時(shí)間狀語從句
一、when, while和as
1．When既可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)持續(xù)動(dòng)作，也可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)短暫動(dòng)作，可用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作。當(dāng)主句是將來時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。（when在實(shí)際中用得多）
I told my children when Lincoln was your age he walked twelve
miles to school everyday. But my son said, “That’s nothing. When he was your age, he was president.”
我告訴我的孩子：當(dāng)林肯你那么大歲數(shù)時(shí)他每天走12英里去學(xué)校，我兒子說，“那沒什么，當(dāng)他你那么大歲數(shù)時(shí)已經(jīng)當(dāng)總統(tǒng)了”。
there’s a side to President Reagan that people don’t know. When he was a young man, he read complete works of Shakespeare. Of course, when Reagan was young, Shakespeare hadn’t written all that
里根總統(tǒng)還有一面人們并不知道，年輕時(shí)他曾讀過莎士比亞全集——當(dāng)然里根年輕時(shí)莎士比亞還沒寫那么多。
注：諷刺里根讀書少，歲數(shù)大。
當(dāng)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，而且其主語和主句的主語一致，其標(biāo)語又是一個(gè)名詞，就可以以as引導(dǎo)的省略句來代替when引導(dǎo)的從句。如：
As a young man, he read complete works of Shakespeare.
他年輕時(shí)讀過莎士比亞全集。
When the game is finished, the king and the pawn[卒] go into to the same box.
游戲結(jié)束時(shí)，國(guó)王和士兵進(jìn)入同一個(gè)盒子。
注：人生就象一場(chǎng)游戲，游戲結(jié)束時(shí)，億萬富翁也好，平頭百姓也好都進(jìn)入一樣大小的棺材（或骨灰盒）。Finish為短暫動(dòng)作，從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作。
場(chǎng)景再現(xiàn)：在籌集善款的晚會(huì)上，可以這么調(diào)侃：
How noisy an audience can be when you ask for quiet ____ and how quiet it can be when you ask for money.
（多么令人驚奇啊，）當(dāng)你要求安靜時(shí)聽眾亂烘烘的——當(dāng)你要錢時(shí)全場(chǎng)一片寂靜。
2．While引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作必須是持續(xù)性的，側(cè)重主句動(dòng)作和從句動(dòng)作相對(duì)比。如：
Plumber（水暖工）: I’m sorry I was late.
Man: While we were waiting for you, I taught my wife how to swim.
水暖工：很抱歉我來晚了。
男人：我們等你的時(shí)候，我教我太太學(xué)游泳。
3．As引導(dǎo)一個(gè)持續(xù)動(dòng)作，多用于主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：
A man ate each night in the same restaurant and at the same table. One night, as he was leaving, he walked up a wall, across the ceiling, down another wall, and out the door.
“That’s odd,” his waiter said. “Usually he says good night.”
一個(gè)人每天都在同一家飯館同一張桌子上吃飯，一天晚上，當(dāng)他離開時(shí)，他走上墻，穿過天花板，從另一面墻走下來，從門出去。
服務(wù)員說“真奇怪，他通常說晚安”。
注：服務(wù)員對(duì)那個(gè)男人的天馬行空習(xí)以為常，但對(duì)于他不打招呼就走感覺奇怪。
As I look back, there is only one thing I wish I could have saved for my old age --- the years between twenty and thirty.
我回頭看看只有一件東西是我希望為自己的老年保存起來的——20歲到30歲的歲月。
4．When還可以用作并列連詞，其意義為“在那時(shí)，在這時(shí)”，相當(dāng)于and at this/that time。
Heisenberg is out for a drive when he\'s stopped by a traffic cop. The cop says, "Do you know how fast you were going?"
Heisenberg says, "No, but I know where I am."
