開頭句型
I 對(duì)立法 II 現(xiàn)象法 III 觀點(diǎn)法 IV 引用法 V 比較法 VI 故事法 VII 問題法
I．對(duì)立法
文章開頭首先引出人們對(duì)要討論的問題的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看法，或偏向的那個(gè)看法。對(duì)立法的句型多用于有爭(zhēng)議性的主題。
1 When asked about..., the vast / overwhelming majority of
most / many / quite a few people say
think
believe
answer
1 that.... But other people regard / view / see / think of.. . as....
I think /view quite / a bit differently.
1.1 When asked about the biggest problem today, many people say that it is the serious energy crisis. They are afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of food. But other people hold optimistic views: they regard it as a natural result of the economic development and believe it will be only solved with further advances in economy and technology.
當(dāng)問起世界上現(xiàn)在大的問題是什么，許多人說是嚴(yán)重的能源危機(jī)。他們擔(dān)心人類不久會(huì)用完石油、發(fā)生食品短缺！但有些人則持樂觀的看法。他們把能源危機(jī)看成是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的自然結(jié)果，而且只有隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展才能得以解決。
1.2 When asked what kind of career they will pursue upon graduation, mist college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them lot of money and a conformable life. Working in a big bank or company is what they desire. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career which will help realize my potentials.
當(dāng)問起畢業(yè)后干什么，大多數(shù)大學(xué)生說，他們會(huì)找一個(gè)能給他們帶來許多錢和舒適生活的工作。在一家大銀行或大的公司里工作是他們所向往的。但是我的想法大不相同。我要選擇一個(gè)能夠發(fā)揮我的才能的職業(yè)。
2 When It comes to..., some people think
believe that.... Others argue
claim that the
2 opposite
reverse is true. There Is probably some truth in both arguments
statements , but....
2.1 When it comes to international sport such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup soccer game, some people believe that it creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead in misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably a little bit of truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood.
當(dāng)說到國(guó)際體育比賽，諸如奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)和世界杯足球賽，有些人認(rèn)為它能增進(jìn)國(guó)與國(guó)之間的友善。如果許多國(guó)家在一起比賽交流，他們就會(huì)知道怎么一起生活。但另一些人則持相反的觀點(diǎn)。他們認(rèn)為國(guó)際體育競(jìng)賽只會(huì)造成虛假的民族自豪感，導(dǎo)致相互間的誤解和仇恨。這兩種觀點(diǎn)可能都有點(diǎn)道理，但是從近幾年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)來看，很少能證明體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可以增進(jìn)國(guó)與國(guó)之間的友好感情。
2.2 In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. Yet when it comes to the desirability of extending the life of the terminally ill, some people, including some doctors, say that the quality of life is as important as life itself, and that people should in be forced to go on living when the conditions of life have become unbearable. They argue that people should be allowed to die with dignity and decide when they want to die. However those who are in favor of life-extending measures argue that life under any circumstances is better than death and that the duty of doctors is always to extend life as long as possible. There is probably some truth on both sides, but recently the public clamor for the legalization of voluntary euthanasia seem increasingly strong.
在近幾十年，醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使得人類有可能比過去活得長(zhǎng)了。但是當(dāng)論及延長(zhǎng)一個(gè)無可挽救、瀕臨死亡的人的生命是否必要時(shí)，有些人，包括有些醫(yī)生認(rèn)為生命的質(zhì)量和生命本身同樣重要；當(dāng)病情已變得不堪忍受了，就不應(yīng)迫使這些人再活下去。他們堅(jiān)持說應(yīng)允許一個(gè)人尊嚴(yán)地死去，允許他們決定什么時(shí)候死。但是贊成采取延長(zhǎng)生命的方法的人認(rèn)為在任何情況下生總比死好；一個(gè)醫(yī)生的責(zé)任就是盡可能延長(zhǎng)一個(gè)人的生命?；蛟S雙方都有點(diǎn)道理，但是近公眾要求對(duì)自愿安樂死合法化的呼聲似乎越來越高。
3 There is a public
general
much debate
discussion
controversy today
nowadays on
about
over
as to the problem
issue of.... Those who criticize
oppose
object to
3 ... contend
argue ... that.... They believe that .... But people who advocate
favor ..., on the other hand, maintain
assert that....
3.1 There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable. Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, and the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment. People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth rate, there are still many poor people, They maintain that only continued growth can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life and provide the financial resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization.
現(xiàn)在圍繞快速的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是否應(yīng)該正展開一場(chǎng)熱烈的討論。那些持反對(duì)意見者認(rèn)為我們必須放慢發(fā)展速度。他們說發(fā)展已接近某種極限！這其中包括有限的自然資源供應(yīng)和工業(yè)對(duì)環(huán)境造成的消極影響。然而要求更快發(fā)展的人則認(rèn)為，即使按目前的發(fā)展速度還是有許多窮人。他們認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)快速發(fā)展才能創(chuàng)造提高生活質(zhì)量所必需的資本，才能提供用來保護(hù)環(huán)境不受工業(yè)化破壞的資金。
3.2 There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college students' doing a part-time job. Those who object to it argue that students should not spend their precious time in this way. But people who advocate it, on the other hand, claim that, by taking a major-related part-time job or summer job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.
關(guān)于大學(xué)生打工這一現(xiàn)象，校園里正展開一場(chǎng)討論。反對(duì)大學(xué)生打工的人指出大學(xué)生不應(yīng)該把寶貴的時(shí)間花在這上面。然而贊成者則認(rèn)為，通過從事一些與專業(yè)有關(guān)的工作，可以提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)，還可獲得到書本上得不到的許多經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
4 Now, It is commonly
generally
widely believed
thought
held
accepted
felt
recognized
acknowledged that.... They
4 claim
believe
argue that .... But I wonder
doubt whether ...
4.1 It is commonly believed that the rise in teenage smoking is the inevitable result of economic development. They argue that if there are no cigarette advertisement on TV, no cigarettes available everywhere, and no adequate pocket money, teenagers are unlikely to take up the habit of smoking. But I doubt that it is a satisfactory explanation. While conceding the effect of advertising and other commercial factors, I think that the primary cause is social and individual rather than economic.
人們普遍認(rèn)為青少年吸煙人數(shù)上升是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展不可避免的結(jié)果。他們認(rèn)為：如果電視上沒有香煙廣告，香煙不是到處可買得到，孩子的零用錢不是很多的話，青少年不太可能染上吸煙的習(xí)慣。但我懷疑這是否是一個(gè)滿意的解釋。雖然有廣告和其它商業(yè)因素的影響，我認(rèn)為主要原因是社會(huì)和個(gè)人因素而不是經(jīng)濟(jì)上的。
4.2 It is widely felt that there is a fear plainly uppermost in the minds of most people today. They are afraid of the future, and if you ask them why, they conveniently blame the atomic bomb. But I suspect that the nuclear weapon is only the scapegoat for our fears. We are not afraid of the future because of a bomb. We are afraid of bombs because we have no faith in the future. I believe people no longer have faith in our ability to control our own future.
人們普遍感到現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)人明顯地有一種恐懼感。他們怕將來。如果問他們?yōu)槭裁磁?，他們?huì)很隨意地怪原子彈。但我懷疑，核武器不過是我們害怕的替罪羊。我們怕將來不是因?yàn)橛辛嗽訌?，說我們怕原子禪，實(shí)際上是對(duì)未來沒有信心。我認(rèn)為人們對(duì)自己是否有能力控制將來已喪失信心了。
5 To the general public
To most people
In the popular mind
In most people's opinion .... But despite
in spite of
for all .... I believe....
one should ...
5.1 In the popular mind, it is immediately assumed that when morals are discussed, it is sexual morals that are meant. The morals of salesmen, doctors, and taxi drivers are only moderately interesting to the general public, while the relations between men and women are frequent themes in novels and movies, themes which no amount of repetition makes stale. Yet in spite of this immense preoccupation with sex, much attention should be drawn to the general moral standards.
當(dāng)討論起道德問題時(shí)，大多數(shù)人會(huì)立即認(rèn)為是指性道德。一方面售貨員、醫(yī)生和出租車司機(jī)的職業(yè)道德不大為公眾所關(guān)心，而另一方面男女間的關(guān)系卻是小說和電影中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的主題，再怎么不斷重復(fù)也不會(huì)失去其新鮮感。因此盡管人們對(duì)性的題目津津樂道，我認(rèn)為應(yīng)注意整個(gè)道德水平。
5.2 To most Chinese parents, college is a place their children should go. And their children, for the most part, are also anxious to go. It is in Chinese tradition that there is something about a college that transfers an ordinary child into a superior adult. But in spite of this belief, men and women who have been to college suspect that this is not the case.
大多數(shù)中國(guó)父母看來，大學(xué)是他們的子女應(yīng)該去的地方。而他們的孩子在大多數(shù)情況下也渴望上大學(xué)。中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)是大學(xué)能把一個(gè)普普通通的孩子培養(yǎng)成一個(gè)超人一等的人。但是盡管人們有這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，凡是讀過大學(xué)的人卻認(rèn)為情況并非如此。
6 Now a lot of
the majority of
many / most people believe
think
feel that....
6 But although
Admittedly, ... there is no / little evidence that
it is questioned /doubted ...
6.1 A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on children. A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychologists have spent a great deal of time studying this problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about juvenile delinquency.
許多人都認(rèn)為電視會(huì)給孩子帶來危害。前幾年，對(duì)電影也有類似的指責(zé)。然而盡管青少年心理學(xué)者花了許多時(shí)間來研究這個(gè)問題，卻很少有證據(jù)表明電視造成了青少年犯罪。
6.2 Most people believe that our society of consumption creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Although this view is widely held, there is little evidence that Money brings about happiness. Instead, we find our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness, and, eventually, to the disintegration of our culture. I refuse to identify consumption with joy and fun with happiness.
許多人認(rèn)為，我們這個(gè)消費(fèi)社會(huì)給絕大多數(shù)人帶來了大的幸福。盡管人們普遍這樣認(rèn)為，卻很少有證據(jù)表明錢能給人帶來幸福。相反，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在的全活方式使人越來越感到焦慮不安，孤立無援，終導(dǎo)致我們文化的崩潰。我不認(rèn)為消費(fèi)就是快樂，玩樂就是幸福。
6.3 There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it once was. Radio and especially television have taken over many of the functions once served by print. Admittedly, television serves some of these functions extremely well; the visual communication of news events, for example, has enormous impact. The ability of radio to give us information while we are engaged in doing other things ------ for instance, driving a car ------ is remarkable, and a great saving of time. But it may be seriously questioned whether the advent of modern communications media has much enhanced our intellectual skills.
現(xiàn)在有些人覺得，閱讀沒有像過去那樣有必要了。無線電廣播，尤其電視已代替了曾經(jīng)由印刷所起的許多作用。確實(shí)，電視極好地發(fā)揮了其中的一些功能，如新聞通過圖像來傳送有很大的影響。無線電廣播能使我們邊干事，如開車，邊收聽消息，真是了不起，且可節(jié)約許多時(shí)間。但是人們或許會(huì)認(rèn)真發(fā)問，這些現(xiàn)代傳播媒體的出現(xiàn)是否已提高了我們的知識(shí)技能。
7 .... In reaction
response
answer to the event
phenomenon
idea
question , some people say
think .... But do they realize...?
7.1 Now most people get their news and information about the things that are happening at home and abroad from television. They believe the things they hear and see on television. Probably most of the information is true, and we can believe it. But shall we always believe the information which television gives us? Do we never suspect that the given information might be slanted, distorted or the truth totally denied?
現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)人都是從電視上知道國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)生的事和新聞的。他們都相信在電視上看到和聽到的事。大多數(shù)消息可能是真的，我們能相信。但是我們是否總是要相信電視給我們的消息呢？難道我們從不懷疑所給的消息可能有偏見，或已歪曲了，或真相已被徹底隱瞞了？
7.2 In the past few years big business has fallen to a low level in public esteem. A recent Gallup poll shows that big business came in last, in terms of the quality of the products, among all the enterprises which sell household appliances in Shanghai; at the top of the list were small business or business from small towns. in response to the poll, many businessmen argue that this public attitude is due to the inadequacy of their advertising and can be cured by stepping up their advertising campaigns. They are only fooling themselves. Do they realize that the real problem for their loss of public respect is what they have been doing, not what they have been saying about themselves?
在過去幾年里，大企業(yè)在公眾中的信譽(yù)已下降到一個(gè)低水平。近的蓋洛普民意測(cè)驗(yàn)表明，就產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量來說在上海出售家用電器的所有企業(yè)中，大企業(yè)位居榜末，而小企業(yè)或鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)名列前茅。對(duì)此許多大企業(yè)人士認(rèn)為公眾的這種態(tài)度是由于廣告宣傳不夠造成的，只要加大廣告宣傳聲勢(shì)，就會(huì)扭轉(zhuǎn)局面。這是在自欺欺人。難道他們沒有認(rèn)識(shí)到失去公眾信譽(yù)的真正問題在于他們所做的，而不是所說的？
8 ... is a popular
widespread
common method
way of..., but is it a fair
wise
reasonable one?
8 The
Its method / way
value / wisdom s now being questioned
challenged by more and more people.
8.1 Throwing criminals in jail is an ancient and widespread method of punishment, but is it a wise one? It does seem reasonable to keep wrongdoers in a place where they find fewer opportunities to hurt innocent people, and where they might discover that crime doesn't pay. The system has long been considered fair and sound by those who want to see the guilty punished and society protected. Yet the value of this form of justice is now being questioned by more and more people.
把罪犯丟進(jìn)監(jiān)獄是個(gè)古老又被廣泛采用的懲罰方法。但這個(gè)方法是否明智？把做壞事的人關(guān)在一個(gè)地方，使他們沒有機(jī)會(huì)再損害無辜的人，使他們感到犯罪劃不來，似乎確實(shí)有道理。這種制度一直被那些希望罪惡得到懲罰，社會(huì)得到保護(hù)的人視為公平而有效。但是這種司法形式的合理性現(xiàn)在正受到越來越多的人的質(zhì)疑。
8.2 Required class attendance, like an old custom, is so common in in Chinese colleges and universities that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it is a good thing. But is it a wise method? It does contribute to the rise in the number of students attending class. But is there any proven co-relation between attendance and performance in a course? The value of required attendance is now being questioned by more and more teachers and students.
