INTRODUCTION
When you configure the TCP/IP protocol on a Microsoft Windows computer, an IP address, subnet mask, and usually a default gateway are required in the TCP/IP configuration settings.
To configure TCP/IP correctly, it is necessary to understand how TCP/IP networks are addressed and divided into networks and subnetworks. This article is intended as a general introduction to the concepts of IP networks and subnetting. A glossary is included at the end of article.
MORE INFORMATION
The success of TCP/IP as the network protocol of the Internet is largely because of its ability to connect together networks of different sizes and systems of different types. These networks are arbitrarily defined into three main classes (along with a few others) that have predefined sizes, each of which can be divided into smaller subnetworks by system administrators. A subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into two parts. One part identifies the host (computer), the other part identifies the network to which it belongs. To better understand how IP addresses and subnet masks work, look at an IP (Internet Protocol) address and see how it is organized.
IP addresses: Networks and hosts
An IP address is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a host (computer or other device, such as a printer or router) on a TCP/IP network.
IP addresses are normally expressed in dotted-decimal format, with four numbers separated by periods, such as 192.168.123.132. To understand how subnet masks are used to distinguish between hosts, networks, and subnetworks, examine an IP address in binary notation.
For example, the dotted-decimal IP address 192.168.123.132 is (in binary notation) the 32 bit number 110000000101000111101110000100. This number may be hard to make sense of, so divide it into four parts of eight binary digits.
These eight bit sections are known as octets. The example IP address, then, becomes 11000000.10101000.01111011.10000100. This number only makes a little more sense, so for most uses, convert the binary address into dotted-decimal format (192.168.123.132). The decimal numbers separated by periods are the octets converted from binary to decimal notation.For a TCP/IP wide area network (WAN) to work efficiently as a collection of networks, the routers that pass packets of data between networks do not know the exact location of a host for which a packet of information is destined. Routers only know what network the host is a member of and use information stored in their route table to determine how to get the packet to the destination host’s network. After the packet is delivered to the destination’s network, the packet is delivered to the appropriate host.
For this process to work, an IP address has two parts. The first part of an IP address is used as a network address, the last part as a host address. If you take the example 192.168.123.132 and divide it into these two parts you get the following:
192.168.123. Network
.132 Host
-or-
192.168.123.0 - network address.
0.0.0.132 - host address.
簡介
在 Microsoft Windows 計算機上配置 TCP/IP 協(xié)議時，TCP/IP 配置設置中需要 IP 地址和子網掩碼，通常還需要一個默認網關。
要正確配置 TCP/IP，有必要了解 TCP/IP 網絡的尋址方式以及網絡和子網的劃分方式。本文旨在對 IP 網絡和子網的概念進行一般性介紹。本文結尾包含一個術語表。
更多信息
作為 Internet 的網絡協(xié)議，TCP/IP 的成功在很大程度上歸功于它將不同大小的網絡和不同類型的系統(tǒng)連接在一起的能力。這些網絡被強制定義為具有預定義大小的三個主要類（還有其他一些類別），每一類都可以由系統(tǒng)管理員分成更小的子網。子網掩碼用于將 IP 地址分成兩個部分。一部分標識主機（計算機），另一部分標識它所屬的網絡。查看 IP（Internet 協(xié)議）地址并研究它的組織方式可以幫助您更好地理解 IP 地址和子網掩碼的工作方式。
IP 地址：網絡和主機
IP 地址是一個 32 位數字，它地標識 TCP/IP 網絡上的主機（計算機或其他設備，如打印機或路由器）。
IP 地址通常以點分十進制格式表示，四個數字由句點分隔，例如 192.168.123.132。要了解子網掩碼如何用于區(qū)分不同的主機、網絡和子網，請查看以二進制表示的 IP 地址。
例如，點分十進制 IP 地址 192.168.123.132 在二進制表示法中為 32 位數字 110000000101000111101110000100。此數字的含義可能很難理解，因此它被分成四個部分，每個部分有八個二進制數字。
這些八位部分稱為八位組。示例 IP 地址于是變成 11000000.10101000.01111011.10000100。此數字表示的含義只是稍微明白了一點，因此在大多數應用中，會將二進制地址轉換為點分十進制格式 (192.168.123.132)。點分十進制數字是從二進制轉換為十進制表示法的八位組。
為了讓 TCP/IP 廣域網 (WAN) 以一個網絡集的形式高效工作，在網絡間傳遞數據包的路由器并不知道信息包的目標主機的確切位置。路由器只知道主機是哪一個網絡的成員，并使用存儲在路由表中的信息來確定如何將數據包送達目標主機的網絡。當數據包被傳送到目標網絡后，該數據包就會被傳送到相應的主機。
為了讓此過程順利進行，IP 地址分為兩個部分。IP 地址的前一部分作為網絡地址，后一部分作為主機地址。以 192.168.123.132 為例，將它分為這兩個部分之后，會得到：
192.168.123. 網絡
.132 主機
- 或 -
192.168.123.0 — 網絡地址。
0.0.0.132 — 主機地址。
When you configure the TCP/IP protocol on a Microsoft Windows computer, an IP address, subnet mask, and usually a default gateway are required in the TCP/IP configuration settings.