HEISENBERG駕車外出被交警攔住。警察問，“你知道你開得多快嗎”？
HEISENBURG說，“不知道，但我知道我在哪兒”。
Frannie was kneeling down saying his prayers when her four-year-old brother sneaked（鬼鬼祟祟做事） up behind her and pulled her hair.
“Pardon me, God,” said Frannie, “I’ll be right back after I kick Herbie.”
Frannie正跪著祈禱，她四歲的弟弟從后面偷偷摸摸*近她，揪他的頭發(fā)。她說，“原諒我，我踢了Herbie后馬上回來”。
5．While作為并列連詞，意為“而，卻”，表示對(duì)比。如：
While the chef’s dishes tonight are rather bland(乏味的), his ideas are fresh and
appealing.
今晚廚師的菜相當(dāng)寡味，但他的思想?yún)s清新誘人。
注：我們?nèi)コ燥?，誰會(huì)關(guān)心廚師的思想呢？
Sir, I dont know how to tell this, but your imagination has just taken flight ____ while your facts are still on standby.（備用）
先生，我不知道怎樣告訴這點(diǎn)，但你的想象力已經(jīng)逃跑，你的事實(shí)還在袖手旁觀。
注：諷刺某人胡編亂造，說話沒有根據(jù)。
A lie is half way around the world while the truth is just putting his boots on.
真理剛穿上靴子，謊言已經(jīng)在半路了。
注：人們更愛傳播八卦新聞。
6．如果主句表示的是短暫動(dòng)作，而從句用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí)，when, while與as可以互換使用。如：
When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
What animal eats with its tail?
All animals do. No one takes off its tail while/when/as they are eating.
什么動(dòng)物用尾巴吃東西？（故意理解成：什么動(dòng)物帶著尾巴吃東西？）
所有動(dòng)物，沒有動(dòng)物吃東西時(shí)把尾巴拿下來。
注：With: 用…做；帶著
二、as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely….when….和once
這些從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)的從句都表示從句的動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，主句的動(dòng)作隨即就發(fā)生，常譯為“一…就…”。從句中一般時(shí)態(tài)代替將來時(shí)態(tài)。如：
How beautifully everything is arranged by Nature; as soon as a child enters the
world, it finds a mother ready to take care of it.
大自然安排的每件事情都多么奇妙啊；孩子一來到這個(gè)世上，就發(fā)現(xiàn)有個(gè)母親已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好了照料它。
解釋：學(xué)習(xí)這種從不同的角度看問題的幽默思維。
As soon as Eve ate the apple of wisdom[智慧], she reached for the fig(無花果) leaf;
when a woman begins to think, her first thought is of a new dress.
夏娃吃完智慧蘋果后馬上去找無花果的葉子；當(dāng)女人開始思想時(shí)她首先想到的是新衣服。
A banker is a fellow who lends you his umbrella when the sun is shining and wants it back the minute it begins to rain.
銀行家在陽光照耀時(shí)借給你傘，開始下雨時(shí)又想要回來的人。
解釋：銀行是用錢生錢，不是慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。如果你是個(gè)很好的企業(yè)或者人很有資信，他愿意把錢借給你，如果感覺到你快破產(chǎn)了，肯定會(huì)想法設(shè)法把錢要回來。
Once a woman has given you her heart --- you can never get rid of the rest of her body.
一旦女人把心給了你——你就再也擺脫不了她身體的其余部分了。
注：抓住了心愛的女人的心是幸福的，抓住了你不喜歡的女人的心，算惹上麻煩了。
No sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely….when…
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had we arrived at the station that the train left.
三、till, until, 和not….until
1．肯定句：主句謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，主句、從句都是肯定式，意為“某動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到某時(shí)間點(diǎn)為止”。如：
Son: Remember, Dad, Thomas Edison got bad grades in school, too.
Father: Stay in your room until you invented the light bulb.
兒子：記住，爸爸，愛迪生上學(xué)時(shí)成績(jī)也很差。
父親：呆在你房間里，直到發(fā)明出燈泡。
Whenever I feel like exercise, I lie down until the feeling passes.
