18. 定語從句
定語從句(attributive clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why等。
18.1 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:
they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:
a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)
the package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)
18.2 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如:
there are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
beijing is the place where (in which) i was born. 北京是我的出生地。
is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如:
his father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
he is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
18.3 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一: 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如:
this is the mountain village where i stayed last year.
i'll never forget the days when i worked together with you.
判斷改錯(注:先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線;用不同的顏色表示出。)
(錯) this is the mountain village where i visited last year.
(錯) i will never forget the days when i spent in the countryside.
(對) this is the mountain village (which) i visited last year.
(對) i'll never forget the days (which) i spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
方法二: 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例1. is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
a. where b. that c. on which d. the one
例2. is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
a. where b. that c. on which d. the one
答案:例1 d,例2 a
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?this museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?this is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選d。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選a
定語從句(attributive clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why等。
18.1 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:
they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:
a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)
the package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)
18.2 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如:
there are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
beijing is the place where (in which) i was born. 北京是我的出生地。
is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如:
his father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
he is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
18.3 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一: 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如:
this is the mountain village where i stayed last year.
i'll never forget the days when i worked together with you.
判斷改錯(注:先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線;用不同的顏色表示出。)
(錯) this is the mountain village where i visited last year.
(錯) i will never forget the days when i spent in the countryside.
(對) this is the mountain village (which) i visited last year.
(對) i'll never forget the days (which) i spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
方法二: 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例1. is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
a. where b. that c. on which d. the one
例2. is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
a. where b. that c. on which d. the one
答案:例1 d,例2 a
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?this museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?this is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選d。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選a