上課點(diǎn)名制，如同一種古*俗，在中國(guó)的大學(xué)里非常普遍，許多教師甚至學(xué)生自己都認(rèn)為這種做法是對(duì)的。但這種方法是否明智？上課點(diǎn)名確實(shí)有助于學(xué)生出勤率的上升，但是到教室上課和這個(gè)學(xué)生在這門課上的學(xué)習(xí)表現(xiàn)，兩者之間是否已證實(shí)有聯(lián)系？上課點(diǎn)名制度的合理性已受到越來越多的教師和學(xué)生的懷疑。
9 These days we often hear about.... They claim
argue
say that.... But has
is it?
9 Close examination
analysis
scrutiny doesn't bear out the claim.
argument.
9.1 These days we often hear about "the classless society". They say that all men are equal, and they can enjoy the same educational and job opportunities, and the distinction between rich and poor has lost. But has it? Close examination doesn't bear out the claim.
近來我們一直聽到關(guān)于“無階級(jí)社會(huì)”的說法。他們稱人人平等他們都享受同等的教育機(jī)會(huì)和工作機(jī)會(huì)；窮人和富人的界限已經(jīng)消失。果真如此嗎？略細(xì)分析一下，就證明這種觀點(diǎn)站不住腳。
9.2 These days I have heard many exasperated students and working adults alike express a strong desire to take an English course and a computer course. They believe that such knowledge will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities. But will it? The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.
這些日子我聽到不少因?qū)W習(xí)或工作而感到痛苦的學(xué)生和工人表示要上英語(yǔ)課或電腦課的強(qiáng)烈愿望。他們認(rèn)為這些知識(shí)會(huì)增加他們找工作、晉級(jí)的機(jī)會(huì)。是這樣嗎？從我近幾年得到的材料來看，我認(rèn)為這些知識(shí)并不像大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為的那么有用。
10 We are often shown
told these days that.... But is this really the case?
10.1 We are often told that technological know-how, acquired in exploring space, will be utilized to make life better on earth. Is this really the case? What has the space exploration done to relieve the suffering of the earth's starving millions? In what way has it raised the standard of living of anyone of us? Man may put human beings on the moon, but there is growing skepticism about his ability to solve human problems closer to home.
我們經(jīng)常聽說在探索空間中獲得的技術(shù)知識(shí)將用來改善我們地球上的人的生活。情況真的如此嗎？太空探索對(duì)減輕地球上正在挨餓的千百萬(wàn)人的痛苦到底做了什么呢？它從什么方面提高了我們的生活水平呢？人類能夠把人自己送上月球，但人們?cè)絹碓綉岩善浣鉀Q地球上人自己?jiǎn)栴}的能力。
II．現(xiàn)象法
對(duì)某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象、傾向或社會(huì)問題進(jìn)行剖析的文章往往在文章一開始首先引出這種現(xiàn)象或問題，然后評(píng)論。本節(jié)句型就適用于這種開頭。
11 Recently the rise in
phenomenon of
problem of
question of ... has
11 drawn / aroused public / popular / grave / world-wide attention
caused /aroused wide / general / considerable / international concern
arisen /loomed up /cropped up as controversial /as noteworthy/more distinctly for settlement
11.1 Recently, the alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies on human beings have caused wide public concern, and understandably so. With nuclear energy threatening global catastrophe and with so many other technological advances visibly damaging the quality of life, who would wish to have scientists tampering with man's inner nature? Indeed, fear of such manipulation may amuse even more anxiety than fear of death.
近，有關(guān)把遺傳技術(shù)用于人類自身而產(chǎn)生的問題的警示已引起了公眾的廣泛關(guān)注。這是可以理解的。核能開發(fā)正威脅著全球的生存，其它許多技術(shù)進(jìn)步也正明顯地危害生活的質(zhì)量。在這種情況下，誰(shuí)還會(huì)希望科學(xué)家來任意改變?nèi)梭w內(nèi)部機(jī)能呢？確實(shí)，害怕對(duì)人的操縱所引起的擔(dān)憂可能會(huì)超過對(duì)死亡的害怕。
11.2 Recently psychologists have found only about two percent of adults use their creativity, compared with ten percent of seven-year-old children. When five-year-olds were tested, the result soared to ninety percent! The findings set off many people thinking. Curiosity and originality are daily occurrences for the small child, but somehow most of us lose the freedom and flexibility of the child as we grow older. The need to follow "directions" and "do-it-right", plus the many societal constraints we put on ourselves, prevent us from using our creative potential.
近，心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)在使用自己創(chuàng)造力方面，成人只有2％，而7歲的兒童竟有10％。如果在5歲的兒童中測(cè)試，這個(gè)數(shù)上升到90％。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)引起許多人思索。好奇心和創(chuàng)造性每天可在小孩子身上發(fā)現(xiàn)，而當(dāng)我們逐步長(zhǎng)大成人，多數(shù)人喪失了孩子的那種自由和靈活性?！鞍闯Ｒ?guī)去做”，“按正確的去做”，以及種種社會(huì)的清規(guī)戒律把我們束縛住了，使我們無法發(fā)揮自己的創(chuàng)造潛力。
12 Recently the issue
problem
question of... has been in the limelight.
brought into focus.
brought to public attention.
posed among the general public.
12.1 The problem of development vs. environment has now been in the limelight. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China, where the world's largest population faces pollution, deforestation and acid rain on a large scale.
現(xiàn)在發(fā)展與環(huán)境的問題已成為人們議論的中心。在中國(guó)這對(duì)矛盾表現(xiàn)得尤為明顯。這個(gè)世界上人口多的國(guó)家正面臨著大量的環(huán)境污染、森林減少以及酸雨的襲擊。
13 In recent
the past 5 years, many cities
nations
people have been faced /plagued /troubled with
experienced/witnessed /undergone the
a(n) serious problem of
acute shortage of
alarming increase in
13.1 In recent years many factories of our country have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Seeing many idle workers smoking, chatting, or playing cards during the working hours, some experts claim that the solution is to increase economic reward. Other people feel that "the iron rice bowl" should be roughly smashed. But does mere money lead to greater productivity?
近年來我國(guó)許多工廠一直面臨著如何提高工人的生產(chǎn)效率的問題。針對(duì)許多工人上班的無所事事，抽煙，聊天或打牌的現(xiàn)象，有些專家主張通過增加經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)酬來解決。另一些人認(rèn)為應(yīng)徹底打破鐵飯碗。但是增加錢是否就能提高生產(chǎn)率呢？
13.2 In recent years, China has experienced an alarming increase in juvenile crime ------ that is, crime committed by individuals who haven't come of age. Whether the category is murder or robbery, mugging or rape, the story is the same: juvenile crime is on the rise. Our society has traditionally treated the juvenile as a special kind of offender, one who warrants punishment different from that given to an adult, even though the crime may be the same. Now it is time we asked ourselves: Does the treatment work?
近幾年，中國(guó)的青少年犯罪率急劇上升。不管那些沒成年人的犯罪涉及到謀殺、偷盜、搶劫或是強(qiáng)*，情形是一樣的：青少年犯
罪在增加。我們社會(huì)的傳統(tǒng)做法是把這些青少年當(dāng)成一種特殊的罪犯處理，盡管他們的罪行和成年人一樣，但所給的懲罰和成年人不同?，F(xiàn)在該是問一問我們自己的時(shí)候了：這種做法是否有效？
14 One of the searching
burning
pressing
interesting questions
problems facing
confronting our nation
society
world today is ...
14.1 One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What promise or threat does new technology hold for our global future? Since the decisions our society makes about technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come, it is urgently necessary to explore this question, especially by examining science and technology in their relationship to the development of humanity.
當(dāng)今社會(huì)面臨的基本問題之一是：新技術(shù)會(huì)給世界的將來帶來什么樣的希望或威脅？由于我們的社會(huì)所作出的關(guān)于技術(shù)發(fā)展的決定會(huì)毫無疑問對(duì)未來產(chǎn)生巨大影響，因此探索這個(gè)問題，尤其是通過檢查科學(xué)技術(shù)與人類發(fā)展的關(guān)系來這樣做就變得非常緊迫和必要了。
14.2 It has become apparent to us that one of the biggest problems confronting our Chinese education today is the increasing vocationalization of our colleges and universities. Throughout the country schools are under economic pressure to become job-training centers and employment agencies. All courses are geared to cater to the business needs.
很明顯中國(guó)的教育現(xiàn)在面臨的大問題之一是高等院校職業(yè)化傾向。在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的壓力下，全國(guó)許多大學(xué)成了職業(yè)培訓(xùn)中心或就業(yè)市場(chǎng)機(jī)構(gòu)。課程的設(shè)置都一昧迎合市場(chǎng)的需要。
15 One of the biggest issues
hottest topics
most popular things
most serious problems many people talk
complain about now is...
15.1 One of the most popular topics many city residents talk about now is the tide of the rural poor flooding the cities. They complain that the migrants have brought crime and prostitution, that they are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs and exacerbating housing shortages; and that they have worsened traffic and sanitation problems. True, these are the problems posed by the migration, but what about the contribution the rural worker have made to the city's development and prosperity?
許多市民現(xiàn)在談得多的話題之一是源源不斷涌進(jìn)城市的民工潮。他們抱怨民工把犯罪和賣*帶來了，給城市人口的控制和社會(huì)秩序帶來了壓力，并威脅著奪走本來已很緊張的城市工作機(jī)會(huì)，使得城市住房、交通、衛(wèi)生等問題更為突出。是的，這些都是民工潮帶來的問題，但怎么看待他們對(duì)城市的發(fā)展和繁榮所作出的貢獻(xiàn)呢？
15.2 One of the best qualities that most people admire in others is the willingness to admit one's mistakes. It is extremely hard sometimes to say a simple thing like "I was wrong about that", and it is even harder to say, "I was wrong, and you were right about that".
大多數(shù)人所佩服的別人的好的品質(zhì)之一，是敢于承認(rèn)自己的錯(cuò)誤。有時(shí)人們發(fā)覺很難開口說這樣簡(jiǎn)單的話：“在這一點(diǎn)上是
我錯(cuò)了?！倍f：“我錯(cuò)了，你是對(duì)的?！眲t更難。
16 Now
Perhaps most dangerous
undesirable
harmful for our nation
society
world
college is the trend
tendency
phenomenon of...which is apparent
obvious
evident
pervasive
rampant
under way in...
16.1 Perhaps most dangerous for our nation now is the official corruption which is rampant in nearly every field of our society. Once our officials were content with television sets or imported cigarettes as payment for official services, they now demand land rights, stock certificates, and even directly dollars.
現(xiàn)在對(duì)我們的國(guó)家有危險(xiǎn)的恐怕要算是官員的腐敗。腐敗之風(fēng)已蔓延到我們社會(huì)的幾乎每一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。過去辦事官員還只滿
足于電視機(jī)，香煙之類的東西作回報(bào)，現(xiàn)在他們已要求土地產(chǎn)權(quán)，股票證券，甚至直截了當(dāng)要美元。
17 Inflation
Corruption
Social inequality is yet another of the new and bitter truths we have to learn to face now.
constantly.
17.1 Cheating is yet another of the bitter truths we have to learn to face now. It is so prevalent and so widely accepted that it becomes a way of academic life. Even the mast gifted students, the one who presumably could get good grades without cheating, are becoming the constant offenders. Getting a good academic record and later a good professional career is the most important goal and they will do anything they must to attain it.
考試作弊是我們不得不接受的又一嚴(yán)峻的事實(shí)。作弊是那么普遍和司空見慣，已成為大學(xué)生活中的一個(gè)方面。連有天賦的學(xué)生，那些不靠作弊也能取得好成績(jī)的學(xué)生也常常作弊。對(duì)他們來說，有一個(gè)學(xué)業(yè)優(yōu)秀的記錄和將來有一個(gè)令人羨慕的工作比什么
都重要，為達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)，他們什么都會(huì)干。
18 A(n) virtual epidemic
acute shortage
serious campaign of... is now under way in this country.
society. According to a recent
new study
poll
survey , ...
18.1 A virtual epidemic of pregnancies is under way in this nation's teenage population. In 1993 alone 26270 babies were born to unwed teens. Predictably, educators, parent groups and newspaper writers have responded to this news with a clamor for more and better sex education. Indeed, that is urgently necessary, but is sex education alone the whole answer?
未婚少女懷孕，這一現(xiàn)象就像傳染病一樣正在該國(guó)蔓延開來。就1993年便有26270個(gè)嬰兒為未婚少女所生?？梢灶A(yù)料教育工作
者、家長(zhǎng)團(tuán)體和報(bào)紙記者對(duì)此大聲疾呼要加強(qiáng)和完善任教育。是的，這是非常必要的，但僅僅靠性教育能解決問題嗎？
19 Here and there
In city after city
At offices and plants across the country
land , a(n) growing
increasing
surprising
significant number of....
19.1 At offices and plants across the country, a growing number of workers are jogging along the streets, playing tag-of-war, and doing calisthenics on the pavements ------ all with the support and encouragement of their employers. The company-sponsored physical-fitness programs are benefiting both individuals and companies.
從機(jī)關(guān)到工廠，越來越多的職工街上跑步，在人行道上拔河，做健身操。這些活動(dòng)都受到他們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的支持和鼓勵(lì)。由工廠公司支持資助的健身活動(dòng)不僅給職工個(gè)人，而且對(duì)廠方都帶來益處。
19.2 Here and there across the country are coming reports that government officials, even senior officials, have been punished for corruption. Some were sentenced for taking bribes, others executed for embezzling funds. In Beijing alone nearly 60000 civil servants were found guilty of corruption in 1993. Official corruption has increased greatly in the past five years in only in scope but in magnitude.