每當(dāng)我想鍛煉時(shí)，我就躺下直到這種感覺消失。
注：這個(gè)人是真不想鍛煉。
I was an atheist[無神論者] until I realized I was GOD.
在我認(rèn)識(shí)到我是上帝以前我是一個(gè)無神論者。
注：這種話應(yīng)該是象尼采一類的狂人說的。
2．否定句：主句謂語動(dòng)詞必須是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，從句為肯定式，意為“某動(dòng)作直到某時(shí)間才開始”。如：
I am convinced that both my long age and exceptional health are to be explained by
an obvious facts: I never touched a cigarette, a drink, or a girl until I was almost ten
years old.
我深深相信我的長(zhǎng)壽和我格外健康可以由一個(gè)顯而易見的事實(shí)來解釋：我從來沒有接觸過一根煙、一口酒、一個(gè)女孩子，在我差不多10歲以前。
（我直到差不多10歲才接觸煙、酒、女孩子。）
Horse owner: This horse is eight-years- old and he’s never raced before.
Jockey: How come?
Horse Owner: Well, we couldn’t catch him until he was seven.
馬主：這匹馬8歲了，他以前從來沒有參加過比賽。
職業(yè)騎師：怎么會(huì)呢？
馬主：直到他7歲我們才抓住它。
3．Till不可以置于句首，而until可以。
Until the horse was seven we couldn’t catch him.
4．Not…until句型中的強(qiáng)調(diào)和倒裝。
It was not until he was seven that we could catch him .（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）
Not until he was seven could we catch him.（not until置于句首，主句要倒裝）
四、before和since
1．若表達(dá)“還未…就….；不到…就….；才….；趁…；還沒來得及”時(shí)，需用連詞before。（都可以理解成是“在…..之前”）
I have to exercise early in the morning before my brain figures out what I\'m doing.
每天一大早兒趁我的大腦還不知道我在做什么之前我必須鍛煉。
注：早上起床后暈暈忽忽就開始鍛煉，等大腦清醒后，就不想鍛煉了。
If people waited to know one another before they married, the world wouldn’t be so over-populated.
如果人們都要等相互了解對(duì)方后才結(jié)婚，世界人口就不會(huì)這么過剩了。
2．Before從句中謂語不用否定式。（同樣也可理解成“在…..之前”）
Texan: Back home on my ranch（大農(nóng)場(chǎng)） I can get in my car at dawn, drive all day,
and it’ll be dark before I reach the end of my property.（財(cái)產(chǎn)）
Vermonter: I had a car like that once.
Texan：在我老家里的大農(nóng)場(chǎng)里我一大早上車，開一整天，還沒到達(dá)另一邊前天就會(huì)黑下來。
Vermonter：我也曾經(jīng)有一輛那樣的汽車。
注：本來想吹自己農(nóng)場(chǎng)大，對(duì)方卻說自己的車破。
3．It will be + 段時(shí)間 + before…..多久之后才…..（在…..之前）
"It will be years -- not in my time -- before a woman will become Prime Minister." -- Margaret Thatcher, 1974.
還要過很多年女人才能當(dāng)上首相，但我是看不到了——撒其爾＿1974
注：這是英國(guó)首相撒其爾年輕時(shí)的言論，后來她不僅看到了，而且是自己成了英國(guó)女首相。
4．Since從句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的或者是反復(fù)發(fā)生過的。Since從句的時(shí)態(tài)若是一般過去式，相應(yīng)地，主句中的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式。如：
Angry librarian: Please be quite. The people near you can’t read.
Little boy: Why, they ought to be ashamed of themselves. I’ve been able to read since I was six.
生氣的圖書管理員：請(qǐng)安靜。挨著你的人看不了書了。
小男孩：他們真應(yīng)該感到害羞，我六歲時(shí)就能讀了。
A young man hadnt handed in one homework assignment since they started the class.
