名詞及練習(含答案)

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第12章 名詞
    一.概念
    名詞是表示人,事物,地點或抽象概念的名稱的詞,有專有名詞和普通名詞之分,還有可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞之分.
    二.相關知識點精講
    1.名詞復數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
    情況
    構成方法
    讀音
    例詞
    一般情況
    加 -s
    清輔音后讀/s/
    map-maps
    濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/
    bag-bags /car-cars
    以s, sh, ch, x等結尾
    加 -es
    讀 /iz/
    bus-buses/ watch-watches
    以ce, se, ze,等結尾
    加 -s
    讀 /iz/
    license-licenses
    以輔音字母+y結尾
    變y 為i再加es
    讀 /z/
    baby---babies
    2.其它名詞復數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
    1) 以y結尾的專有名詞,或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數(shù)時,直接加s變復數(shù)。例如: 
      two Marys     the Henrys
      monkey---monkeys  holiday---holidays  
    2) 以o 結尾的名詞,變復數(shù)時:
     a. 加s,如: photo---photos   piano---pianos
        radio---radios   zoo---zoos;
     b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes  tomato--tomatoes
     c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes?!?BR>    3) 以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數(shù)時:
     a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs  roof---roofs
        safe---safes  gulf---gulfs;
     b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves  
     knife---knives leaf---leaves  wolf---wolves
     wife---wives  life---lives  thief---thieves;
    c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
    3.名詞復數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
    1) child---children  foot---feet  tooth---teeth
    mouse---mice    man---men  woman---women 
    注意:由一個詞加 man 或 woman構成的合成詞,其復數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞,故復數(shù)形式為Germans;Bowman是姓,其復數(shù)是the Bowmans。
    2) 單復同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復數(shù)形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
    3)集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實為復數(shù)。例如:
    people police cattle 等本身就是復數(shù),不能說 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國民總稱時,作復數(shù)用,如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。
    4) 以s結尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如:
    a. maths,politics,physics等學科名詞,一般是不可數(shù)名詞,為單數(shù)。
    b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。
    c. the United States,the United Nations 應視為單數(shù)。
    The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。
    d. 以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名,劇名,報紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)。例如:
    "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書。
    5) 表示由兩部分構成的東西,如:glasses (眼鏡) trousers, clothes等,若表達具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對,雙); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
    6) 另外還有一些名詞,其復數(shù)形式有時可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚?!                         ?BR>    4. 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示
    1)物質(zhì)名詞
    a. 當物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個體名詞時為可數(shù)。
    比較:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數(shù))
    These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數(shù))
    b. 當物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時,可數(shù)。例如:
    This factory produces steel.?。ú豢蓴?shù))
    We need various steels.?。蓴?shù))
    c. 當物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時,可數(shù)。例如:
    Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。
    Two teas, please. 請來兩杯茶。
    2) 抽象名詞表示具體的事例時也可數(shù)。例如:
    four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個現(xiàn)代化
    物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量,如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一則建議。
    5. 定語名詞的復數(shù)
    名詞作定語一般用單數(shù),但也有以下例外。
    1) 用復數(shù)作定語。例如:
    sports meeting 運動會 students reading-room 學生閱覽室
     talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系
    2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時,其單復數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復數(shù)而定。例如:
     men workers  women teachers  gentlemen officials
    3) 有些原有s結尾的名詞,作定語時,s保留。例如:
     goods train (貨車) arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)
      customs papers 海關文件 clothes brush 衣刷
    4) 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時,這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如:
    two-dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋  a ten-mile walk 十英里路
    two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan. 一個五年計劃
    6. 不同國籍人的單復數(shù)
    國籍
    總稱(謂語用復數(shù))
    單數(shù)
    復數(shù)
    中國人
    the Chinese
    a Chinese 
    two Chinese
    瑞士人
    the Swiss
    a Swiss
    two Swiss
    澳大利亞人
    the Australians 
    an Australian
    two Australians
    俄國人
    the Russians
    a Russian
    two Russians
    意大利人
    the Italians
    an Italian
    two Italians
    希臘人
    the Greek
    a Greek
    two Greeks
    法國人
    the French
    a Frenchman
    two Frenchmen
    日本人
    the Japanese
    a Japanese
    two Japanese
    美國人
    the Americans
    an American
    two Americans
    印度人
    the Indians
    an Indian
    two Indians
    加拿大人
    the Canadians
    a Canadian
    two Canadians
    德國人
    the Germans
    a Germans
    two Germans
    英國人
    the English
    an Englishman
    two Englishmen
    瑞典人
    the Swedish
    a Swede
    two Swedes
    7. 名詞的格
    英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下:
    1) 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s",復數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的書包,men's room 男廁所。
    2) 若名詞已有復數(shù)詞尾-s ,只加" ' ",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭。
    3) 凡不能加"'s"的名詞,都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結構來表示所有關系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。
    4) 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時,名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞,如:the barber's 理發(fā)店。
    5) 如果兩個名詞并列,并且分別有's,則表示"分別有";只有一個's,則表示'共有'。例如:
    John's and Mary's rooms(兩間)  John and Mary's room(一間)
    6) 復合名詞或短語,'s 加在最后一個詞的詞尾。例如:a month or two's absence
    三.鞏固練習
    1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
    a. little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages
    2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
    a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes
    3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
    a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation
    4.Paiting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
    a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil
    5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.
    a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many
    6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.
    a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense
    7.The room was small and contained far too ______.
    a.much new furniture c. much new furnitures
    b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures
    8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
    a. rooms number b. room number c. room’s numbers d. room numbers
    9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
    a great many…many c. much…a great deal
    b.great deal of…much d. many…a great many
    10.She didn’t know _____ he had been given.
    a. how many information c. how many informations
    b. the number of information d. how much information
    11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
    a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm
    b. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm
    12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
    a. women doctors c. woman doctors
    b. women doctor d. woman doctor
    13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
    a. growns-ups c. growns-up
    b. grown-up d. grown-ups
    14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
    a. stander-by c. standers-by
    b. stander-bys d. standers-bys
    15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
    a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-war
    b.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war
    16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
    a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels
    17.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
    a. elder sister b. elder sister’s c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress
    18.All the people at the conference are ______.
    a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher
    b.mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers
    19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
    a. some property c. properties
    b. some properties d. property
    20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.
    a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are
    四.答案
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