從各地傳來報(bào)道，許多政府官員，甚至高級(jí)干部因腐敗而受到懲罰。有的因受賄而被判刑，有的因侵吞公款而被判處死刑。僅北
京在 1993年就有6萬(wàn)多官員因貪污、賄賂而被判罪。在過去5年里，政府官員的腐敗在范圍和規(guī)模上都有很大的發(fā)展。
20 With the rapid
amazing
marked development /improvement /expansion of
increase /growth /decline in .... /
20 With the general
growing
common recognition / realization / acknowledge ment of
commitment / devotion / dedication to
interest in / concern over / enthusiasm for .... /
20 With ... playing an Increasingly big role in
attaching much importance to ..., more and more
20.1 With the prospect of coal and petroleum supplies being depleted and with air pollution becoming an increasing concern, more and more countries are now seeking alternative sources of energy. Among them is nuclear power whose environmental advantages over coal and oil is increasingly recognized.
隨著煤和石油的供應(yīng)逐漸耗盡，隨著人們?cè)絹碓疥P(guān)注環(huán)境的污染，越來越多的國(guó)家正在尋找其它能源。而其中之一就是核能。與煤和石油相比，其不污染環(huán)境的優(yōu)點(diǎn)正逐漸被人們認(rèn)識(shí)。
20.2 With a domestic market of 12 billion increasingly prosperous consumers and an economy that grows by an impressive 12--14 percent each year, China is now becoming a huge magnet for more and more foreign business corporations.
隨著一個(gè)有著12億逐漸富裕起來的消費(fèi)者的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的形成和以每年12%到14%的速度增長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)的出現(xiàn)，中國(guó)正變成一個(gè)巨大的磁場(chǎng)，吸引著越來越多的外國(guó)公司。
21 Nowadays
Currently
Recently there is a growing / unhealthy tendency to / in / that
general / deep-seated belief in / that
general / uneasy feeling of / against / that
growing / nation-wide recognition of / that
growing / general awareness of / that
deep / serious concern over / for / that
deep / keen interest in
growing / great demand for
growing / great enthusiasm for / among sb ...
21.1 Now there is a growing concern over the heavy burden, both academic and psychological, our children have to bear. After a day's study in school, they bring a lot of assignments back home and work them until midnight. They play few games and go to few movies. They have been so obsessed with grades and marks that they have hardly had time to savor the life and grow as well-rounded people.
如今人們?cè)絹碓疥P(guān)注我們的孩子所承受的沉重的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)和精神壓力。在校學(xué)習(xí)一天后，他們帶回許多作業(yè)，常常做到深夜。他們很少玩或去看電影。他們?yōu)榉謹(jǐn)?shù)所累，幾乎沒有時(shí)間品嘗人生，并成長(zhǎng)為一個(gè)全面發(fā)展的人。
21.2 Nowadays there is an immense and justified pride in what our colleges and universities have done. At the same time, however, there is a growing uneasiness about their products. These young men and women who carry away our degrees are attractive, energetic and eloquent. But what about their intellectual equipment?
現(xiàn)在人們對(duì)我們大學(xué)所做的一切非常自豪，這不是沒有道理的。但是同時(shí)對(duì)它們的產(chǎn)品——大學(xué)畢業(yè)生又愈來愈感到不安。那些得到學(xué)位的青年人個(gè)個(gè)神氣十足，精神飽滿，能說會(huì)道。然而他們是否有真才實(shí)學(xué)呢？
21.3 In the past decades there has been a persistent demand in many countries for a conceited attack to deal with worldwide pollution. In many places, under pressure from private citizens and leaders in science and technology environmental organizations have sprung up to voice their opinions and to try and face the problem. It is increasingly recognized that pollution doesn't only pose a pervasive threat to the human environment, but also challenge the survival of man himself.
在過去的幾十年里，許多國(guó)家都堅(jiān)持不懈，要求共同努力來對(duì)付全球范圍的污染。在很多地方，鑒于平民百姓和科技界頭面人物的壓力，保護(hù)環(huán)境的組織紛紛出現(xiàn)。他們一面提出各種建議，一面試圖著導(dǎo)解決這個(gè)問題。人們?cè)絹碓秸J(rèn)識(shí)到污染不僅威脅到人類環(huán)境，且危及人類自身的生存。
22 In recent few years
the past few decades , there is
has been a
22 sharp/ marked / sudden / dramatic increase / growth/ rise / decline in
astonishing / increasing / sizable number / percentage/ proportion / population of
22 According to a(n) recent
new
official study
recent
survey
report
poll , ...
22.1 In recent years, there is an increasing number of people, especially young people, who show little interest in correcting social inequalities and injustices. According to a national poll last year, eighteen to twenty-nine-year-olds agreed by large percentages that young people today are "less idealistic" and "more selfish", and that they are less concerned with the problems of society than with their own personal future.
近幾年，越來越多的人，尤其是青年人，對(duì)糾正社會(huì)的不良傾向和不平等現(xiàn)象很少關(guān)心了。根據(jù)去年全國(guó)性的民意測(cè)驗(yàn)，大多數(shù)18到29歲的青年人承認(rèn)他們“不那么有理想”“更加自私”，他們關(guān)心個(gè)人的將來勝過關(guān)心社會(huì)問題。
22.2 In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 1993, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave to birth to children, compared with the 1983 level of 8 percent.
在過去5年里，結(jié)婚后希望要孩子的青年夫婦人數(shù)明顯減少，同時(shí)出切一種推遲生育孩子的傾向。根據(jù)官方公布的數(shù)據(jù)，1993年有28％的已婚夫婦妻子在三十五歲以下而尚未生育，而在1983年，只有8％。
23 Any visitor to this city
country ... would almost inevitably deduce / draw his conclusion
be surprised / struck / impressed by the fact....
23.1 Any visitor to this city would be almost surprised by the severe shortages and shortcomings in the elementary municipal services despite its economic growth. Schools are old, hospitals are few and understaffed. Transportation is overcrowded, and streets are narrow and filthy. Parks and playgrounds are insufficient.
任何一個(gè)到過這個(gè)城市的人都會(huì)因這個(gè)城市的基本設(shè)施的嚴(yán)重不足和不良而感到震驚。盡管這個(gè)城市的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展很快，學(xué)校卻很陳舊；醫(yī)院少且醫(yī)務(wù)人員不足；交通擁擠，道路狹窄而骯臟；公園及游樂場(chǎng)所也少得可憐。
24 Whenever you see
find ... you cannot help being struck
surprised
astonished
disappointed
impressed by ...
at ...
24.1 Whenever we visit a terminally ill patient, we cannot help being struck by his eagerness to know the truth about his condition. He does not only suffer from his illness, but also from the anxiety about its potential outcome. Although telling him the truth may risk destroying his hope, so that he may deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide, a dying person has the right to know his condition and to make informed choice concerning his own health.
每當(dāng)我們?nèi)ヌ揭曇幻加胁恢沃Y的病人時(shí)，我們不禁為他那種急切想知道自己的真實(shí)病情的表情所震動(dòng)。他不僅被疾病所折磨，也被為自己的病情可能發(fā)展的結(jié)果而焦慮所折磨。雖然若將真實(shí)病情告知他可能會(huì)使之失去希望從而加速病情惡化，甚至他
可能自尋短見，但一個(gè)瀕臨死亡的病人有權(quán)知道自己的病情，有權(quán)對(duì)自己的健康狀況作出明智的判斷。
24.2 Whenever we read suggestions of some recent scientific and econimic research that the curves for food demand and food supply will cross in a maximum of 60 years, and that by then, man's overpopulation, increasing pollution, and the diminishing food supply could threaten to end human life on our planet, we could not help wondering what steps man could take to ensure his survival and avoid such extinction.
近來一些科學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的研究表明，糧食供求平衡至多能保持用年。到那時(shí)、人口過剩、污染加劇以及糧食供應(yīng)減少將會(huì)威脅人類在地球上的生存。每當(dāng)我們讀到這些情況，我們不禁在想：人類應(yīng)當(dāng)采取什么措施來確保自己的生存，避免滅絕呢？
III. 觀點(diǎn)法
文章開門見山，直截了當(dāng)提出作者對(duì)文章要討論的問題的觀點(diǎn)，也即文章的中心思想。以下就是常用的句型。
25 Nothing / Few things
No idea / opinion belief / view / attitude is
are more / as foolish
dangerous
untrue
undesirable
basic
important
essential
25 than
as ... (which is widely
commonly
generally held by...).
25.1 Nothing, we have been told these years, is more educative than participating in or listening to an exchange of opinion. The seminar, the conference, the lecture, the panel discussion on the radio ------ how fine, how liberating, how instructive they are to us all, to the participants and to those at their receiving sets. They can not only acquaint one with many facts, but help deepen one's understanding of social phenomena and relationships, and broaden one's outlook.
這些年來我們都感到?jīng)]有什么比參加一個(gè)討論或聽聽別人的思想交流更有教育意義的了。大型討論會(huì)，大型會(huì)議講座以及電臺(tái)直播室的討論對(duì)我們所有人，對(duì)參加者或是聽眾都是那么美妙，那么有意義，有啟迪作用。這些討論不僅使我們了解了許多事實(shí)，而且有助于加深對(duì)各種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和關(guān)系的理解，開闊眼界。
25.2 Few things seem to stir up more fear among today's young people than the prospect of a military draft. Feelings of patriotism are articulated much more freely now, but there seems little enthusiasm for military conscription, and no one wants to spend several years in the armed forces engaged in activities which have nothing to do with their future work.
似乎沒有什么比要服兵役更使青年人擔(dān)心了?，F(xiàn)在到處洋溢著愛國(guó)主義的情感，但對(duì)服兵役卻沒什么熱情，沒有人想在部隊(duì)里待幾年，去從事與他未來的工作沒什么關(guān)系的活動(dòng)。
25.3 Perhaps no issue in this world is as basic to individual and national survival as food. But China in recent years has experienced a serious waste of food in one way or another. Especially in many big cities, this waste has become habitual and traditional, to the extent that people are seldom aware of it in their daily life.
可能在這個(gè)世界上沒有什么問題比糧食對(duì)一個(gè)人乃至整個(gè)國(guó)家的生存更為重要的了。但在中國(guó)，近年來各種各樣嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)糧食的現(xiàn)象比比皆是。尤其在許多大城市里，這種浪費(fèi)已成為習(xí)慣性和傳統(tǒng)性了，以致人們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪幸蚜?xí)以為常了。
26 Never
Nowhere in history
the world
China has the issue
change
idea of .... been more
as visible
evident
popular than ...
as ...
26.1 Nowhere in the world has the issue of birth control been more evident than in China. The nation is faced with such serious situation as the one in which its population is increasing much faster than the supply of food and available resources.
世界上沒有一個(gè)地方比中國(guó)的計(jì)劃生育問題更突出的了。這個(gè)國(guó)家正面臨著十分嚴(yán)峻的形勢(shì)，其人口增長(zhǎng)的速度正大大超過糧食供應(yīng)的速度和自然資源供應(yīng)的速度。
26.2 Nowhere has the great principle of equality been so thoroughly put in practice as in China, and nowhere have such persistent efforts been made to improve the legal status of women. In spite of this, however, women in many places are still denied the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms and the right to equal opportunities for promotion.
世界上沒有一個(gè)地方比中國(guó)把平等這個(gè)偉大的原則更徹底地貫徹到實(shí)踐中去，沒有像中國(guó)作出如此堅(jiān)持不懈的努力來提高婦女的法律地位。盡管如此，在許多地方中國(guó)的婦女還是沒有權(quán)利和男子在同等條件下競(jìng)爭(zhēng)工作，沒有平等的機(jī)會(huì)得到晉升。
26.3 Never in the nation's history have the stakes involving our education been higher than rim. From energy crises to air pollution, and from the improvement of the standard of living to space exploration, the approaching world of the 21st century bristles with challenges whose resolution, for better or worse, will depend largely on the quality of education.
在這個(gè)國(guó)家的歷教育從來沒有像現(xiàn)在這樣對(duì)我們?nèi)绱死ωP(guān)。從能源危機(jī)到環(huán)境污染，從生活水平的提高到空間探索，即將到來的21世紀(jì)充滿了種種挑戰(zhàn)。要戰(zhàn)勝那些挑戰(zhàn)，不論怎么樣，在很大程度上取決于教育的質(zhì)量。
27 It is about
high time we exploded
shattered
freed ourselves from the myth
illusion
fiction about ...
27.1 It's about time somebody exploded that old myth about childhood being the happiest of your life. Childhood may certainly be fairly happy, free from financial worries and the anxiety about social ladders. But have you heard our children today groaning under the ever-increasing burden of studies? Have you seen them stay up almost every night simply to finish a day's homework?
現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該是揭穿長(zhǎng)期來認(rèn)為童年是人的一生中幸福的時(shí)代這個(gè)古老神話的時(shí)候了。童年固然很幸福，孩子們沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的憂愁，也沒有爭(zhēng)名奪利的焦慮。但是人們是否聽到現(xiàn)在的孩子在日益沉重的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)下發(fā)出的呻吟聲？人們是否看到孩子們?yōu)榱送瓿梢惶斓墓φn，幾乎天天熬夜？
28 Perhaps
Maybe we should
it is time to rethink
reexamine
have a fresh look at the idea
value
attitude
wisdom
desirability that ...
28.1 Perhaps we should rethink an idea fast becoming an undisputed premise of our life that a college degree is necessary ------ and perhaps even a sufficient ------ precondition for success. I do not wish to quarrel with the assumptions made about the benefits of orthodox education. I want only to expose its false god; the four-year, all-purpose, degree-granting college, aimed at the so-called college-age population and by now almost universally accepted as the stepping-stone to "meaningful" and "better" jobs.