“Won’t you please do tonight’s assignment?”
“What? And ruin a perfect record?”
從開課以來，有個(gè)年輕人從沒交過作業(yè)。
“你不做今晚的作業(yè)嗎”？
“什么？要?dú)У粢粋€(gè)完美的記錄嗎”？
5．在“it is + 段時(shí)間 + since從句”句型中，時(shí)間的計(jì)算一律從since從句的動(dòng)作完成或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時(shí)算起。
It is three years since the war broke out.
It is three years since she was in our class.
It is three years since she lived here.
It is three years since I smoked a cigar (=since I stopped smoking a cigar)
It is three years since I began to smoke.
五、every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time等名詞短語用來引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“每當(dāng)…..，每次…..；下次……”等。
Employer to applicant: "In this job we need someone who is responsible."
Applicant: "I\'m the one you want. On my last job, every time anything went wrong,
they said I was responsible."
雇主對(duì)應(yīng)聘者說：“我們需要一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)任的人”。
應(yīng)聘者：“我就是你們要找的人，我上一個(gè)工作每次出了差錯(cuò)，他們都說我負(fù)責(zé)”。
Teacher: Bob, can you explain inflation?
Bob: Sure. Every time my dad pays the bills, he blows up. That’s inflation[通貨膨脹].
老師：Bob，你能解釋一下通貨膨脹嗎？
Bob：當(dāng)然。我爸爸每次付帳單時(shí)，他就發(fā)脾氣（爆炸），那就是通貨膨脹。
注：blow up：爆炸；發(fā)脾氣。
場(chǎng)景再現(xiàn)：演講時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)氣氛：
I dont want to brag, but the last time I made the speech it brought the audience to its feet. And they didnt sit down again until they reached their cars.
我不想吹牛，但上次我演講時(shí)所有的觀眾都站起來（歡呼），他們?cè)僖矝]有坐下，直到到達(dá)他們的汽車。
一、when, while和as
1．When既可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)持續(xù)動(dòng)作，也可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)短暫動(dòng)作，可用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作。當(dāng)主句是將來時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。（when在實(shí)際中用得多）
I told my children when Lincoln was your age he walked twelve
miles to school everyday. But my son said, “That’s nothing. When he was your age, he was president.”
我告訴我的孩子：當(dāng)林肯你那么大歲數(shù)時(shí)他每天走12英里去學(xué)校，我兒子說，“那沒什么，當(dāng)他你那么大歲數(shù)時(shí)已經(jīng)當(dāng)總統(tǒng)了”。
there’s a side to President Reagan that people don’t know. When he was a young man, he read complete works of Shakespeare. Of course, when Reagan was young, Shakespeare hadn’t written all that
里根總統(tǒng)還有一面人們并不知道，年輕時(shí)他曾讀過莎士比亞全集——當(dāng)然里根年輕時(shí)莎士比亞還沒寫那么多。
注：諷刺里根讀書少，歲數(shù)大。
當(dāng)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，而且其主語和主句的主語一致，其標(biāo)語又是一個(gè)名詞，就可以以as引導(dǎo)的省略句來代替when引導(dǎo)的從句。如：
As a young man, he read complete works of Shakespeare.
他年輕時(shí)讀過莎士比亞全集。
When the game is finished, the king and the pawn[卒] go into to the same box.
游戲結(jié)束時(shí)，國(guó)王和士兵進(jìn)入同一個(gè)盒子。
注：人生就象一場(chǎng)游戲，游戲結(jié)束時(shí)，億萬富翁也好，平頭百姓也好都進(jìn)入一樣大小的棺材（或骨灰盒）。Finish為短暫動(dòng)作，從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作。
場(chǎng)景再現(xiàn)：在籌集善款的晚會(huì)上，可以這么調(diào)侃：
How noisy an audience can be when you ask for quiet ____ and how quiet it can be when you ask for money.
