. 根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語(yǔ)的意義
在閱讀理解測(cè)試中必然要考查對(duì)詞或詞組的意思的理解。這也是測(cè)試考生閱讀能力的一種方法。在完整的語(yǔ)篇中，單詞和詞組的意義總是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的，因此可以根據(jù)上下文，并利用所掌握的句法、構(gòu)詞法和詞匯等知識(shí)確定它們的意義。掌握這一基本技能不僅能幫助讀者從詞或詞組的多種義項(xiàng)中選擇符合上下文的解釋?zhuān)彝€能推測(cè)某些生詞的大致意思。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)題型有：
1. The word "..." in line ... refers to ______.
2. The expression "..." (line paragraph ...) is closest in meaning to
3. In line.., the word "..." most probably means ________
4. In line.., the word "..." could best be replaced by _________
5. By “...” the author means _________
6. The word "...", as used by the author, most nearly means ________
7. In this passage, the word "..." means
8. "..." in the context of the passage refers to _________
9. “...”, as used in the passage, can best be defined as _________
例1
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his program. "In our society, you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep. If you've got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition."
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."
1. The word "subjects" in line 6 refers to ________.
A. the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
B. special branches of knowledge that are being studied
C. people whose behavior or reactions are being studied
D. the psychological consequences of sleep deficit
本題考了一個(gè)熟悉的詞subject。它是一個(gè)多義詞，可以表示“題目”、“科目”等。但這些義項(xiàng)在這里都不合適。要確定它的意思，最關(guān)鍵的是要準(zhǔn)確弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思和關(guān)系。這句話前一部分說(shuō)，要確定睡眠不足引起的后果，研究人員讓subjects通過(guò)一系列的心理和能力的測(cè)驗(yàn)，要求them將幾欄數(shù)字加起來(lái)或回憶幾分鐘前所聽(tīng)到過(guò)的文章。所以，這里subjects是人，是“正在被研究的對(duì)象”。選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。
例2
Labor's concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.
1. The idea of the "improvement factor" ( line 7, paragraph 2) implies roughly______.
A. wages should be paid on the basis of length of service
B. the benefit of the increased production and lower costs should be shared by workers
C. supplementary unemployment benefit plans should be promoted
D. the transition to automation should be brought about with the minimum of inconvenience and distress to workers
本題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文理解improvement factor(增值因素)的含義。在文章的第二段第七行，提出“增值因素”是要求隨著生產(chǎn)率的提高，工資也要相應(yīng)地提高；而生產(chǎn)率的提高就是增加生產(chǎn)降低成本(第一段最后一句)。因而選項(xiàng)B是正確答案。選項(xiàng)A，把解雇金協(xié)議(dismissal pay agreements)，即根據(jù)服務(wù)期長(zhǎng)短給長(zhǎng)期解雇者一筆錢(qián)(第二段第四句)，與“增值因素”的內(nèi)容混淆起來(lái)，說(shuō)明有時(shí)文章和題目并不難，但粗心大意會(huì)使你答錯(cuò)題。選項(xiàng)C是講另一種勞工利益保護(hù)措施的，即失業(yè)者補(bǔ)助金計(jì)劃；而選項(xiàng)D是講工人們對(duì)自動(dòng)化帶來(lái)的種種影響所關(guān)切的問(wèn)題 (第一段第六行)。
在閱讀理解測(cè)試中必然要考查對(duì)詞或詞組的意思的理解。這也是測(cè)試考生閱讀能力的一種方法。在完整的語(yǔ)篇中，單詞和詞組的意義總是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的，因此可以根據(jù)上下文，并利用所掌握的句法、構(gòu)詞法和詞匯等知識(shí)確定它們的意義。掌握這一基本技能不僅能幫助讀者從詞或詞組的多種義項(xiàng)中選擇符合上下文的解釋?zhuān)彝€能推測(cè)某些生詞的大致意思。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)題型有：
1. The word "..." in line ... refers to ______.
2. The expression "..." (line paragraph ...) is closest in meaning to
3. In line.., the word "..." most probably means ________
4. In line.., the word "..." could best be replaced by _________
5. By “...” the author means _________
6. The word "...", as used by the author, most nearly means ________
7. In this passage, the word "..." means
8. "..." in the context of the passage refers to _________
9. “...”, as used in the passage, can best be defined as _________
例1
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his program. "In our society, you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep. If you've got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition."
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers," says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."
1. The word "subjects" in line 6 refers to ________.
A. the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit
B. special branches of knowledge that are being studied
C. people whose behavior or reactions are being studied
D. the psychological consequences of sleep deficit
本題考了一個(gè)熟悉的詞subject。它是一個(gè)多義詞，可以表示“題目”、“科目”等。但這些義項(xiàng)在這里都不合適。要確定它的意思，最關(guān)鍵的是要準(zhǔn)確弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思和關(guān)系。這句話前一部分說(shuō)，要確定睡眠不足引起的后果，研究人員讓subjects通過(guò)一系列的心理和能力的測(cè)驗(yàn)，要求them將幾欄數(shù)字加起來(lái)或回憶幾分鐘前所聽(tīng)到過(guò)的文章。所以，這里subjects是人，是“正在被研究的對(duì)象”。選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。
例2
Labor's concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.
1. The idea of the "improvement factor" ( line 7, paragraph 2) implies roughly______.
A. wages should be paid on the basis of length of service
B. the benefit of the increased production and lower costs should be shared by workers
C. supplementary unemployment benefit plans should be promoted
D. the transition to automation should be brought about with the minimum of inconvenience and distress to workers
本題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文理解improvement factor(增值因素)的含義。在文章的第二段第七行，提出“增值因素”是要求隨著生產(chǎn)率的提高，工資也要相應(yīng)地提高；而生產(chǎn)率的提高就是增加生產(chǎn)降低成本(第一段最后一句)。因而選項(xiàng)B是正確答案。選項(xiàng)A，把解雇金協(xié)議(dismissal pay agreements)，即根據(jù)服務(wù)期長(zhǎng)短給長(zhǎng)期解雇者一筆錢(qián)(第二段第四句)，與“增值因素”的內(nèi)容混淆起來(lái)，說(shuō)明有時(shí)文章和題目并不難，但粗心大意會(huì)使你答錯(cuò)題。選項(xiàng)C是講另一種勞工利益保護(hù)措施的，即失業(yè)者補(bǔ)助金計(jì)劃；而選項(xiàng)D是講工人們對(duì)自動(dòng)化帶來(lái)的種種影響所關(guān)切的問(wèn)題 (第一段第六行)。