的數(shù)字、比例或百分比。而不要模糊如：many, majority,以及不知道底數(shù)的百分比。
(4)Are the statistics complete?
作者只提供了部分相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)
(5)Are the statistics important?
數(shù)據(jù)與作者試圖證明的假設(shè)之間沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系
(6)When was the survey conducted?
調(diào)查的時(shí)間可能影響結(jié)果的代表性如：人們?cè)谶x舉前對(duì)政治新聞的興趣可能變大，中國(guó)CCTV-5對(duì)NBA 火箭隊(duì)的興趣等
關(guān)鍵判斷詞：National surveys
(樣本不具備代表性)改錯(cuò)模板：(1) One problem with the argument involves the cited statistics about sales of books and magazines. It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about their sales in the future based on statistics regarding last year’s. Depending on the total number of books and magazines, it is entirely possible that those on personal health are not representative of the whole. For example, perhaps the sales regarding sports totaled more than $50 billion. If so, then the arguer’s recommendation might amount to poor advice for us.
(收集數(shù)據(jù)過(guò)程有誤)改錯(cuò)模板：(2)The survey methodology might be problematic in two aspects. First, we are not informed whether the survey required that respondents choose their concern between alternatives. If it did, then the results might distort the preferences of respondents, who might very well prefer a certain one not provided in the survey. Secondly, we are not informed whether survey responses were anonymous, or even confidential. If they were not, the respondents might have provided responses that they believed those in power would approve of, regardless of whether the responses were truthful. In either event, the survey results would be unreliable for the purpose of drawing any conclusions about people’s real increasing inclination.
1.整體特征不一定適合于群體中的每個(gè)個(gè)體；同樣，局部特征也不能表明整體特征。
關(guān)鍵判斷詞：your town，500 locations
改錯(cuò)模板：The argument assumes that the general trend that PLG is already popular among customers infers the trend in specific regions upon which the argument relies. Yet, the brochure fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. Absent such evidence, it is just likely that PLG may not be so popular in the proposed town as it in the 500 locations; for that matter, perhaps in the mentioned region the people’s hobbies are just on the contrary, in which event the arguer’s recommendation would amount to especially poor advice.
2.急于概括：在證據(jù)不足的情況下作出普遍的概括
/因果關(guān)系簡(jiǎn)單化：忽略了因果關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性：一因到多果/多因合一果
/錯(cuò)誤的兩難處境：把復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題簡(jiǎn)化為非此即彼的兩種選擇
改錯(cuò)模板：The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of influencing people’s concern on personal health are available. Yet no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admittedly, the last year’s sales of books, magazines and home exercise equipment are some evidence that could ensure a quick profit in some sense. However, it is entirely possible that other relevant factors might result in no profit at all. Perhaps a much quicker profit should result from investing in another program. Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of reducing profit, the arguer cannot confidently conclude that PLG franchise is a wise investment.
3.數(shù)據(jù)類問(wèn)題(survey/study/poll)
(1) What procedure is used?
調(diào)查的結(jié)果是否具有代表性(representative)，是否遵循了隨機(jī)性原則(the principal of random )：全體成員有同樣的機(jī)會(huì)(the same opportunity)被抽到不能事先把一部分成員排除在外。
(2) How large was the sample?
抽樣調(diào)查必須保證從調(diào)查對(duì)象的總體(the whole)中抽取足夠大(adequate/sufficient)的樣本，否則，調(diào)查的結(jié)果就缺少可信度(credibility)。
(3)Are the statistics misleadingly vague?
調(diào)查過(guò)程與結(jié)果的敘述應(yīng)該使用明確的數(shù)字，如：具體的數(shù)字、比例或百分比。而不要模糊如：many, majority,以及不知道底數(shù)的百分比。
(4)Are the statistics complete?
作者只提供了部分相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)
(5)Are the statistics important?
數(shù)據(jù)與作者試圖證明的假設(shè)之間沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系
(6)When was the survey conducted?
調(diào)查的時(shí)間可能影響結(jié)果的代表性如：人們?cè)谶x舉前對(duì)政治新聞的興趣可能變大，中國(guó)CCTV-5對(duì)NBA 火箭隊(duì)的興趣等
關(guān)鍵判斷詞：National surveys
(樣本不具備代表性)改錯(cuò)模板：(1) One problem with the argument involves the cited statistics about sales of books and magazines. It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about their sales in the future based on statistics regarding last year’s. Depending on the total number of books and magazines, it is entirely possible that those on personal health are not representative of the whole. For example, perhaps the sales regarding sports totaled more than $50 billion. If so, then the arguer’s recommendation might amount to poor advice for us.
(收集數(shù)據(jù)過(guò)程有誤)改錯(cuò)模板：(2)The survey methodology might be problematic in two aspects. First, we are not informed whether the survey required that respondents choose their concern between alternatives. If it did, then the results might distort the preferences of respondents, who might very well prefer a certain one not provided in the survey. Secondly, we are not informed whether survey responses were anonymous, or even confidential. If they were not, the respondents might have provided responses that they believed those in power would approve of, regardless of whether the responses were truthful. In either event, the survey results would be unreliable for the purpose of drawing any conclusions about people’s real increasing inclination.