（多么令人驚奇啊，）當(dāng)你要求安靜時(shí)聽眾亂烘烘的——當(dāng)你要錢時(shí)全場(chǎng)一片寂靜。
2．While引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作必須是持續(xù)性的，側(cè)重主句動(dòng)作和從句動(dòng)作相對(duì)比。如：
Plumber（水暖工）: I’m sorry I was late.
Man: While we were waiting for you, I taught my wife how to swim.
水暖工：很抱歉我來晚了。
男人：我們等你的時(shí)候，我教我太太學(xué)游泳。
3．As引導(dǎo)一個(gè)持續(xù)動(dòng)作，多用于主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：
A man ate each night in the same restaurant and at the same table. One night, as he was leaving, he walked up a wall, across the ceiling, down another wall, and out the door.
“That’s odd,” his waiter said. “Usually he says good night.”
一個(gè)人每天都在同一家飯館同一張桌子上吃飯，一天晚上，當(dāng)他離開時(shí)，他走上墻，穿過天花板，從另一面墻走下來，從門出去。
服務(wù)員說“真奇怪，他通常說晚安”。
注：服務(wù)員對(duì)那個(gè)男人的天馬行空習(xí)以為常，但對(duì)于他不打招呼就走感覺奇怪。
As I look back, there is only one thing I wish I could have saved for my old age --- the years between twenty and thirty.
我回頭看看只有一件東西是我希望為自己的老年保存起來的——20歲到30歲的歲月。
4．When還可以用作并列連詞，其意義為“在那時(shí)，在這時(shí)”，相當(dāng)于and at this/that time。
Heisenberg is out for a drive when he\'s stopped by a traffic cop. The cop says, "Do you know how fast you were going?"
Heisenberg says, "No, but I know where I am."
HEISENBERG駕車外出被交警攔住。警察問，“你知道你開得多快嗎”？
HEISENBURG說，“不知道，但我知道我在哪兒”。
Frannie was kneeling down saying his prayers when her four-year-old brother sneaked（鬼鬼祟祟做事） up behind her and pulled her hair.
“Pardon me, God,” said Frannie, “I’ll be right back after I kick Herbie.”
Frannie正跪著祈禱，她四歲的弟弟從后面偷偷摸摸*近她，揪他的頭發(fā)。她說，“原諒我，我踢了Herbie后馬上回來”。
5．While作為并列連詞，意為“而，卻”，表示對(duì)比。如：
While the chef’s dishes tonight are rather bland(乏味的), his ideas are fresh and
appealing.
今晚廚師的菜相當(dāng)寡味，但他的思想?yún)s清新誘人。
注：我們?nèi)コ燥?，誰會(huì)關(guān)心廚師的思想呢？
Sir, I dont know how to tell this, but your imagination has just taken flight ____ while your facts are still on standby.（備用）
先生，我不知道怎樣告訴這點(diǎn)，但你的想象力已經(jīng)逃跑，你的事實(shí)還在袖手旁觀。
注：諷刺某人胡編亂造，說話沒有根據(jù)。
A lie is half way around the world while the truth is just putting his boots on.
真理剛穿上靴子，謊言已經(jīng)在半路了。
注：人們更愛傳播八卦新聞。
6．如果主句表示的是短暫動(dòng)作，而從句用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí)，when, while與as可以互換使用。如：
When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
What animal eats with its tail?
All animals do. No one takes off its tail while/when/as they are eating.
什么動(dòng)物用尾巴吃東西？（故意理解成：什么動(dòng)物帶著尾巴吃東西？）
所有動(dòng)物，沒有動(dòng)物吃東西時(shí)把尾巴拿下來。
注：With: 用…做；帶著
二、as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely….when….和once
這些從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)的從句都表示從句的動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，主句的動(dòng)作隨即就發(fā)生，常譯為“一…就…”。從句中一般時(shí)態(tài)代替將來時(shí)態(tài)。如：
How beautifully everything is arranged by Nature; as soon as a child enters the
world, it finds a mother ready to take care of it.