可能我們應(yīng)當(dāng)重新考慮一下這個(gè)很快成為我們生活毋庸置疑的前提：對(duì)成功來說，大學(xué)文憑是必要的，或許是先決的條件。我不想反對(duì)正統(tǒng)的大學(xué)教育帶來種種好處的觀點(diǎn)。我只想揭示把大學(xué)文憑捧上天的虛假性：對(duì)象是所謂讀大學(xué)的適齡青年，目的是培養(yǎng)各種人材的頒發(fā)學(xué)位的四年制大學(xué)現(xiàn)已差不多被公認(rèn)為是找到＂有意義的”、“好的”工作的跳板。
28.2 Maybe it is time to reexamine our present values of life and try to figure out why life today becomes so difficult, and what can be done about it. Not only are things often not what they seem, they may be just the opposite of what they seen. People are discontented these days, for example, not because things are worse than ever, but because things are better than ever. Everything is paradoxical.
也許現(xiàn)在該是重新檢查一下我們現(xiàn)在生活流行的價(jià)值觀，弄清楚今天的生活為何變得如此艱難，以及該用什么辦法加以解決的時(shí)候了?，F(xiàn)在的事情常常不僅不是它們看上去的那樣，事情可能正好與看上去的相反。譬如說，如今人們的不滿往往不是因?yàn)榍闆r比以往任何時(shí)候都糟，而是因?yàn)榍闆r從未這么好過。一切事情都變得似是而非了。
29 Now people in growing
increasing
significant numbers are beginning
coming to realize
recognize
understand
accept
be aware that....
29.1 Now people in growing numbers are coming to recognize that the business spirit, which carries in its torrential course so many of the talents and energies of men into money-making, has shaped our culture and influenced our ideals and aspirations as a people.
現(xiàn)在越來越多的人開始認(rèn)識(shí)到這股下海從商的浪潮把許多人卷進(jìn)去，使他們把自己的才干和精力都耗在賺錢上。這個(gè)重商的風(fēng)氣改變了我們的文化，影響了作為一個(gè)民族的我們的理想和抱負(fù)。
29.2 In recent years an increasing number of people are getting to realize that much of the technology being developed today neither respects the earth's delicate ecosystem nor is adequately controlled by social institutions. As the social costs of the technological development (e. g environmental pollution, unemployment) become so obvious, it is time that our society should make efforts to reassess the direction of our development in the view of radically different and increasingly complex socioeconomic circumstances.
近年來日漸增多的人開始意識(shí)到當(dāng)今正在開發(fā)中的許多技術(shù) 既沒有考慮到地球上微妙的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，也沒有受到社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)的有 效控制。由于開發(fā)技術(shù)所付出的社會(huì)代價(jià)（如環(huán)境污染和失業(yè)現(xiàn) 象）十分明顯，該是到了我們的社會(huì)作出努力，從完全不同的，越來 越復(fù)雜的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境來重新評(píng)估技術(shù)發(fā)展的方向的時(shí)候了。
30 Now there is a growing awareness / recognition on the part of people
people become increasingly aware / conscious of the need
necessity
importance to
of ...
30.1 In recent years there has been an increasing awareness of the necessary to improve our criminal justice system. A young thief who spends time in jail often receives there a thorough education in crime from his fellow prisoners, or perhaps tough criminals who drag him into more serious offenses and more prison terms a vicious cycle that will do greater harm to the society.
近幾年來人們?cè)絹碓揭庾R(shí)到改進(jìn)我們刑法制度的必要性。一 個(gè)初犯的小偷被關(guān)在監(jiān)獄里，往往會(huì)從其他囚犯，甚至犯罪老手那 里學(xué)到一整套作案的手法，結(jié)果他們把他拉人更深的犯罪深淵，以 至判更長(zhǎng)的徒刑，如此惡性循環(huán)將對(duì)社會(huì)造成更大的危害。
30.2 Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one's career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
現(xiàn)在許多人日益意識(shí)到掌握一門外語(yǔ)的重要性，對(duì)他們來說，外語(yǔ)知識(shí)，如英語(yǔ)往往意味著給他的職業(yè)帶來好的機(jī)會(huì)，甚至給他帶來光輝燦爛的前途。許多人把人生的成功與能講外語(yǔ)相提并論。
31 we might marvel at
In spite of / Despite the great
giant
extraordinary
tremendous progress
stride
advance made in
31 science and technology
nearly every field , (but) ... remain basically unchanged.
the same as it was.
as ... as ever they were.
31.1 We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to devise anything mere efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they mere often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, but they can tell you nothing about a person's true ability and aptitude.
對(duì)各個(gè)學(xué)科所取得的進(jìn)步我們或許會(huì)感到吃驚，但是測(cè)試人們知識(shí)和能力的方法仍像過去一樣原始。經(jīng)過這么多年，教育家們?nèi)晕茨茉O(shè)計(jì)出比考試更可靠，更行之有效的方法，這真使人為之驚訝。盡管教育家們虔誠(chéng)地宣稱，考試能測(cè)驗(yàn)?zāi)愣枚嗌僦R(shí)。但眾所周知，它們通常是適得其反。用來測(cè)試記憶力，考試也許是種好方法，但它不能測(cè)出一個(gè)人的真正能力。
31.2 This is a skeptical age, but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers deeply believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs. This modern faith in medicine is proved by the fact that the annual drug bill of this country is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise.
這是一個(gè)懷疑一切的時(shí)代。但是盡管我們已不大相信我們的祖先們所深信不疑的許多事物，我們對(duì)裝在瓶中的藥物卻仍與我們的祖先一樣確信無疑。現(xiàn)代人對(duì)藥物的迷信可由這一事實(shí)得到證實(shí)：即這個(gè)國(guó)家每年的藥費(fèi)已到了天文數(shù)字，且目前尚無停止增長(zhǎng)之跡象。
31.3 Although great strides have been made in achieving social status and greater equality for women in the past decades, their role in the family remains basically uncharged. The double burden of work inside and outside the home they are carrying renders them impossible to make full use of their talents and difficult to rise to positions of leadership.
雖然在過去幾十年里婦女在爭(zhēng)取社會(huì)地位和更多的平等方面取得了很大的進(jìn)步，但是她們?cè)诩依锏慕巧詻]有得到多大的變化。她們?cè)诩依锖屯饷娑家?，這雙重工作負(fù)擔(dān)使她們不能充分發(fā)揮自己的才能，因之很難升到領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位。
31.4 We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have cane in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days.
盡管我們對(duì)生物某些方面的奧秘已有很多了解，但我們還是和祖先一樣，對(duì)死是諱莫如深的。我們對(duì)自己的死不僅不敢想，而且不敢去談?wù)?。這是一個(gè)不適宜的話題，就像過去在男女一起時(shí)談?wù)撔圆『土鳟a(chǎn)一樣不易啟口。
IV．引用法
文章開頭通過引用名人名言，箴言諺語(yǔ)，或有代表性的看法見解來引出文章要展開討論的一種觀點(diǎn)。下面便是一些常見句型。
32 One of the great early men
writers
philosophers
scientists said
wrote
remarked that.... If this is true,
the case,
32 then the present
current view
value
attitude
situation should make us wonder whether
ponder over
32.1 One of the great early socialists said that the status of women in a society is a pretty reliable index of the degree of civilization of that society. If it is true, then the present low status of women in management should make us ponder about whether our management is civilized at all.
以前有一位的社會(huì)學(xué)家曾說過，婦女在一個(gè)社會(huì)中的地位是這個(gè)社會(huì)文明程度的一個(gè)非常可靠的標(biāo)志。如果是這樣的話，那么目前婦女在管理方面較低的地位應(yīng)使我們想一想，我們現(xiàn)在的管理是否文明。
32.2 One of the great early writers once said that human character is formed by society. If this is the case, aren't the current pervasive corruption, the popular obsession with money-making and general indifference to human sufferings and social injustices a perfect manifestation of a bad social environment?
曾有一位偉大的作家說過：人的性格是由社會(huì)塑成的。倘若真是如此，那難道當(dāng)今的腐敗風(fēng)氣，一心撲到錢眼里而對(duì)人的疾苦和社會(huì)不正之風(fēng)麻木不仁等現(xiàn)象，不正是社會(huì)環(huán)境不良的真實(shí)寫照嗎？
32.3 A gifted American psychologist has said: "Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go." In other words, it is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. if it is true, the cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is a policy of first importance to a modern man who easily gets anxious and depressed.
一位極富天資的美國(guó)心理學(xué)家說過：“憂慮是感情的一陣發(fā)作。心中老是想著某一事，死死放不開?！币簿褪钦f，在這種情況下，與之抗?fàn)幨菬o用的。意志越強(qiáng)，愈是徒勞無效。你只能耐心地用暗示的方法使其他事進(jìn)入這固執(zhí)的頭腦中去。如果這樣分析是對(duì)的，那么對(duì)于一個(gè)極易焦慮沮喪的現(xiàn)代人來說，培養(yǎng)業(yè)余愛好和新的興趣是頭等重要的明智之舉。
33 "Knowledge is power"
"Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom"
"Familiar notions are often those least examined"
"Mutual ignorance breeds mutual distrust"
"Genius is 2 percent inspiration and 98 Percent perspiration" Such is the opinion of
remark made by
33 Bacon.
Edison.
one of the great men. This view
remark has been shared
confirmed now
time and again by more and more people.
many historical events.
33.1 "Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them." Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
偉大的作家科爾頓曾經(jīng)說過：“一個(gè)偉大的人物不僅必須隨時(shí)抓住機(jī)會(huì)，而且必須隨時(shí)創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)。”他的這個(gè)精辟的論斷至今仍有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。一個(gè)人一生中機(jī)會(huì)并不很多，因此，創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)他的成功來說便尤為重要。
33.2 Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of Mortimer J. Adler, a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. No college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate; and no one should be content to simply end his education with high school education or college education. Education is a lifetime study.
教育不能隨著畢業(yè)而告結(jié)束。這是美國(guó)大哲學(xué)家摩提默叫·阿德勒的觀點(diǎn)。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)已為越來越多的人所接受。沒有一所大學(xué)能
在學(xué)生畢業(yè)時(shí)把所有知識(shí)都教授給他們了，沒有人應(yīng)該滿足于他自己的高中教育或大學(xué)教育。教育是一種終生的學(xué)習(xí)。
34 "...." That's how one college student
official
housewife
father described
commented
complained
criticized ...
34 He / She is hardly alone in the experience
Many people have shared the experience like this
34.1 "All I have learnt in college is junk. " That's how one college graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who complain that the degree they took away can't help them to secure a rewarding job, and the knowledge they acquired in class can't be transformed into useful job skills.
“我在大學(xué)器學(xué)的都是廢物。”這是一位大學(xué)畢業(yè)生在說起自己在尋找工作中不斷受挫時(shí)所發(fā)的怨言。他的經(jīng)歷不只是個(gè)別的，有無數(shù)大學(xué)畢業(yè)生抱怨他們拿到的學(xué)位在找一份適宜的工作時(shí)起不了什么作用，學(xué)校里學(xué)到的知識(shí)不能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛杏玫墓ぷ骷寄堋?BR> 34.2 "It's like being bitten to death by ducks." That's how one mother described her constant squabbles with her fourteen-year-old daughter. And she is hardly alone in the experience. According to a poll, the relations between parents and teenagers are frequently marked by squabbling, naming and arguing despite considerable love between them. What causes this verbal behavior, and which party is at fault: the adolescent or the adult?
“就像一只鴨子似的把我吵死了！”這是一位母親在形容她和自己14歲的女兒時(shí)常爭(zhēng)吵時(shí)說的話。這種情況不止她遇到。根據(jù)一項(xiàng)民意調(diào)查，盡管父母親和他們的未成年的孩子都互相非常愛對(duì)方，但在日常生活中他們卻經(jīng)常吵嘴，責(zé)罵不休。怎么會(huì)造成這些相互間的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)？誰(shuí)對(duì)，誰(shuí)錯(cuò)，是大人抑或未成年的孩子？
35 "...." The same idea
complaint
attitude is voiced
echoed
shared by....
35.1 "Spendable money is better off spent. The cast of living is going up so fast, it is better to spend money now on things we would normally put off buying. "That's how my neighbor, a steel worker complained of soaring inflation. His view is now echoed by more and more working people who buy more things that they don't really need than put money into savings accounts that pay interests far below the pace of inflation.
“能用的錢好還是用光?，F(xiàn)在生活費(fèi)上漲很快，與其是推遲買的，不如現(xiàn)在就買下來。”這是我的一個(gè)在鋼鐵廠工作的鄰居在抱怨物價(jià)飛漲時(shí)說的。他的觀點(diǎn)已得到越來越多的工人的贊同。人們爭(zhēng)相買東西，甚至買些并不十分需要的東西，而并不把錢存入銀行。這是因?yàn)榇驺y行所得的利息遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不及通貨膨脹的速度。
35.2 "Lei Feng died already," said by sane people whenever they deplored the fact that nowadays no one in the street will come to a person's assistance when he is in trouble or in danger. The same view is voiced by many people who complain about the decline in the moral standards in recent years and hope the spirit of Lei Feng (1939---1962), a model soldier who devoted his short life to the public good will stay with us.
“雷鋒早已死了?！泵慨?dāng)有些人看到現(xiàn)在一個(gè)人在街上遇險(xiǎn)或碰到困難而無人相助時(shí)，不禁發(fā)出的如此感嘆。許多人都持這種觀點(diǎn)，他們抱怨近幾年道德水平日趨下降，他們希望雷鋒（1939－1962）——這個(gè)把自己短暫的一生都用來為人民服務(wù)的模范戰(zhàn)士的精神還活在人們中間。
36 "...." How often we hear
We are used to hearing
Many people have heard (such) statement
words
complaint like
as this
those.
36.1 "Social attitude toward women has changed a lot." How often these days we hear the statement like this. Twenty or thirty years ago it was believed that a women must either many young or risk becoming a spinster. And a woman who did not marry was thought to be inferior and abnormal. However, today's woman has numerous options open to her besides early marriage. Most important, a single woamn is no longer looked down upon by society.