To configure TCP/IP correctly, it is necessary to understand how TCP/IP networks are addressed and divided into networks and subnetworks. This article is intended as a general introduction to the concepts of IP networks and subnetting. A glossary is included at the end of article.
MORE INFORMATION
The success of TCP/IP as the network protocol of the Internet is largely because of its ability to connect together networks of different sizes and systems of different types. These networks are arbitrarily defined into three main classes (along with a few others) that have predefined sizes, each of which can be divided into smaller subnetworks by system administrators. A subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into two parts. One part identifies the host (computer), the other part identifies the network to which it belongs. To better understand how IP addresses and subnet masks work, look at an IP (Internet Protocol) address and see how it is organized.
IP addresses: Networks and hosts
An IP address is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a host (computer or other device, such as a printer or router) on a TCP/IP network.
IP addresses are normally expressed in dotted-decimal format, with four numbers separated by periods, such as 192.168.123.132. To understand how subnet masks are used to distinguish between hosts, networks, and subnetworks, examine an IP address in binary notation.
For example, the dotted-decimal IP address 192.168.123.132 is (in binary notation) the 32 bit number 110000000101000111101110000100. This number may be hard to make sense of, so divide it into four parts of eight binary digits.
These eight bit sections are known as octets. The example IP address, then, becomes 11000000.10101000.01111011.10000100. This number only makes a little more sense, so for most uses, convert the binary address into dotted-decimal format (192.168.123.132). The decimal numbers separated by periods are the octets converted from binary to decimal notation.For a TCP/IP wide area network (WAN) to work efficiently as a collection of networks, the routers that pass packets of data between networks do not know the exact location of a host for which a packet of information is destined. Routers only know what network the host is a member of and use information stored in their route table to determine how to get the packet to the destination host’s network. After the packet is delivered to the destination’s network, the packet is delivered to the appropriate host.
For this process to work, an IP address has two parts. The first part of an IP address is used as a network address, the last part as a host address. If you take the example 192.168.123.132 and divide it into these two parts you get the following:
192.168.123. Network
.132 Host
-or-
192.168.123.0 - network address.
0.0.0.132 - host address.
簡介
在 Microsoft Windows 計算機上配置 TCP/IP 協(xié)議時，TCP/IP 配置設置中需要 IP 地址和子網掩碼，通常還需要一個默認網關。
要正確配置 TCP/IP，有必要了解 TCP/IP 網絡的尋址方式以及網絡和子網的劃分方式。本文旨在對 IP 網絡和子網的概念進行一般性介紹。本文結尾包含一個術語表。
更多信息
作為 Internet 的網絡協(xié)議，TCP/IP 的成功在很大程度上歸功于它將不同大小的網絡和不同類型的系統(tǒng)連接在一起的能力。這些網絡被強制定義為具有預定義大小的三個主要類（還有其他一些類別），每一類都可以由系統(tǒng)管理員分成更小的子網。子網掩碼用于將 IP 地址分成兩個部分。一部分標識主機（計算機），另一部分標識它所屬的網絡。查看 IP（Internet 協(xié)議）地址并研究它的組織方式可以幫助您更好地理解 IP 地址和子網掩碼的工作方式。
IP 地址：網絡和主機
IP 地址是一個 32 位數字，它地標識 TCP/IP 網絡上的主機（計算機或其他設備，如打印機或路由器）。
IP 地址通常以點分十進制格式表示，四個數字由句點分隔，例如 192.168.123.132。要了解子網掩碼如何用于區(qū)分不同的主機、網絡和子網，請查看以二進制表示的 IP 地址。
例如，點分十進制 IP 地址 192.168.123.132 在二進制表示法中為 32 位數字 110000000101000111101110000100。此數字的含義可能很難理解，因此它被分成四個部分，每個部分有八個二進制數字。
這些八位部分稱為八位組。示例 IP 地址于是變成 11000000.10101000.01111011.10000100。此數字表示的含義只是稍微明白了一點，因此在大多數應用中，會將二進制地址轉換為點分十進制格式 (192.168.123.132)。點分十進制數字是從二進制轉換為十進制表示法的八位組。
為了讓 TCP/IP 廣域網 (WAN) 以一個網絡集的形式高效工作，在網絡間傳遞數據包的路由器并不知道信息包的目標主機的確切位置。路由器只知道主機是哪一個網絡的成員，并使用存儲在路由表中的信息來確定如何將數據包送達目標主機的網絡。當數據包被傳送到目標網絡后，該數據包就會被傳送到相應的主機。
為了讓此過程順利進行，IP 地址分為兩個部分。IP 地址的前一部分作為網絡地址，后一部分作為主機地址。以 192.168.123.132 為例，將它分為這兩個部分之后，會得到：
192.168.123. 網絡
.132 主機
- 或 -
192.168.123.0 — 網絡地址。
0.0.0.132 — 主機地址。