大自然安排的每件事情都多么奇妙啊；孩子一來到這個(gè)世上，就發(fā)現(xiàn)有個(gè)母親已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好了照料它。
解釋：學(xué)習(xí)這種從不同的角度看問題的幽默思維。
As soon as Eve ate the apple of wisdom[智慧], she reached for the fig(無花果) leaf;
when a woman begins to think, her first thought is of a new dress.
夏娃吃完智慧蘋果后馬上去找無花果的葉子；當(dāng)女人開始思想時(shí)她首先想到的是新衣服。
A banker is a fellow who lends you his umbrella when the sun is shining and wants it back the minute it begins to rain.
銀行家在陽光照耀時(shí)借給你傘，開始下雨時(shí)又想要回來的人。
解釋：銀行是用錢生錢，不是慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。如果你是個(gè)很好的企業(yè)或者人很有資信，他愿意把錢借給你，如果感覺到你快破產(chǎn)了，肯定會(huì)想法設(shè)法把錢要回來。
Once a woman has given you her heart --- you can never get rid of the rest of her body.
一旦女人把心給了你——你就再也擺脫不了她身體的其余部分了。
注：抓住了心愛的女人的心是幸福的，抓住了你不喜歡的女人的心，算惹上麻煩了。
No sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely….when…
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had we arrived at the station that the train left.
三、till, until, 和not….until
1．肯定句：主句謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，主句、從句都是肯定式，意為“某動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到某時(shí)間點(diǎn)為止”。如：
Son: Remember, Dad, Thomas Edison got bad grades in school, too.
Father: Stay in your room until you invented the light bulb.
兒子：記住，爸爸，愛迪生上學(xué)時(shí)成績(jī)也很差。
父親：呆在你房間里，直到發(fā)明出燈泡。
Whenever I feel like exercise, I lie down until the feeling passes.
每當(dāng)我想鍛煉時(shí)，我就躺下直到這種感覺消失。
注：這個(gè)人是真不想鍛煉。
I was an atheist[無神論者] until I realized I was GOD.
在我認(rèn)識(shí)到我是上帝以前我是一個(gè)無神論者。
注：這種話應(yīng)該是象尼采一類的狂人說的。
2．否定句：主句謂語動(dòng)詞必須是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，從句為肯定式，意為“某動(dòng)作直到某時(shí)間才開始”。如：
I am convinced that both my long age and exceptional health are to be explained by
an obvious facts: I never touched a cigarette, a drink, or a girl until I was almost ten
years old.
我深深相信我的長(zhǎng)壽和我格外健康可以由一個(gè)顯而易見的事實(shí)來解釋：我從來沒有接觸過一根煙、一口酒、一個(gè)女孩子，在我差不多10歲以前。
（我直到差不多10歲才接觸煙、酒、女孩子。）
Horse owner: This horse is eight-years- old and he’s never raced before.
Jockey: How come?
Horse Owner: Well, we couldn’t catch him until he was seven.
馬主：這匹馬8歲了，他以前從來沒有參加過比賽。
職業(yè)騎師：怎么會(huì)呢？
馬主：直到他7歲我們才抓住它。
3．Till不可以置于句首，而until可以。
Until the horse was seven we couldn’t catch him.
4．Not…until句型中的強(qiáng)調(diào)和倒裝。
It was not until he was seven that we could catch him .（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）
Not until he was seven could we catch him.（not until置于句首，主句要倒裝）
四、before和since
1．若表達(dá)“還未…就….；不到…就….；才….；趁…；還沒來得及”時(shí)，需用連詞before。（都可以理解成是“在…..之前”）
I have to exercise early in the morning before my brain figures out what I\'m doing.