“社會(huì)對(duì)婦女的態(tài)度有了很大的變化?！苯覀兂３Ｂ牭竭@樣的說法。二三
I 對(duì)立法 II 現(xiàn)象法 III 觀點(diǎn)法 IV 引用法 V 比較法 VI 故事法 VII 問題法
I．對(duì)立法
文章開頭首先引出人們對(duì)要討論的問題的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看法，或偏向的那個(gè)看法。對(duì)立法的句型多用于有爭(zhēng)議性的主題。
1 When asked about..., the vast / overwhelming majority of
most / many / quite a few people say
think
believe
answer
1 that.... But other people regard / view / see / think of.. . as....
I think /view quite / a bit differently.
1.1 When asked about the biggest problem today, many people say that it is the serious energy crisis. They are afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of food. But other people hold optimistic views: they regard it as a natural result of the economic development and believe it will be only solved with further advances in economy and technology.
當(dāng)問起世界上現(xiàn)在大的問題是什么，許多人說是嚴(yán)重的能源危機(jī)。他們擔(dān)心人類不久會(huì)用完石油、發(fā)生食品短缺！但有些人則持樂觀的看法。他們把能源危機(jī)看成是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的自然結(jié)果，而且只有隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展才能得以解決。
1.2 When asked what kind of career they will pursue upon graduation, mist college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them lot of money and a conformable life. Working in a big bank or company is what they desire. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career which will help realize my potentials.
當(dāng)問起畢業(yè)后干什么，大多數(shù)大學(xué)生說，他們會(huì)找一個(gè)能給他們帶來許多錢和舒適生活的工作。在一家大銀行或大的公司里工作是他們所向往的。但是我的想法大不相同。我要選擇一個(gè)能夠發(fā)揮我的才能的職業(yè)。
2 When It comes to..., some people think
believe that.... Others argue
claim that the
2 opposite
reverse is true. There Is probably some truth in both arguments
statements , but....
2.1 When it comes to international sport such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup soccer game, some people believe that it creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead in misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably a little bit of truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood.
當(dāng)說到國(guó)際體育比賽，諸如奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)和世界杯足球賽，有些人認(rèn)為它能增進(jìn)國(guó)與國(guó)之間的友善。如果許多國(guó)家在一起比賽交流，他們就會(huì)知道怎么一起生活。但另一些人則持相反的觀點(diǎn)。他們認(rèn)為國(guó)際體育競(jìng)賽只會(huì)造成虛假的民族自豪感，導(dǎo)致相互間的誤解和仇恨。這兩種觀點(diǎn)可能都有點(diǎn)道理，但是從近幾年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)來看，很少能證明體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可以增進(jìn)國(guó)與國(guó)之間的友好感情。
2.2 In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. Yet when it comes to the desirability of extending the life of the terminally ill, some people, including some doctors, say that the quality of life is as important as life itself, and that people should in be forced to go on living when the conditions of life have become unbearable. They argue that people should be allowed to die with dignity and decide when they want to die. However those who are in favor of life-extending measures argue that life under any circumstances is better than death and that the duty of doctors is always to extend life as long as possible. There is probably some truth on both sides, but recently the public clamor for the legalization of voluntary euthanasia seem increasingly strong.
在近幾十年，醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使得人類有可能比過去活得長(zhǎng)了。但是當(dāng)論及延長(zhǎng)一個(gè)無可挽救、瀕臨死亡的人的生命是否必要時(shí)，有些人，包括有些醫(yī)生認(rèn)為生命的質(zhì)量和生命本身同樣重要；當(dāng)病情已變得不堪忍受了，就不應(yīng)迫使這些人再活下去。他們堅(jiān)持說應(yīng)允許一個(gè)人尊嚴(yán)地死去，允許他們決定什么時(shí)候死。但是贊成采取延長(zhǎng)生命的方法的人認(rèn)為在任何情況下生總比死好；一個(gè)醫(yī)生的責(zé)任就是盡可能延長(zhǎng)一個(gè)人的生命?；蛟S雙方都有點(diǎn)道理，但是近公眾要求對(duì)自愿安樂死合法化的呼聲似乎越來越高。
3 There is a public
general
much debate
discussion
controversy today
nowadays on
about
over
as to the problem
issue of.... Those who criticize
oppose
object to
3 ... contend
argue ... that.... They believe that .... But people who advocate
favor ..., on the other hand, maintain
assert that....
3.1 There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable. Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, and the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment. People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth rate, there are still many poor people, They maintain that only continued growth can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life and provide the financial resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization.
現(xiàn)在圍繞快速的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是否應(yīng)該正展開一場(chǎng)熱烈的討論。那些持反對(duì)意見者認(rèn)為我們必須放慢發(fā)展速度。他們說發(fā)展已接近某種極限！這其中包括有限的自然資源供應(yīng)和工業(yè)對(duì)環(huán)境造成的消極影響。然而要求更快發(fā)展的人則認(rèn)為，即使按目前的發(fā)展速度還是有許多窮人。他們認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)快速發(fā)展才能創(chuàng)造提高生活質(zhì)量所必需的資本，才能提供用來保護(hù)環(huán)境不受工業(yè)化破壞的資金。
3.2 There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college students' doing a part-time job. Those who object to it argue that students should not spend their precious time in this way. But people who advocate it, on the other hand, claim that, by taking a major-related part-time job or summer job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.
關(guān)于大學(xué)生打工這一現(xiàn)象，校園里正展開一場(chǎng)討論。反對(duì)大學(xué)生打工的人指出大學(xué)生不應(yīng)該把寶貴的時(shí)間花在這上面。然而贊成者則認(rèn)為，通過從事一些與專業(yè)有關(guān)的工作，可以提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)，還可獲得到書本上得不到的許多經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
4 Now, It is commonly
generally
widely believed
thought
held
accepted
felt
recognized
acknowledged that.... They
4 claim
believe
argue that .... But I wonder
doubt whether ...
4.1 It is commonly believed that the rise in teenage smoking is the inevitable result of economic development. They argue that if there are no cigarette advertisement on TV, no cigarettes available everywhere, and no adequate pocket money, teenagers are unlikely to take up the habit of smoking. But I doubt that it is a satisfactory explanation. While conceding the effect of advertising and other commercial factors, I think that the primary cause is social and individual rather than economic.
人們普遍認(rèn)為青少年吸煙人數(shù)上升是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展不可避免的結(jié)果。他們認(rèn)為：如果電視上沒有香煙廣告，香煙不是到處可買得到，孩子的零用錢不是很多的話，青少年不太可能染上吸煙的習(xí)慣。但我懷疑這是否是一個(gè)滿意的解釋。雖然有廣告和其它商業(yè)因素的影響，我認(rèn)為主要原因是社會(huì)和個(gè)人因素而不是經(jīng)濟(jì)上的。
4.2 It is widely felt that there is a fear plainly uppermost in the minds of most people today. They are afraid of the future, and if you ask them why, they conveniently blame the atomic bomb. But I suspect that the nuclear weapon is only the scapegoat for our fears. We are not afraid of the future because of a bomb. We are afraid of bombs because we have no faith in the future. I believe people no longer have faith in our ability to control our own future.
人們普遍感到現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)人明顯地有一種恐懼感。他們怕將來。如果問他們?yōu)槭裁磁?，他們?huì)很隨意地怪原子彈。但我懷疑，核武器不過是我們害怕的替罪羊。我們怕將來不是因?yàn)橛辛嗽訌?，說我們怕原子禪，實(shí)際上是對(duì)未來沒有信心。我認(rèn)為人們對(duì)自己是否有能力控制將來已喪失信心了。
5 To the general public
To most people
In the popular mind
In most people's opinion .... But despite
in spite of
for all .... I believe....
one should ...
5.1 In the popular mind, it is immediately assumed that when morals are discussed, it is sexual morals that are meant. The morals of salesmen, doctors, and taxi drivers are only moderately interesting to the general public, while the relations between men and women are frequent themes in novels and movies, themes which no amount of repetition makes stale. Yet in spite of this immense preoccupation with sex, much attention should be drawn to the general moral standards.
當(dāng)討論起道德問題時(shí)，大多數(shù)人會(huì)立即認(rèn)為是指性道德。一方面售貨員、醫(yī)生和出租車司機(jī)的職業(yè)道德不大為公眾所關(guān)心，而另一方面男女間的關(guān)系卻是小說和電影中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的主題，再怎么不斷重復(fù)也不會(huì)失去其新鮮感。因此盡管人們對(duì)性的題目津津樂道，我認(rèn)為應(yīng)注意整個(gè)道德水平。
5.2 To most Chinese parents, college is a place their children should go. And their children, for the most part, are also anxious to go. It is in Chinese tradition that there is something about a college that transfers an ordinary child into a superior adult. But in spite of this belief, men and women who have been to college suspect that this is not the case.
大多數(shù)中國(guó)父母看來，大學(xué)是他們的子女應(yīng)該去的地方。而他們的孩子在大多數(shù)情況下也渴望上大學(xué)。中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)是大學(xué)能把一個(gè)普普通通的孩子培養(yǎng)成一個(gè)超人一等的人。但是盡管人們有這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，凡是讀過大學(xué)的人卻認(rèn)為情況并非如此。
6 Now a lot of
the majority of
many / most people believe
think
feel that....
6 But although
Admittedly, ... there is no / little evidence that
it is questioned /doubted ...
6.1 A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on children. A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychologists have spent a great deal of time studying this problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about juvenile delinquency.
許多人都認(rèn)為電視會(huì)給孩子帶來危害。前幾年，對(duì)電影也有類似的指責(zé)。然而盡管青少年心理學(xué)者花了許多時(shí)間來研究這個(gè)問題，卻很少有證據(jù)表明電視造成了青少年犯罪。
6.2 Most people believe that our society of consumption creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Although this view is widely held, there is little evidence that Money brings about happiness. Instead, we find our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness, and, eventually, to the disintegration of our culture. I refuse to identify consumption with joy and fun with happiness.
許多人認(rèn)為，我們這個(gè)消費(fèi)社會(huì)給絕大多數(shù)人帶來了大的幸福。盡管人們普遍這樣認(rèn)為，卻很少有證據(jù)表明錢能給人帶來幸福。相反，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在的全活方式使人越來越感到焦慮不安，孤立無援，終導(dǎo)致我們文化的崩潰。我不認(rèn)為消費(fèi)就是快樂，玩樂就是幸福。
6.3 There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it once was. Radio and especially television have taken over many of the functions once served by print. Admittedly, television serves some of these functions extremely well; the visual communication of news events, for example, has enormous impact. The ability of radio to give us information while we are engaged in doing other things ------ for instance, driving a car ------ is remarkable, and a great saving of time. But it may be seriously questioned whether the advent of modern communications media has much enhanced our intellectual skills.
現(xiàn)在有些人覺得，閱讀沒有像過去那樣有必要了。無線電廣播，尤其電視已代替了曾經(jīng)由印刷所起的許多作用。確實(shí)，電視極好地發(fā)揮了其中的一些功能，如新聞通過圖像來傳送有很大的影響。無線電廣播能使我們邊干事，如開車，邊收聽消息，真是了不起，且可節(jié)約許多時(shí)間。但是人們或許會(huì)認(rèn)真發(fā)問，這些現(xiàn)代傳播媒體的出現(xiàn)是否已提高了我們的知識(shí)技能。
7 .... In reaction
response
answer to the event
phenomenon
idea
question , some people say
think .... But do they realize...?
7.1 Now most people get their news and information about the things that are happening at home and abroad from television. They believe the things they hear and see on television. Probably most of the information is true, and we can believe it. But shall we always believe the information which television gives us? Do we never suspect that the given information might be slanted, distorted or the truth totally denied?
現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)人都是從電視上知道國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)生的事和新聞的。他們都相信在電視上看到和聽到的事。大多數(shù)消息可能是真的，我們能相信。但是我們是否總是要相信電視給我們的消息呢？難道我們從不懷疑所給的消息可能有偏見，或已歪曲了，或真相已被徹底隱瞞了？
7.2 In the past few years big business has fallen to a low level in public esteem. A recent Gallup poll shows that big business came in last, in terms of the quality of the products, among all the enterprises which sell household appliances in Shanghai; at the top of the list were small business or business from small towns. in response to the poll, many businessmen argue that this public attitude is due to the inadequacy of their advertising and can be cured by stepping up their advertising campaigns. They are only fooling themselves. Do they realize that the real problem for their loss of public respect is what they have been doing, not what they have been saying about themselves?
在過去幾年里，大企業(yè)在公眾中的信譽(yù)已下降到一個(gè)低水平。近的蓋洛普民意測(cè)驗(yàn)表明，就產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量來說在上海出售家用電器的所有企業(yè)中，大企業(yè)位居榜末，而小企業(yè)或鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)名列前茅。對(duì)此許多大企業(yè)人士認(rèn)為公眾的這種態(tài)度是由于廣告宣傳不夠造成的，只要加大廣告宣傳聲勢(shì)，就會(huì)扭轉(zhuǎn)局面。這是在自欺欺人。難道他們沒有認(rèn)識(shí)到失去公眾信譽(yù)的真正問題在于他們所做的，而不是所說的？
8 ... is a popular
widespread
common method
way of..., but is it a fair
wise
reasonable one?
8 The
Its method / way
value / wisdom s now being questioned
challenged by more and more people.
8.1 Throwing criminals in jail is an ancient and widespread method of punishment, but is it a wise one? It does seem reasonable to keep wrongdoers in a place where they find fewer opportunities to hurt innocent people, and where they might discover that crime doesn't pay. The system has long been considered fair and sound by those who want to see the guilty punished and society protected. Yet the value of this form of justice is now being questioned by more and more people.
把罪犯丟進(jìn)監(jiān)獄是個(gè)古老又被廣泛采用的懲罰方法。但這個(gè)方法是否明智？把做壞事的人關(guān)在一個(gè)地方，使他們沒有機(jī)會(huì)再損害無辜的人，使他們感到犯罪劃不來，似乎確實(shí)有道理。這種制度一直被那些希望罪惡得到懲罰，社會(huì)得到保護(hù)的人視為公平而有效。但是這種司法形式的合理性現(xiàn)在正受到越來越多的人的質(zhì)疑。
8.2 Required class attendance, like an old custom, is so common in in Chinese colleges and universities that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it is a good thing. But is it a wise method? It does contribute to the rise in the number of students attending class. But is there any proven co-relation between attendance and performance in a course? The value of required attendance is now being questioned by more and more teachers and students.
上課點(diǎn)名制，如同一種古*俗，在中國(guó)的大學(xué)里非常普遍，許多教師甚至學(xué)生自己都認(rèn)為這種做法是對(duì)的。但這種方法是否明智？上課點(diǎn)名確實(shí)有助于學(xué)生出勤率的上升，但是到教室上課和這個(gè)學(xué)生在這門課上的學(xué)習(xí)表現(xiàn)，兩者之間是否已證實(shí)有聯(lián)系？上課點(diǎn)名制度的合理性已受到越來越多的教師和學(xué)生的懷疑。
9 These days we often hear about.... They claim
argue
say that.... But has
is it?
9 Close examination
analysis
scrutiny doesn't bear out the claim.
argument.
9.1 These days we often hear about "the classless society". They say that all men are equal, and they can enjoy the same educational and job opportunities, and the distinction between rich and poor has lost. But has it? Close examination doesn't bear out the claim.
近來我們一直聽到關(guān)于“無階級(jí)社會(huì)”的說法。他們稱人人平等他們都享受同等的教育機(jī)會(huì)和工作機(jī)會(huì)；窮人和富人的界限已經(jīng)消失。果真如此嗎？略細(xì)分析一下，就證明這種觀點(diǎn)站不住腳。
9.2 These days I have heard many exasperated students and working adults alike express a strong desire to take an English course and a computer course. They believe that such knowledge will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities. But will it? The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.
這些日子我聽到不少因?qū)W習(xí)或工作而感到痛苦的學(xué)生和工人表示要上英語(yǔ)課或電腦課的強(qiáng)烈愿望。他們認(rèn)為這些知識(shí)會(huì)增加他們找工作、晉級(jí)的機(jī)會(huì)。是這樣嗎？從我近幾年得到的材料來看，我認(rèn)為這些知識(shí)并不像大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為的那么有用。
10 We are often shown
told these days that.... But is this really the case?
10.1 We are often told that technological know-how, acquired in exploring space, will be utilized to make life better on earth. Is this really the case? What has the space exploration done to relieve the suffering of the earth's starving millions? In what way has it raised the standard of living of anyone of us? Man may put human beings on the moon, but there is growing skepticism about his ability to solve human problems closer to home.
我們經(jīng)常聽說在探索空間中獲得的技術(shù)知識(shí)將用來改善我們地球上的人的生活。情況真的如此嗎？太空探索對(duì)減輕地球上正在挨餓的千百萬(wàn)人的痛苦到底做了什么呢？它從什么方面提高了我們的生活水平呢？人類能夠把人自己送上月球，但人們?cè)絹碓綉岩善浣鉀Q地球上人自己?jiǎn)栴}的能力。
II．現(xiàn)象法
對(duì)某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象、傾向或社會(huì)問題進(jìn)行剖析的文章往往在文章一開始首先引出這種現(xiàn)象或問題，然后評(píng)論。本節(jié)句型就適用于這種開頭。
11 Recently the rise in
phenomenon of
problem of
question of ... has
11 drawn / aroused public / popular / grave / world-wide attention
caused /aroused wide / general / considerable / international concern
arisen /loomed up /cropped up as controversial /as noteworthy/more distinctly for settlement
11.1 Recently, the alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies on human beings have caused wide public concern, and understandably so. With nuclear energy threatening global catastrophe and with so many other technological advances visibly damaging the quality of life, who would wish to have scientists tampering with man's inner nature? Indeed, fear of such manipulation may amuse even more anxiety than fear of death.
近，有關(guān)把遺傳技術(shù)用于人類自身而產(chǎn)生的問題的警示已引起了公眾的廣泛關(guān)注。這是可以理解的。核能開發(fā)正威脅著全球的生存，其它許多技術(shù)進(jìn)步也正明顯地危害生活的質(zhì)量。在這種情況下，誰(shuí)還會(huì)希望科學(xué)家來任意改變?nèi)梭w內(nèi)部機(jī)能呢？確實(shí)，害怕對(duì)人的操縱所引起的擔(dān)憂可能會(huì)超過對(duì)死亡的害怕。
11.2 Recently psychologists have found only about two percent of adults use their creativity, compared with ten percent of seven-year-old children. When five-year-olds were tested, the result soared to ninety percent! The findings set off many people thinking. Curiosity and originality are daily occurrences for the small child, but somehow most of us lose the freedom and flexibility of the child as we grow older. The need to follow "directions" and "do-it-right", plus the many societal constraints we put on ourselves, prevent us from using our creative potential.
近，心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)在使用自己創(chuàng)造力方面，成人只有2％，而7歲的兒童竟有10％。如果在5歲的兒童中測(cè)試，這個(gè)數(shù)上升到90％。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)引起許多人思索。好奇心和創(chuàng)造性每天可在小孩子身上發(fā)現(xiàn)，而當(dāng)我們逐步長(zhǎng)大成人，多數(shù)人喪失了孩子的那種自由和靈活性?！鞍闯Ｒ?guī)去做”，“按正確的去做”，以及種種社會(huì)的清規(guī)戒律把我們束縛住了，使我們無法發(fā)揮自己的創(chuàng)造潛力。
12 Recently the issue
problem
question of... has been in the limelight.
brought into focus.
brought to public attention.
posed among the general public.
12.1 The problem of development vs. environment has now been in the limelight. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China, where the world's largest population faces pollution, deforestation and acid rain on a large scale.
現(xiàn)在發(fā)展與環(huán)境的問題已成為人們議論的中心。在中國(guó)這對(duì)矛盾表現(xiàn)得尤為明顯。這個(gè)世界上人口多的國(guó)家正面臨著大量的環(huán)境污染、森林減少以及酸雨的襲擊。
13 In recent
the past 5 years, many cities
nations
people have been faced /plagued /troubled with
experienced/witnessed /undergone the
a(n) serious problem of
acute shortage of
alarming increase in
13.1 In recent years many factories of our country have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Seeing many idle workers smoking, chatting, or playing cards during the working hours, some experts claim that the solution is to increase economic reward. Other people feel that "the iron rice bowl" should be roughly smashed. But does mere money lead to greater productivity?
近年來我國(guó)許多工廠一直面臨著如何提高工人的生產(chǎn)效率的問題。針對(duì)許多工人上班的無所事事，抽煙，聊天或打牌的現(xiàn)象，有些專家主張通過增加經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)酬來解決。另一些人認(rèn)為應(yīng)徹底打破鐵飯碗。但是增加錢是否就能提高生產(chǎn)率呢？
13.2 In recent years, China has experienced an alarming increase in juvenile crime ------ that is, crime committed by individuals who haven't come of age. Whether the category is murder or robbery, mugging or rape, the story is the same: juvenile crime is on the rise. Our society has traditionally treated the juvenile as a special kind of offender, one who warrants punishment different from that given to an adult, even though the crime may be the same. Now it is time we asked ourselves: Does the treatment work?
近幾年，中國(guó)的青少年犯罪率急劇上升。不管那些沒成年人的犯罪涉及到謀殺、偷盜、搶劫或是強(qiáng)*，情形是一樣的：青少年犯
罪在增加。我們社會(huì)的傳統(tǒng)做法是把這些青少年當(dāng)成一種特殊的罪犯處理，盡管他們的罪行和成年人一樣，但所給的懲罰和成年人不同?，F(xiàn)在該是問一問我們自己的時(shí)候了：這種做法是否有效？
14 One of the searching
burning
pressing
interesting questions
problems facing
confronting our nation
society
world today is ...
14.1 One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What promise or threat does new technology hold for our global future? Since the decisions our society makes about technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come, it is urgently necessary to explore this question, especially by examining science and technology in their relationship to the development of humanity.
當(dāng)今社會(huì)面臨的基本問題之一是：新技術(shù)會(huì)給世界的將來帶來什么樣的希望或威脅？由于我們的社會(huì)所作出的關(guān)于技術(shù)發(fā)展的決定會(huì)毫無疑問對(duì)未來產(chǎn)生巨大影響，因此探索這個(gè)問題，尤其是通過檢查科學(xué)技術(shù)與人類發(fā)展的關(guān)系來這樣做就變得非常緊迫和必要了。
14.2 It has become apparent to us that one of the biggest problems confronting our Chinese education today is the increasing vocationalization of our colleges and universities. Throughout the country schools are under economic pressure to become job-training centers and employment agencies. All courses are geared to cater to the business needs.
很明顯中國(guó)的教育現(xiàn)在面臨的大問題之一是高等院校職業(yè)化傾向。在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的壓力下，全國(guó)許多大學(xué)成了職業(yè)培訓(xùn)中心或就業(yè)市場(chǎng)機(jī)構(gòu)。課程的設(shè)置都一昧迎合市場(chǎng)的需要。
15 One of the biggest issues
hottest topics
most popular things
most serious problems many people talk
complain about now is...
15.1 One of the most popular topics many city residents talk about now is the tide of the rural poor flooding the cities. They complain that the migrants have brought crime and prostitution, that they are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs and exacerbating housing shortages; and that they have worsened traffic and sanitation problems. True, these are the problems posed by the migration, but what about the contribution the rural worker have made to the city's development and prosperity?
許多市民現(xiàn)在談得多的話題之一是源源不斷涌進(jìn)城市的民工潮。他們抱怨民工把犯罪和賣*帶來了，給城市人口的控制和社會(huì)秩序帶來了壓力，并威脅著奪走本來已很緊張的城市工作機(jī)會(huì)，使得城市住房、交通、衛(wèi)生等問題更為突出。是的，這些都是民工潮帶來的問題，但怎么看待他們對(duì)城市的發(fā)展和繁榮所作出的貢獻(xiàn)呢？
15.2 One of the best qualities that most people admire in others is the willingness to admit one's mistakes. It is extremely hard sometimes to say a simple thing like "I was wrong about that", and it is even harder to say, "I was wrong, and you were right about that".
大多數(shù)人所佩服的別人的好的品質(zhì)之一，是敢于承認(rèn)自己的錯(cuò)誤。有時(shí)人們發(fā)覺很難開口說這樣簡(jiǎn)單的話：“在這一點(diǎn)上是
我錯(cuò)了?！倍f：“我錯(cuò)了，你是對(duì)的?！眲t更難。
16 Now
Perhaps most dangerous
undesirable
harmful for our nation
society
world
college is the trend
tendency
phenomenon of...which is apparent
obvious
evident
pervasive
rampant
under way in...
16.1 Perhaps most dangerous for our nation now is the official corruption which is rampant in nearly every field of our society. Once our officials were content with television sets or imported cigarettes as payment for official services, they now demand land rights, stock certificates, and even directly dollars.
現(xiàn)在對(duì)我們的國(guó)家有危險(xiǎn)的恐怕要算是官員的腐敗。腐敗之風(fēng)已蔓延到我們社會(huì)的幾乎每一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。過去辦事官員還只滿
足于電視機(jī)，香煙之類的東西作回報(bào)，現(xiàn)在他們已要求土地產(chǎn)權(quán)，股票證券，甚至直截了當(dāng)要美元。
17 Inflation
Corruption
Social inequality is yet another of the new and bitter truths we have to learn to face now.
constantly.
17.1 Cheating is yet another of the bitter truths we have to learn to face now. It is so prevalent and so widely accepted that it becomes a way of academic life. Even the mast gifted students, the one who presumably could get good grades without cheating, are becoming the constant offenders. Getting a good academic record and later a good professional career is the most important goal and they will do anything they must to attain it.
考試作弊是我們不得不接受的又一嚴(yán)峻的事實(shí)。作弊是那么普遍和司空見慣，已成為大學(xué)生活中的一個(gè)方面。連有天賦的學(xué)生，那些不靠作弊也能取得好成績(jī)的學(xué)生也常常作弊。對(duì)他們來說，有一個(gè)學(xué)業(yè)優(yōu)秀的記錄和將來有一個(gè)令人羨慕的工作比什么
都重要，為達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)，他們什么都會(huì)干。
18 A(n) virtual epidemic
acute shortage
serious campaign of... is now under way in this country.
society. According to a recent
new study
poll
survey , ...
18.1 A virtual epidemic of pregnancies is under way in this nation's teenage population. In 1993 alone 26270 babies were born to unwed teens. Predictably, educators, parent groups and newspaper writers have responded to this news with a clamor for more and better sex education. Indeed, that is urgently necessary, but is sex education alone the whole answer?
未婚少女懷孕，這一現(xiàn)象就像傳染病一樣正在該國(guó)蔓延開來。就1993年便有26270個(gè)嬰兒為未婚少女所生?？梢灶A(yù)料教育工作
者、家長(zhǎng)團(tuán)體和報(bào)紙記者對(duì)此大聲疾呼要加強(qiáng)和完善任教育。是的，這是非常必要的，但僅僅靠性教育能解決問題嗎？
19 Here and there
In city after city
At offices and plants across the country
land , a(n) growing
increasing
surprising
significant number of....
19.1 At offices and plants across the country, a growing number of workers are jogging along the streets, playing tag-of-war, and doing calisthenics on the pavements ------ all with the support and encouragement of their employers. The company-sponsored physical-fitness programs are benefiting both individuals and companies.
從機(jī)關(guān)到工廠，越來越多的職工街上跑步，在人行道上拔河，做健身操。這些活動(dòng)都受到他們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的支持和鼓勵(lì)。由工廠公司支持資助的健身活動(dòng)不僅給職工個(gè)人，而且對(duì)廠方都帶來益處。
19.2 Here and there across the country are coming reports that government officials, even senior officials, have been punished for corruption. Some were sentenced for taking bribes, others executed for embezzling funds. In Beijing alone nearly 60000 civil servants were found guilty of corruption in 1993. Official corruption has increased greatly in the past five years in only in scope but in magnitude.