每天一大早兒趁我的大腦還不知道我在做什么之前我必須鍛煉。
注：早上起床后暈暈忽忽就開始鍛煉，等大腦清醒后，就不想鍛煉了。
If people waited to know one another before they married, the world wouldn’t be so over-populated.
如果人們都要等相互了解對(duì)方后才結(jié)婚，世界人口就不會(huì)這么過剩了。
2．Before從句中謂語不用否定式。（同樣也可理解成“在…..之前”）
Texan: Back home on my ranch（大農(nóng)場(chǎng)） I can get in my car at dawn, drive all day,
and it’ll be dark before I reach the end of my property.（財(cái)產(chǎn)）
Vermonter: I had a car like that once.
Texan：在我老家里的大農(nóng)場(chǎng)里我一大早上車，開一整天，還沒到達(dá)另一邊前天就會(huì)黑下來。
Vermonter：我也曾經(jīng)有一輛那樣的汽車。
注：本來想吹自己農(nóng)場(chǎng)大，對(duì)方卻說自己的車破。
3．It will be + 段時(shí)間 + before…..多久之后才…..（在…..之前）
"It will be years -- not in my time -- before a woman will become Prime Minister." -- Margaret Thatcher, 1974.
還要過很多年女人才能當(dāng)上首相，但我是看不到了——撒其爾＿1974
注：這是英國(guó)首相撒其爾年輕時(shí)的言論，后來她不僅看到了，而且是自己成了英國(guó)女首相。
4．Since從句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的或者是反復(fù)發(fā)生過的。Since從句的時(shí)態(tài)若是一般過去式，相應(yīng)地，主句中的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式。如：
Angry librarian: Please be quite. The people near you can’t read.
Little boy: Why, they ought to be ashamed of themselves. I’ve been able to read since I was six.
生氣的圖書管理員：請(qǐng)安靜。挨著你的人看不了書了。
小男孩：他們真應(yīng)該感到害羞，我六歲時(shí)就能讀了。
A young man hadnt handed in one homework assignment since they started the class.
“Won’t you please do tonight’s assignment?”
“What? And ruin a perfect record?”
從開課以來，有個(gè)年輕人從沒交過作業(yè)。
“你不做今晚的作業(yè)嗎”？
“什么？要?dú)У粢粋€(gè)完美的記錄嗎”？
5．在“it is + 段時(shí)間 + since從句”句型中，時(shí)間的計(jì)算一律從since從句的動(dòng)作完成或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時(shí)算起。
It is three years since the war broke out.
It is three years since she was in our class.
It is three years since she lived here.
It is three years since I smoked a cigar (=since I stopped smoking a cigar)
It is three years since I began to smoke.
五、every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time等名詞短語用來引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“每當(dāng)…..，每次…..；下次……”等。
Employer to applicant: "In this job we need someone who is responsible."
Applicant: "I\'m the one you want. On my last job, every time anything went wrong,
they said I was responsible."
雇主對(duì)應(yīng)聘者說：“我們需要一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)任的人”。
應(yīng)聘者：“我就是你們要找的人，我上一個(gè)工作每次出了差錯(cuò)，他們都說我負(fù)責(zé)”。
Teacher: Bob, can you explain inflation?
Bob: Sure. Every time my dad pays the bills, he blows up. That’s inflation[通貨膨脹].
老師：Bob，你能解釋一下通貨膨脹嗎？
Bob：當(dāng)然。我爸爸每次付帳單時(shí)，他就發(fā)脾氣（爆炸），那就是通貨膨脹。
注：blow up：爆炸；發(fā)脾氣。
場(chǎng)景再現(xiàn)：演講時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)氣氛：
I dont want to brag, but the last time I made the speech it brought the audience to its feet. And they didnt sit down again until they reached their cars.
我不想吹牛，但上次我演講時(shí)所有的觀眾都站起來（歡呼），他們?cè)僖矝]有坐下，直到到達(dá)他們的汽車。