從各地傳來報(bào)道，許多政府官員，甚至高級(jí)干部因腐敗而受到懲罰。有的因受賄而被判刑，有的因侵吞公款而被判處死刑。僅北
京在 1993年就有6萬(wàn)多官員因貪污、賄賂而被判罪。在過去5年里，政府官員的腐敗在范圍和規(guī)模上都有很大的發(fā)展。
20 With the rapid
amazing
marked development /improvement /expansion of
increase /growth /decline in .... /
20 With the general
growing
common recognition / realization / acknowledge ment of
commitment / devotion / dedication to
interest in / concern over / enthusiasm for .... /
20 With ... playing an Increasingly big role in
attaching much importance to ..., more and more
20.1 With the prospect of coal and petroleum supplies being depleted and with air pollution becoming an increasing concern, more and more countries are now seeking alternative sources of energy. Among them is nuclear power whose environmental advantages over coal and oil is increasingly recognized.
隨著煤和石油的供應(yīng)逐漸耗盡，隨著人們?cè)絹碓疥P(guān)注環(huán)境的污染，越來越多的國(guó)家正在尋找其它能源。而其中之一就是核能。與煤和石油相比，其不污染環(huán)境的優(yōu)點(diǎn)正逐漸被人們認(rèn)識(shí)。
20.2 With a domestic market of 12 billion increasingly prosperous consumers and an economy that grows by an impressive 12--14 percent each year, China is now becoming a huge magnet for more and more foreign business corporations.
隨著一個(gè)有著12億逐漸富裕起來的消費(fèi)者的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的形成和以每年12%到14%的速度增長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)的出現(xiàn)，中國(guó)正變成一個(gè)巨大的磁場(chǎng)，吸引著越來越多的外國(guó)公司。
21 Nowadays
Currently
Recently there is a growing / unhealthy tendency to / in / that
general / deep-seated belief in / that
general / uneasy feeling of / against / that
growing / nation-wide recognition of / that
growing / general awareness of / that
deep / serious concern over / for / that
deep / keen interest in
growing / great demand for
growing / great enthusiasm for / among sb ...
21.1 Now there is a growing concern over the heavy burden, both academic and psychological, our children have to bear. After a day's study in school, they bring a lot of assignments back home and work them until midnight. They play few games and go to few movies. They have been so obsessed with grades and marks that they have hardly had time to savor the life and grow as well-rounded people.
如今人們?cè)絹碓疥P(guān)注我們的孩子所承受的沉重的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)和精神壓力。在校學(xué)習(xí)一天后，他們帶回許多作業(yè)，常常做到深夜。他們很少玩或去看電影。他們?yōu)榉謹(jǐn)?shù)所累，幾乎沒有時(shí)間品嘗人生，并成長(zhǎng)為一個(gè)全面發(fā)展的人。
21.2 Nowadays there is an immense and justified pride in what our colleges and universities have done. At the same time, however, there is a growing uneasiness about their products. These young men and women who carry away our degrees are attractive, energetic and eloquent. But what about their intellectual equipment?
現(xiàn)在人們對(duì)我們大學(xué)所做的一切非常自豪，這不是沒有道理的。但是同時(shí)對(duì)它們的產(chǎn)品——大學(xué)畢業(yè)生又愈來愈感到不安。那些得到學(xué)位的青年人個(gè)個(gè)神氣十足，精神飽滿，能說會(huì)道。然而他們是否有真才實(shí)學(xué)呢？
21.3 In the past decades there has been a persistent demand in many countries for a conceited attack to deal with worldwide pollution. In many places, under pressure from private citizens and leaders in science and technology environmental organizations have sprung up to voice their opinions and to try and face the problem. It is increasingly recognized that pollution doesn't only pose a pervasive threat to the human environment, but also challenge the survival of man himself.
在過去的幾十年里，許多國(guó)家都堅(jiān)持不懈，要求共同努力來對(duì)付全球范圍的污染。在很多地方，鑒于平民百姓和科技界頭面人物的壓力，保護(hù)環(huán)境的組織紛紛出現(xiàn)。他們一面提出各種建議，一面試圖著導(dǎo)解決這個(gè)問題。人們?cè)絹碓秸J(rèn)識(shí)到污染不僅威脅到人類環(huán)境，且危及人類自身的生存。
22 In recent few years
the past few decades , there is
has been a
22 sharp/ marked / sudden / dramatic increase / growth/ rise / decline in
astonishing / increasing / sizable number / percentage/ proportion / population of
22 According to a(n) recent
new
official study
recent
survey
report
poll , ...
22.1 In recent years, there is an increasing number of people, especially young people, who show little interest in correcting social inequalities and injustices. According to a national poll last year, eighteen to twenty-nine-year-olds agreed by large percentages that young people today are "less idealistic" and "more selfish", and that they are less concerned with the problems of society than with their own personal future.
近幾年，越來越多的人，尤其是青年人，對(duì)糾正社會(huì)的不良傾向和不平等現(xiàn)象很少關(guān)心了。根據(jù)去年全國(guó)性的民意測(cè)驗(yàn)，大多數(shù)18到29歲的青年人承認(rèn)他們“不那么有理想”“更加自私”，他們關(guān)心個(gè)人的將來勝過關(guān)心社會(huì)問題。
22.2 In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 1993, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave to birth to children, compared with the 1983 level of 8 percent.
在過去5年里，結(jié)婚后希望要孩子的青年夫婦人數(shù)明顯減少，同時(shí)出切一種推遲生育孩子的傾向。根據(jù)官方公布的數(shù)據(jù)，1993年有28％的已婚夫婦妻子在三十五歲以下而尚未生育，而在1983年，只有8％。
23 Any visitor to this city
country ... would almost inevitably deduce / draw his conclusion
be surprised / struck / impressed by the fact....
23.1 Any visitor to this city would be almost surprised by the severe shortages and shortcomings in the elementary municipal services despite its economic growth. Schools are old, hospitals are few and understaffed. Transportation is overcrowded, and streets are narrow and filthy. Parks and playgrounds are insufficient.
任何一個(gè)到過這個(gè)城市的人都會(huì)因這個(gè)城市的基本設(shè)施的嚴(yán)重不足和不良而感到震驚。盡管這個(gè)城市的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展很快，學(xué)校卻很陳舊；醫(yī)院少且醫(yī)務(wù)人員不足；交通擁擠，道路狹窄而骯臟；公園及游樂場(chǎng)所也少得可憐。
24 Whenever you see
find ... you cannot help being struck
surprised
astonished
disappointed
impressed by ...
at ...
24.1 Whenever we visit a terminally ill patient, we cannot help being struck by his eagerness to know the truth about his condition. He does not only suffer from his illness, but also from the anxiety about its potential outcome. Although telling him the truth may risk destroying his hope, so that he may deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide, a dying person has the right to know his condition and to make informed choice concerning his own health.
每當(dāng)我們?nèi)ヌ揭曇幻加胁恢沃Y的病人時(shí)，我們不禁為他那種急切想知道自己的真實(shí)病情的表情所震動(dòng)。他不僅被疾病所折磨，也被為自己的病情可能發(fā)展的結(jié)果而焦慮所折磨。雖然若將真實(shí)病情告知他可能會(huì)使之失去希望從而加速病情惡化，甚至他
可能自尋短見，但一個(gè)瀕臨死亡的病人有權(quán)知道自己的病情，有權(quán)對(duì)自己的健康狀況作出明智的判斷。
24.2 Whenever we read suggestions of some recent scientific and econimic research that the curves for food demand and food supply will cross in a maximum of 60 years, and that by then, man's overpopulation, increasing pollution, and the diminishing food supply could threaten to end human life on our planet, we could not help wondering what steps man could take to ensure his survival and avoid such extinction.
近來一些科學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的研究表明，糧食供求平衡至多能保持用年。到那時(shí)、人口過剩、污染加劇以及糧食供應(yīng)減少將會(huì)威脅人類在地球上的生存。每當(dāng)我們讀到這些情況，我們不禁在想：人類應(yīng)當(dāng)采取什么措施來確保自己的生存，避免滅絕呢？
III. 觀點(diǎn)法
文章開門見山，直截了當(dāng)提出作者對(duì)文章要討論的問題的觀點(diǎn)，也即文章的中心思想。以下就是常用的句型。
25 Nothing / Few things
No idea / opinion belief / view / attitude is
are more / as foolish
dangerous
untrue
undesirable
basic
important
essential
25 than
as ... (which is widely
commonly
generally held by...).
25.1 Nothing, we have been told these years, is more educative than participating in or listening to an exchange of opinion. The seminar, the conference, the lecture, the panel discussion on the radio ------ how fine, how liberating, how instructive they are to us all, to the participants and to those at their receiving sets. They can not only acquaint one with many facts, but help deepen one's understanding of social phenomena and relationships, and broaden one's outlook.
這些年來我們都感到?jīng)]有什么比參加一個(gè)討論或聽聽別人的思想交流更有教育意義的了。大型討論會(huì)，大型會(huì)議講座以及電臺(tái)直播室的討論對(duì)我們所有人，對(duì)參加者或是聽眾都是那么美妙，那么有意義，有啟迪作用。這些討論不僅使我們了解了許多事實(shí)，而且有助于加深對(duì)各種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和關(guān)系的理解，開闊眼界。
25.2 Few things seem to stir up more fear among today's young people than the prospect of a military draft. Feelings of patriotism are articulated much more freely now, but there seems little enthusiasm for military conscription, and no one wants to spend several years in the armed forces engaged in activities which have nothing to do with their future work.
似乎沒有什么比要服兵役更使青年人擔(dān)心了?，F(xiàn)在到處洋溢著愛國(guó)主義的情感，但對(duì)服兵役卻沒什么熱情，沒有人想在部隊(duì)里待幾年，去從事與他未來的工作沒什么關(guān)系的活動(dòng)。
25.3 Perhaps no issue in this world is as basic to individual and national survival as food. But China in recent years has experienced a serious waste of food in one way or another. Especially in many big cities, this waste has become habitual and traditional, to the extent that people are seldom aware of it in their daily life.
可能在這個(gè)世界上沒有什么問題比糧食對(duì)一個(gè)人乃至整個(gè)國(guó)家的生存更為重要的了。但在中國(guó)，近年來各種各樣嚴(yán)重浪費(fèi)糧食的現(xiàn)象比比皆是。尤其在許多大城市里，這種浪費(fèi)已成為習(xí)慣性和傳統(tǒng)性了，以致人們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪幸蚜?xí)以為常了。
26 Never
Nowhere in history
the world
China has the issue
change
idea of .... been more
as visible
evident
popular than ...
as ...
26.1 Nowhere in the world has the issue of birth control been more evident than in China. The nation is faced with such serious situation as the one in which its population is increasing much faster than the supply of food and available resources.
世界上沒有一個(gè)地方比中國(guó)的計(jì)劃生育問題更突出的了。這個(gè)國(guó)家正面臨著十分嚴(yán)峻的形勢(shì)，其人口增長(zhǎng)的速度正大大超過糧食供應(yīng)的速度和自然資源供應(yīng)的速度。
26.2 Nowhere has the great principle of equality been so thoroughly put in practice as in China, and nowhere have such persistent efforts been made to improve the legal status of women. In spite of this, however, women in many places are still denied the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms and the right to equal opportunities for promotion.
世界上沒有一個(gè)地方比中國(guó)把平等這個(gè)偉大的原則更徹底地貫徹到實(shí)踐中去，沒有像中國(guó)作出如此堅(jiān)持不懈的努力來提高婦女的法律地位。盡管如此，在許多地方中國(guó)的婦女還是沒有權(quán)利和男子在同等條件下競(jìng)爭(zhēng)工作，沒有平等的機(jī)會(huì)得到晉升。
26.3 Never in the nation's history have the stakes involving our education been higher than rim. From energy crises to air pollution, and from the improvement of the standard of living to space exploration, the approaching world of the 21st century bristles with challenges whose resolution, for better or worse, will depend largely on the quality of education.
在這個(gè)國(guó)家的歷教育從來沒有像現(xiàn)在這樣對(duì)我們?nèi)绱死ωP(guān)。從能源危機(jī)到環(huán)境污染，從生活水平的提高到空間探索，即將到來的21世紀(jì)充滿了種種挑戰(zhàn)。要戰(zhàn)勝那些挑戰(zhàn)，不論怎么樣，在很大程度上取決于教育的質(zhì)量。
27 It is about
high time we exploded
shattered
freed ourselves from the myth
illusion
fiction about ...
27.1 It's about time somebody exploded that old myth about childhood being the happiest of your life. Childhood may certainly be fairly happy, free from financial worries and the anxiety about social ladders. But have you heard our children today groaning under the ever-increasing burden of studies? Have you seen them stay up almost every night simply to finish a day's homework?
現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該是揭穿長(zhǎng)期來認(rèn)為童年是人的一生中幸福的時(shí)代這個(gè)古老神話的時(shí)候了。童年固然很幸福，孩子們沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的憂愁，也沒有爭(zhēng)名奪利的焦慮。但是人們是否聽到現(xiàn)在的孩子在日益沉重的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)下發(fā)出的呻吟聲？人們是否看到孩子們?yōu)榱送瓿梢惶斓墓φn，幾乎天天熬夜？
28 Perhaps
Maybe we should
it is time to rethink
reexamine
have a fresh look at the idea
value
attitude
wisdom
desirability that ...
28.1 Perhaps we should rethink an idea fast becoming an undisputed premise of our life that a college degree is necessary ------ and perhaps even a sufficient ------ precondition for success. I do not wish to quarrel with the assumptions made about the benefits of orthodox education. I want only to expose its false god; the four-year, all-purpose, degree-granting college, aimed at the so-called college-age population and by now almost universally accepted as the stepping-stone to "meaningful" and "better" jobs.
可能我們應(yīng)當(dāng)重新考慮一下這個(gè)很快成為我們生活毋庸置疑的前提：對(duì)成功來說，大學(xué)文憑是必要的，或許是先決的條件。我不想反對(duì)正統(tǒng)的大學(xué)教育帶來種種好處的觀點(diǎn)。我只想揭示把大學(xué)文憑捧上天的虛假性：對(duì)象是所謂讀大學(xué)的適齡青年，目的是培養(yǎng)各種人材的頒發(fā)學(xué)位的四年制大學(xué)現(xiàn)已差不多被公認(rèn)為是找到＂有意義的”、“好的”工作的跳板。
28.2 Maybe it is time to reexamine our present values of life and try to figure out why life today becomes so difficult, and what can be done about it. Not only are things often not what they seem, they may be just the opposite of what they seen. People are discontented these days, for example, not because things are worse than ever, but because things are better than ever. Everything is paradoxical.
也許現(xiàn)在該是重新檢查一下我們現(xiàn)在生活流行的價(jià)值觀，弄清楚今天的生活為何變得如此艱難，以及該用什么辦法加以解決的時(shí)候了?，F(xiàn)在的事情常常不僅不是它們看上去的那樣，事情可能正好與看上去的相反。譬如說，如今人們的不滿往往不是因?yàn)榍闆r比以往任何時(shí)候都糟，而是因?yàn)榍闆r從未這么好過。一切事情都變得似是而非了。
29 Now people in growing
increasing
significant numbers are beginning
coming to realize
recognize
understand
accept
be aware that....
29.1 Now people in growing numbers are coming to recognize that the business spirit, which carries in its torrential course so many of the talents and energies of men into money-making, has shaped our culture and influenced our ideals and aspirations as a people.
現(xiàn)在越來越多的人開始認(rèn)識(shí)到這股下海從商的浪潮把許多人卷進(jìn)去，使他們把自己的才干和精力都耗在賺錢上。這個(gè)重商的風(fēng)氣改變了我們的文化，影響了作為一個(gè)民族的我們的理想和抱負(fù)。
29.2 In recent years an increasing number of people are getting to realize that much of the technology being developed today neither respects the earth's delicate ecosystem nor is adequately controlled by social institutions. As the social costs of the technological development (e. g environmental pollution, unemployment) become so obvious, it is time that our society should make efforts to reassess the direction of our development in the view of radically different and increasingly complex socioeconomic circumstances.
近年來日漸增多的人開始意識(shí)到當(dāng)今正在開發(fā)中的許多技術(shù) 既沒有考慮到地球上微妙的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，也沒有受到社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)的有 效控制。由于開發(fā)技術(shù)所付出的社會(huì)代價(jià)（如環(huán)境污染和失業(yè)現(xiàn) 象）十分明顯，該是到了我們的社會(huì)作出努力，從完全不同的，越來 越復(fù)雜的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境來重新評(píng)估技術(shù)發(fā)展的方向的時(shí)候了。
30 Now there is a growing awareness / recognition on the part of people
people become increasingly aware / conscious of the need
necessity
importance to
of ...
30.1 In recent years there has been an increasing awareness of the necessary to improve our criminal justice system. A young thief who spends time in jail often receives there a thorough education in crime from his fellow prisoners, or perhaps tough criminals who drag him into more serious offenses and more prison terms a vicious cycle that will do greater harm to the society.
近幾年來人們?cè)絹碓揭庾R(shí)到改進(jìn)我們刑法制度的必要性。一 個(gè)初犯的小偷被關(guān)在監(jiān)獄里，往往會(huì)從其他囚犯，甚至犯罪老手那 里學(xué)到一整套作案的手法，結(jié)果他們把他拉人更深的犯罪深淵，以 至判更長(zhǎng)的徒刑，如此惡性循環(huán)將對(duì)社會(huì)造成更大的危害。
30.2 Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one's career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
現(xiàn)在許多人日益意識(shí)到掌握一門外語(yǔ)的重要性，對(duì)他們來說，外語(yǔ)知識(shí)，如英語(yǔ)往往意味著給他的職業(yè)帶來好的機(jī)會(huì)，甚至給他帶來光輝燦爛的前途。許多人把人生的成功與能講外語(yǔ)相提并論。
31 we might marvel at
In spite of / Despite the great
giant
extraordinary
tremendous progress
stride
advance made in
31 science and technology
nearly every field , (but) ... remain basically unchanged.
the same as it was.
as ... as ever they were.
31.1 We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to devise anything mere efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they mere often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, but they can tell you nothing about a person's true ability and aptitude.
對(duì)各個(gè)學(xué)科所取得的進(jìn)步我們或許會(huì)感到吃驚，但是測(cè)試人們知識(shí)和能力的方法仍像過去一樣原始。經(jīng)過這么多年，教育家們?nèi)晕茨茉O(shè)計(jì)出比考試更可靠，更行之有效的方法，這真使人為之驚訝。盡管教育家們虔誠(chéng)地宣稱，考試能測(cè)驗(yàn)?zāi)愣枚嗌僦R(shí)。但眾所周知，它們通常是適得其反。用來測(cè)試記憶力，考試也許是種好方法，但它不能測(cè)出一個(gè)人的真正能力。
31.2 This is a skeptical age, but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers deeply believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs. This modern faith in medicine is proved by the fact that the annual drug bill of this country is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise.
這是一個(gè)懷疑一切的時(shí)代。但是盡管我們已不大相信我們的祖先們所深信不疑的許多事物，我們對(duì)裝在瓶中的藥物卻仍與我們的祖先一樣確信無疑。現(xiàn)代人對(duì)藥物的迷信可由這一事實(shí)得到證實(shí)：即這個(gè)國(guó)家每年的藥費(fèi)已到了天文數(shù)字，且目前尚無停止增長(zhǎng)之跡象。
31.3 Although great strides have been made in achieving social status and greater equality for women in the past decades, their role in the family remains basically uncharged. The double burden of work inside and outside the home they are carrying renders them impossible to make full use of their talents and difficult to rise to positions of leadership.
雖然在過去幾十年里婦女在爭(zhēng)取社會(huì)地位和更多的平等方面取得了很大的進(jìn)步，但是她們?cè)诩依锏慕巧詻]有得到多大的變化。她們?cè)诩依锖屯饷娑家?，這雙重工作負(fù)擔(dān)使她們不能充分發(fā)揮自己的才能，因之很難升到領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位。
31.4 We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have cane in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days.
盡管我們對(duì)生物某些方面的奧秘已有很多了解，但我們還是和祖先一樣，對(duì)死是諱莫如深的。我們對(duì)自己的死不僅不敢想，而且不敢去談?wù)?。這是一個(gè)不適宜的話題，就像過去在男女一起時(shí)談?wù)撔圆『土鳟a(chǎn)一樣不易啟口。
IV．引用法
文章開頭通過引用名人名言，箴言諺語(yǔ)，或有代表性的看法見解來引出文章要展開討論的一種觀點(diǎn)。下面便是一些常見句型。
32 One of the great early men
writers
philosophers
scientists said
wrote
remarked that.... If this is true,
the case,
32 then the present
current view
value
attitude
situation should make us wonder whether
ponder over
32.1 One of the great early socialists said that the status of women in a society is a pretty reliable index of the degree of civilization of that society. If it is true, then the present low status of women in management should make us ponder about whether our management is civilized at all.
以前有一位的社會(huì)學(xué)家曾說過，婦女在一個(gè)社會(huì)中的地位是這個(gè)社會(huì)文明程度的一個(gè)非常可靠的標(biāo)志。如果是這樣的話，那么目前婦女在管理方面較低的地位應(yīng)使我們想一想，我們現(xiàn)在的管理是否文明。
32.2 One of the great early writers once said that human character is formed by society. If this is the case, aren't the current pervasive corruption, the popular obsession with money-making and general indifference to human sufferings and social injustices a perfect manifestation of a bad social environment?
曾有一位偉大的作家說過：人的性格是由社會(huì)塑成的。倘若真是如此，那難道當(dāng)今的腐敗風(fēng)氣，一心撲到錢眼里而對(duì)人的疾苦和社會(huì)不正之風(fēng)麻木不仁等現(xiàn)象，不正是社會(huì)環(huán)境不良的真實(shí)寫照嗎？
32.3 A gifted American psychologist has said: "Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go." In other words, it is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. if it is true, the cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is a policy of first importance to a modern man who easily gets anxious and depressed.
一位極富天資的美國(guó)心理學(xué)家說過：“憂慮是感情的一陣發(fā)作。心中老是想著某一事，死死放不開?！币簿褪钦f，在這種情況下，與之抗?fàn)幨菬o用的。意志越強(qiáng)，愈是徒勞無效。你只能耐心地用暗示的方法使其他事進(jìn)入這固執(zhí)的頭腦中去。如果這樣分析是對(duì)的，那么對(duì)于一個(gè)極易焦慮沮喪的現(xiàn)代人來說，培養(yǎng)業(yè)余愛好和新的興趣是頭等重要的明智之舉。
33 "Knowledge is power"
"Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom"
"Familiar notions are often those least examined"
"Mutual ignorance breeds mutual distrust"
"Genius is 2 percent inspiration and 98 Percent perspiration" Such is the opinion of
remark made by
33 Bacon.
Edison.
one of the great men. This view
remark has been shared
confirmed now
time and again by more and more people.
many historical events.
33.1 "Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them." Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
偉大的作家科爾頓曾經(jīng)說過：“一個(gè)偉大的人物不僅必須隨時(shí)抓住機(jī)會(huì)，而且必須隨時(shí)創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)。”他的這個(gè)精辟的論斷至今仍有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。一個(gè)人一生中機(jī)會(huì)并不很多，因此，創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)他的成功來說便尤為重要。
33.2 Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of Mortimer J. Adler, a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. No college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate; and no one should be content to simply end his education with high school education or college education. Education is a lifetime study.
教育不能隨著畢業(yè)而告結(jié)束。這是美國(guó)大哲學(xué)家摩提默叫·阿德勒的觀點(diǎn)。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)已為越來越多的人所接受。沒有一所大學(xué)能
在學(xué)生畢業(yè)時(shí)把所有知識(shí)都教授給他們了，沒有人應(yīng)該滿足于他自己的高中教育或大學(xué)教育。教育是一種終生的學(xué)習(xí)。
34 "...." That's how one college student
official
housewife
father described
commented
complained
criticized ...
34 He / She is hardly alone in the experience
Many people have shared the experience like this
34.1 "All I have learnt in college is junk. " That's how one college graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who complain that the degree they took away can't help them to secure a rewarding job, and the knowledge they acquired in class can't be transformed into useful job skills.
“我在大學(xué)器學(xué)的都是廢物。”這是一位大學(xué)畢業(yè)生在說起自己在尋找工作中不斷受挫時(shí)所發(fā)的怨言。他的經(jīng)歷不只是個(gè)別的，有無數(shù)大學(xué)畢業(yè)生抱怨他們拿到的學(xué)位在找一份適宜的工作時(shí)起不了什么作用，學(xué)校里學(xué)到的知識(shí)不能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛杏玫墓ぷ骷寄堋?BR> 34.2 "It's like being bitten to death by ducks." That's how one mother described her constant squabbles with her fourteen-year-old daughter. And she is hardly alone in the experience. According to a poll, the relations between parents and teenagers are frequently marked by squabbling, naming and arguing despite considerable love between them. What causes this verbal behavior, and which party is at fault: the adolescent or the adult?
“就像一只鴨子似的把我吵死了！”這是一位母親在形容她和自己14歲的女兒時(shí)常爭(zhēng)吵時(shí)說的話。這種情況不止她遇到。根據(jù)一項(xiàng)民意調(diào)查，盡管父母親和他們的未成年的孩子都互相非常愛對(duì)方，但在日常生活中他們卻經(jīng)常吵嘴，責(zé)罵不休。怎么會(huì)造成這些相互間的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)？誰(shuí)對(duì)，誰(shuí)錯(cuò)，是大人抑或未成年的孩子？
35 "...." The same idea
complaint
attitude is voiced
echoed
shared by....
35.1 "Spendable money is better off spent. The cast of living is going up so fast, it is better to spend money now on things we would normally put off buying. "That's how my neighbor, a steel worker complained of soaring inflation. His view is now echoed by more and more working people who buy more things that they don't really need than put money into savings accounts that pay interests far below the pace of inflation.
“能用的錢好還是用光?，F(xiàn)在生活費(fèi)上漲很快，與其是推遲買的，不如現(xiàn)在就買下來。”這是我的一個(gè)在鋼鐵廠工作的鄰居在抱怨物價(jià)飛漲時(shí)說的。他的觀點(diǎn)已得到越來越多的工人的贊同。人們爭(zhēng)相買東西，甚至買些并不十分需要的東西，而并不把錢存入銀行。這是因?yàn)榇驺y行所得的利息遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不及通貨膨脹的速度。
35.2 "Lei Feng died already," said by sane people whenever they deplored the fact that nowadays no one in the street will come to a person's assistance when he is in trouble or in danger. The same view is voiced by many people who complain about the decline in the moral standards in recent years and hope the spirit of Lei Feng (1939---1962), a model soldier who devoted his short life to the public good will stay with us.
“雷鋒早已死了?！泵慨?dāng)有些人看到現(xiàn)在一個(gè)人在街上遇險(xiǎn)或碰到困難而無人相助時(shí)，不禁發(fā)出的如此感嘆。許多人都持這種觀點(diǎn)，他們抱怨近幾年道德水平日趨下降，他們希望雷鋒（1939－1962）——這個(gè)把自己短暫的一生都用來為人民服務(wù)的模范戰(zhàn)士的精神還活在人們中間。
36 "...." How often we hear
We are used to hearing
Many people have heard (such) statement
words
complaint like
as this
those.
36.1 "Social attitude toward women has changed a lot." How often these days we hear the statement like this. Twenty or thirty years ago it was believed that a women must either many young or risk becoming a spinster. And a woman who did not marry was thought to be inferior and abnormal. However, today's woman has numerous options open to her besides early marriage. Most important, a single woamn is no longer looked down upon by society.
“社會(huì)對(duì)婦女的態(tài)度有了很大的變化?！苯覀兂３Ｂ牭竭@樣的說法。二三